实施早期预防性侵犯教育的必要性及其实验效果
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摘要
性侵犯严重威胁儿童身心健康,受害儿童中约有25%～35%是幼儿,因此在幼儿期开始预防教育非常重要。本研究在北京选取92名幼儿,以班为单位,随机分为教育组(N=44)和对照组(N=48),使用中国版《个人安全手册》,教授幼儿预防知识和技能,如认识隐私部位,辨别安全和不安全身体接触,面对不安全接触说"不"、快跑、向信任的人披露性侵犯事件。在连续教育5天后,教育组幼儿预防知识和技能水平显著提高,且保持了3～5个月。幼儿园应使用具体形象和游戏化教育材料,采用以行为规则为主的方法开展幼儿预防性侵犯教育,同时积极开展教师培训和家校合作,提高教师与家长的预防知识和能力。
Child sexual abuse is a serious threat to the physical and mental health of children,and about 25% ～35% of victims are preschool-aged children. So,it is very important to start education from preschool-aged children. This study was conducted among 92 preschoolers in Beijing,and they were randomly assigned to either the education group(N=44) or the wait-list control group(N=48),using the class as a unit. The researcher utilized Chinese version Body Safe Training, and taught preschoolers prevention knowledge and skills,such as recognizing the location of the"private parts",differentiating between safe and unsafe touching,in the unsafe situations,saying "No! ",running and telling the trusted persons about the abused incident. After five consecutive days' education,trained preschoolers had significantly higher levels of prevention knowledge and skills,and kept for 3～5 months. Concrete image and game oriented educational materials,and behavioral perspective teaching method should be used to carry out prevention education in preschool. Meanwhile,in order to improve teachers and parents' prevention knowledge and ability,teachers training and home-school cooperation should be developed.
Child sexual abuse is a serious threat to the physical and mental health of children,and about 25% ～35% of victims are preschool-aged children. So,it is very important to start education from preschool-aged children. This study was conducted among 92 preschoolers in Beijing,and they were randomly assigned to either the education group(N=44) or the wait-list control group(N=48),using the class as a unit. The researcher utilized Chinese version Body Safe Training, and taught preschoolers prevention knowledge and skills,such as recognizing the location of the"private parts",differentiating between safe and unsafe touching,in the unsafe situations,saying "No! ",running and telling the trusted persons about the abused incident. After five consecutive days' education,trained preschoolers had significantly higher levels of prevention knowledge and skills,and kept for 3～5 months. Concrete image and game oriented educational materials,and behavioral perspective teaching method should be used to carry out prevention education in preschool. Meanwhile,in order to improve teachers and parents' prevention knowledge and ability,teachers training and home-school cooperation should be developed.
引文
[1]PEREDA N,GUILREA G,FORNS M,et al.The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse:a continuation of Finkelhor(1994)[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2009,33(6):331-342.
[2]MIAN M,MARTONP,LEBARON D.The effects of sexual abuse on 3-to 5-year-old girls[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1996,20(8):731-745.
[3]陈晶琦.565名大学生儿童期性虐待经历回顾性调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2004,25(10):873-877.
[4][61]陈晶琦,韩萍,连光利,等.中国6省市2508名大学生儿童期性虐待经历回顾性调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2010,31(8):866-869.
[5]冯永亮,牛红峰,左霞云,等.上海市未婚流产女性青少年儿童期性虐待情况调查[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(8):948-950.
[6]LIN D,LI X,FAN X,et al.Child sexual abuse and its relationship with health risk behaviors among rural children and adolescents in Hunan,China[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2011,35(9):680-687.
[7]孙言平,董兆举,衣明纪,等.1307名成年学生儿童期性虐待发生情况及其症状自评量表测试结果分析[J].中华儿科杂志,2006,44(1):21-25.
[8][60]卢刚.128例幼女被强奸、猥亵案的法医学检验[J].证据科学,1997(3):128-129.
[9]EASTON S D.Masculine norms,disclosure,and childhood adversities predict long-term mental distress among men with histories of child sexual abuse[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2014,38(2):243-251.
[10]HORNOR G.Child sexual abuse:consequences and implications[J].Journal of Pediatric Health Care,2010,24(6):358-364.
[11][49][62]MANIGLIO R.The impact of child sexual abuse on health:a systematic review of reviews[J].Clinical Psychology Review,2009,29(7):647-657.
[12][22][47][57]FINKELHOR D.Prevention of sexual abuse through educational programs directed toward children[J].Pediatrics,2007,120(3):640-645.
[13][23]PLUMMER C A.Prevention of child sexual abuse:a survey of 87 programs[J].Violence and Victims,2001,16(5):575-588.
[14][60]RISPENS J,ALEMAN A,GOUDENA P P.Prevention of child sexual abuse victimization:a meta-analysis of school programs[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(10):975-987.
[15][17]BARRON I,TOPPING K.School-based child sexual abuse prevention programmes:the evidence on effectiveness[J].Review of Educational Research,2009,79(1):431-463.
[16]WALSH K,ZWI K,WOOLFEDEN S,et al.School-based education programs for the prevention of child sexual abuse:a cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Research on Social Work Practice,2015,12(4):1-121.
[18][33][40][43]WURTELE S K.The body safety training workbook:a personal safety program for parents to teach their children[EB/OL].(2017-03-02)(2018-05-07).Retrieved from http://www.sandywurtele.com/books.html,2007:1-36.
[19][24][35][58]KENNY M C.Child sexual abuse education with ethnically diverse families:a preliminary analysis[J].Children&Youth Services Review,2010,32(7):981-989.
[20]TUTTY L M.Child sexual abuse prevention programs:evaluating who do you tell[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(9):869-881.
[21]TAAL M,EDELAAR M.Positive and negative effects of a child sexual abuse prevention program[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(4):399-410.
[24]KENNY M C,WURTELE S K.Children’s abilities to recognize a“good”person as a potential perpetrator of childhood sexual abuse[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2010,34(7):490-495.
[25][32][34][39]WURTELE S K,OWENS J S.Teaching personal safety skills to young children:an investigation of age and gender across five studies[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(8):805-814.
[26]DAVIS M K,GIDYCZ C A.Child sexual abuse prevention programs:a meta-analysis[J].Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,2000,29(2):257-265.
[27]ZHANG W,CHEN J,FENG Y,et al.Young children’s knowledge and skills related to sexual abuse prevention:a pilot study in Beijing,China[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2013,37(9):623-630.
[28][36]陈晶琦.小学二年级学生预防性侵犯教育效果评价[J].中国学校卫生,2012,33(2):148-150.
[29][37]陈晶琦,杜晓娜,张曼.农村小学四年级学生预防性侵犯教育影响评价[J].中国性科学,2013,22(2):68-72.
[30]赖珍珍,胡玥,刘文利,等.小学三年级流动儿童性教育课程效果评价[J].中国学校卫生,2015,36(8):1150-1153.
[31]LIU W,SU Y.School-based primary school sexuality education for migrant children in Beijing,China[J].Sex Education,2014,14(5):568-581.
[38][48]李玲.儿童期性侵犯经历隐瞒与披露研究[D].北京:中国青年政治学院,2011:35-38.
[41]林崇德主编.发展心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1995:223-225.
[42]梁志燊.学前教育学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1995:240-241.
[44]蒙台梭利.蒙台梭利幼儿教育科学方法[M].任代文,译.北京:人民教育出版社,2001:112-113.
[45][64][68]WURTELE S K,KENNY M C.Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse[J].Child Abuse Review,2010,19(2):130-152.
[46][50][51][63]ELLIOTT M,BROWNE K,KILCOYNE J.Child sexual abuse prevention:what offenders tell us[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1995,19(5):579-594.
[52][53][55]CHEN J Q,CHEN D G.Awareness of child sexual abuse prevention education among parents of Grade 3 elementary school pupils in Fuxin City,China[J].Health Education Research,2005,20(5):540-547.
[54][56][59][67]ZHANG W,CHEN J,LIU F.Preventing child sexual abuse early:preschool teachers’knowledge,attitudes,and their training education in china[J].Sage Open,2015,5(1):1-8.
[65]GOLDMAN J D,TORRISI-STEELE G.Education about child sexual abuse on interactive multimedia CD-Rom for undergraduate teachers[J].Health Education Journal,2004,63(2):127-144.
[66]BAGINSK M,MACPHERSON P.Training teachers to safeguard children:developing a consistent approach[J].Child Abuse Review,2005,14(5):317-330.
[2]MIAN M,MARTONP,LEBARON D.The effects of sexual abuse on 3-to 5-year-old girls[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1996,20(8):731-745.
[3]陈晶琦.565名大学生儿童期性虐待经历回顾性调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2004,25(10):873-877.
[4][61]陈晶琦,韩萍,连光利,等.中国6省市2508名大学生儿童期性虐待经历回顾性调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2010,31(8):866-869.
[5]冯永亮,牛红峰,左霞云,等.上海市未婚流产女性青少年儿童期性虐待情况调查[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(8):948-950.
[6]LIN D,LI X,FAN X,et al.Child sexual abuse and its relationship with health risk behaviors among rural children and adolescents in Hunan,China[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2011,35(9):680-687.
[7]孙言平,董兆举,衣明纪,等.1307名成年学生儿童期性虐待发生情况及其症状自评量表测试结果分析[J].中华儿科杂志,2006,44(1):21-25.
[8][60]卢刚.128例幼女被强奸、猥亵案的法医学检验[J].证据科学,1997(3):128-129.
[9]EASTON S D.Masculine norms,disclosure,and childhood adversities predict long-term mental distress among men with histories of child sexual abuse[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2014,38(2):243-251.
[10]HORNOR G.Child sexual abuse:consequences and implications[J].Journal of Pediatric Health Care,2010,24(6):358-364.
[11][49][62]MANIGLIO R.The impact of child sexual abuse on health:a systematic review of reviews[J].Clinical Psychology Review,2009,29(7):647-657.
[12][22][47][57]FINKELHOR D.Prevention of sexual abuse through educational programs directed toward children[J].Pediatrics,2007,120(3):640-645.
[13][23]PLUMMER C A.Prevention of child sexual abuse:a survey of 87 programs[J].Violence and Victims,2001,16(5):575-588.
[14][60]RISPENS J,ALEMAN A,GOUDENA P P.Prevention of child sexual abuse victimization:a meta-analysis of school programs[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(10):975-987.
[15][17]BARRON I,TOPPING K.School-based child sexual abuse prevention programmes:the evidence on effectiveness[J].Review of Educational Research,2009,79(1):431-463.
[16]WALSH K,ZWI K,WOOLFEDEN S,et al.School-based education programs for the prevention of child sexual abuse:a cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Research on Social Work Practice,2015,12(4):1-121.
[18][33][40][43]WURTELE S K.The body safety training workbook:a personal safety program for parents to teach their children[EB/OL].(2017-03-02)(2018-05-07).Retrieved from http://www.sandywurtele.com/books.html,2007:1-36.
[19][24][35][58]KENNY M C.Child sexual abuse education with ethnically diverse families:a preliminary analysis[J].Children&Youth Services Review,2010,32(7):981-989.
[20]TUTTY L M.Child sexual abuse prevention programs:evaluating who do you tell[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(9):869-881.
[21]TAAL M,EDELAAR M.Positive and negative effects of a child sexual abuse prevention program[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(4):399-410.
[24]KENNY M C,WURTELE S K.Children’s abilities to recognize a“good”person as a potential perpetrator of childhood sexual abuse[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2010,34(7):490-495.
[25][32][34][39]WURTELE S K,OWENS J S.Teaching personal safety skills to young children:an investigation of age and gender across five studies[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1997,21(8):805-814.
[26]DAVIS M K,GIDYCZ C A.Child sexual abuse prevention programs:a meta-analysis[J].Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,2000,29(2):257-265.
[27]ZHANG W,CHEN J,FENG Y,et al.Young children’s knowledge and skills related to sexual abuse prevention:a pilot study in Beijing,China[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,2013,37(9):623-630.
[28][36]陈晶琦.小学二年级学生预防性侵犯教育效果评价[J].中国学校卫生,2012,33(2):148-150.
[29][37]陈晶琦,杜晓娜,张曼.农村小学四年级学生预防性侵犯教育影响评价[J].中国性科学,2013,22(2):68-72.
[30]赖珍珍,胡玥,刘文利,等.小学三年级流动儿童性教育课程效果评价[J].中国学校卫生,2015,36(8):1150-1153.
[31]LIU W,SU Y.School-based primary school sexuality education for migrant children in Beijing,China[J].Sex Education,2014,14(5):568-581.
[38][48]李玲.儿童期性侵犯经历隐瞒与披露研究[D].北京:中国青年政治学院,2011:35-38.
[41]林崇德主编.发展心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1995:223-225.
[42]梁志燊.学前教育学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1995:240-241.
[44]蒙台梭利.蒙台梭利幼儿教育科学方法[M].任代文,译.北京:人民教育出版社,2001:112-113.
[45][64][68]WURTELE S K,KENNY M C.Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse[J].Child Abuse Review,2010,19(2):130-152.
[46][50][51][63]ELLIOTT M,BROWNE K,KILCOYNE J.Child sexual abuse prevention:what offenders tell us[J].Child Abuse&Neglect,1995,19(5):579-594.
[52][53][55]CHEN J Q,CHEN D G.Awareness of child sexual abuse prevention education among parents of Grade 3 elementary school pupils in Fuxin City,China[J].Health Education Research,2005,20(5):540-547.
[54][56][59][67]ZHANG W,CHEN J,LIU F.Preventing child sexual abuse early:preschool teachers’knowledge,attitudes,and their training education in china[J].Sage Open,2015,5(1):1-8.
[65]GOLDMAN J D,TORRISI-STEELE G.Education about child sexual abuse on interactive multimedia CD-Rom for undergraduate teachers[J].Health Education Journal,2004,63(2):127-144.
[66]BAGINSK M,MACPHERSON P.Training teachers to safeguard children:developing a consistent approach[J].Child Abuse Review,2005,14(5):317-330.