观鸟旅游游客地方依恋与亲环境行为——以自然共情与环境教育感知为中介变量
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摘要
游客地方依恋和游客亲环境行为关系的探究体现了旅游地理学中有关游客积极环境行为的研究路径由理性向情感转向的新趋势,也反映了业界的游客环境行为管理由理性管理向情感管理的新方向。文章以鄱阳湖国家湿地公园的观鸟游客为研究对象,通过对322份有效问卷的数据进行结构方程模型分析发现,观鸟游客存在着明显的地方依恋情感,此情感促进了亲环境行为的产生;自然共情和环境教育感知在其中起到了中介变量的作用。在地方依恋的两个维度中,地方依赖显著加强了环境教育感知,地方认同显著促进了自然共情的产生;自然共情比环境教育感知更明显地影响了亲环境行为的产生,但环境教育感知也一定程度上促进了自然共情的产生。据此,景区管理者可以利用高科技技术,在避免对候鸟及其栖息环境产生冲击的前提下增加游客与候鸟的接触,同时改进景区内环境教育设施,以促进游客自然共情的产生和提高环境教育的效果,进而更好地引导和提升游客的亲环境行为。
The research on relation between tourists' place-attachment and pro-environmental behaviors shows the new research path of tourists' active environmental behaviors from sense to geist in tourism geography, and reflects the new direction of tourists' behavior management practice from rationality to emotion as well. This article, taking the Poyang Lake National Wetland Park birdwatching tourists as the research object, based on 322 valid questionnaire data, using structural equation model, finds that the birdwatching tourists have obvious place-attachment, which promoting proenvironmental behaviors; nature empathy and perception of environmental education play the role of mediating variables.In the two dimensions of place-attachment, place-dependence significantly strengthens the perception of environmental education, place-identity significantly promotes natural empathy; natural empathy affects the pro-environmental behaviors more clearly than perception of environmental education, but the perception of environmental education promotes natural empathy to some extent. Accordingly, scenic managers can use high technologies to increase the contact between tourists and migratory birds without damaging their habitats, and improve environmental educational facilities,which will help to strengthen tourists' natural empathy and improve the effect of environmental education, so as to better guide tourists' pro-environmental behaviors.
The research on relation between tourists' place-attachment and pro-environmental behaviors shows the new research path of tourists' active environmental behaviors from sense to geist in tourism geography, and reflects the new direction of tourists' behavior management practice from rationality to emotion as well. This article, taking the Poyang Lake National Wetland Park birdwatching tourists as the research object, based on 322 valid questionnaire data, using structural equation model, finds that the birdwatching tourists have obvious place-attachment, which promoting proenvironmental behaviors; nature empathy and perception of environmental education play the role of mediating variables.In the two dimensions of place-attachment, place-dependence significantly strengthens the perception of environmental education, place-identity significantly promotes natural empathy; natural empathy affects the pro-environmental behaviors more clearly than perception of environmental education, but the perception of environmental education promotes natural empathy to some extent. Accordingly, scenic managers can use high technologies to increase the contact between tourists and migratory birds without damaging their habitats, and improve environmental educational facilities,which will help to strengthen tourists' natural empathy and improve the effect of environmental education, so as to better guide tourists' pro-environmental behaviors.
引文
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[2] Lee T H,Jan F H,Yang C C. Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviors from the perspective of community-based tourists[J]. Tourism Management,2013,36:454-468.
[3]万基财,张捷,卢韶婧,等.九寨沟地方特质与旅游者地方依恋和环保行为倾向的关系[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(3):411-421.
[4]李秋成,周玲强.社会资本对旅游者环境友好行为意愿的影响[J].旅游学刊,2014,29(9):73-82.
[5]张环宙,李秋成,吴茂英.自然旅游地游客生态行为内生驱动机制实证研究——以张家界景区和西溪湿地为例[J].经济地理,2016,36(12):204-210.
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[9] Williams D R,Patterson M E,Roggenbuck J W,et al. Beyond the commodity metaphor:Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place[J]. Leisure Sciences,1992,14(1):29-46.
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[12]赵宗金,董丽丽,王小芳.地方依附感与环境行为的关系研究——基于沙滩旅游人群的调查[J].社会学评论,2013(3):76-85.
[13]贾衍菊,林德荣.旅游者环境责任行为:驱动因素与影响机理——基于地方理论的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(7):161-169.
[14]宗阳,王广新.自然拟人化与大学生亲环境行为的关系:自然共情的中介作用[J].心理技术与应用,2017,5(11):654-664.
[15]刘建国,黄杏灵,晋孟雨.游客感知:国内外文献的回顾及展望[J].经济地理,2017,37(5):216-224.
[16] Chiu Y,Lee W I,Chen T H. Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism:antecedents and implications[J]. Tour‐ism Management,2014,40(1):321-329.
[17]李文明.生态旅游环境教育效果评价实证研究[J].旅游学刊,2012(12):80-87.
[18]张玉玲,郭永锐,郑春晖.游客价值观对环保行为的影响——基于客源市场空间距离与区域经济水平的分组探讨[J].旅游科学,2017,31(2):1-14.
[19]周玲强,李秋成,朱琳.行为效能、人地情感与旅游者环境负责行为意愿:一个基于计划行为理论的改进模型[J].浙江大学学报:人文社会科学版,2014,44(2):88-98.
[20]杨奎臣,胡鹏辉.社会公平感、主观幸福感与亲环境行为——基于CGSS 2013的机制分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018(2):15-22.
[21]张朝枝,曾莉萍,林红霞.社区居民对景区开发企业社会责任的感知——基于地方依恋的视角[J].人文地理,2015(4):136-142.
[22]金钟范.韩国亲环境农业发展政策实践与启示[J].农业经济问题,2005(3):73-78.
[23]刘贤伟,吴建平.大学生环境价值观与亲环境行为:环境关心的中介作用[J].心理与行为研究,2013,11(6):780-785.
[24]芦慧,刘霞,陈红.企业员工亲环境行为的内涵、结构与测量研究[J].软科学,2016,30(8):69-74.
[25] Shumaker S A,Taylor R. Toward a clarification of peopleplace relationships:A model of attachment to place[J]. Envi‐ronmental Psychology:Directions and Perspectives,1983(2):19-25.
[26] Shamai S. Sense of place:an empirical measurement[J]. Geoforum,1991,22(3):347-358.
[27] Vaske J J,Kobrin K C. Place Attachment and Environmentally Responsible Behavior[J]. Journal of Environmental Educa‐tion,2001,32(4):16-21.
[28] Hoffman ML. Empathy and prosocial behavior[C]//Lewis M,Haviland-Jones J M,Barrett L F. Handbook of Emotions. Guil‐ford Publications,2008.
[29] Sobel D. Beyond Ecophobia:Reclaiming the Heart in Nature Education[J]. Nature Study,1999,49(9):16-20.
[30]宗阳,王广新.拟人化、自然共情与亲环境行为[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2016,24(9):1 432-1 437.
[31] Sevillano V,Aragones J I,Schultz W. Perspective taking,environmental concern,and the moderating role of dispositional empathy[J]. Environment&Behavior,2007,39(5):685-705.
[32] Preylo B D,Arikawa H. Comparison of Vegetarians and NonVegetarians on Pet Attitude and Empathy[J]. Anthrozo?s,2008,21(4):387-395.
[33] Batson C D. Altruism in humans[J]. Evol Psychol,2011,10(1):95-99.
[34] Schaffer H R,Emerson P E. patterns of response to physical contact in early human development[J]. Journal of Child Psy‐chology&Psychiatry,1964,5(1):1-13.
[35] Stone V E,Baron-Cohen S,Knight R T. Frontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind[J]. Journal of Cognitive Neurosci‐ence,1998,10(5):640-56.
[36]崔芳,南云,罗跃嘉.共情的认知神经研究回顾[J].心理科学进展,2008,16(2):250-254.
[37] Watt D F. Social Bonds and the Nature of Empathy[J]. Journal of Consciousness Studies,2005,12(12):185-209.
[38]周春秀,黄丽.依恋与共情的关系及其机制[J].杭州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2016,15(5):472-478.
[39]张宏,黄震方,方叶林,等.湿地自然保护区旅游者环境教育感知研究——以盐城丹顶鹤、麋鹿国家自然保护区为例[J].生态学报,2015(23):7 899-7 911.
[40] Hanley N,Ready R,Colombo S,et al. The impacts of knowledge of the past on preferences for future landscape change[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(3):1 404-1 412.
[41] Sirivongs K,Tsuchiya T. Relationship between local residents'perceptions,attitudes and participation towards national pro‐tected areas:a case study of Phou Khao Khouay National Pro‐tected Area,central Lao PDR[J]. Forest Policy&Economics,2012,21(1):92-100.
[42]赵显,刘力,张笑笑,等.观点采择:概念、操纵及其对群际关系的影响[J].心理科学进展,2012,20(12):2 079-2 088.
[43] Williams D R,Roggenbuck J W. Measuring Place Attachment:Some Preliminary Results[C]. National Parks and Recreation,Leisure Research Symposium,1989.
[44]唐文跃.城市居民游憩地方依恋特征分析——以南京夫子庙为例[J].地理科学,2011(10):1 202-1 207.
[45] Halpenny E A. Environmental Behaviour,Place Attachment and Park Visitation:A case study of visitors to Point Pelee Na‐tional Park[D]. Waterloo:University of Waterloo,2006:104-105
[46]李文明,钟永德.生态旅游环境教育效果评价指标体系构建初探[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2009,29(6):170-174.
[2] Lee T H,Jan F H,Yang C C. Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviors from the perspective of community-based tourists[J]. Tourism Management,2013,36:454-468.
[3]万基财,张捷,卢韶婧,等.九寨沟地方特质与旅游者地方依恋和环保行为倾向的关系[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(3):411-421.
[4]李秋成,周玲强.社会资本对旅游者环境友好行为意愿的影响[J].旅游学刊,2014,29(9):73-82.
[5]张环宙,李秋成,吴茂英.自然旅游地游客生态行为内生驱动机制实证研究——以张家界景区和西溪湿地为例[J].经济地理,2016,36(12):204-210.
[6] Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior[J]. Research in Nursing&Health,1991,14(2):137-44.
[7] Dunlap R E,Liere K D V,Mertig A G,et al. Measuring Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm:A Revised NEP Scale[J]. Journal of Social Issues,2000,56(3):425-442.
[8]余真真,田浩.亲环境行为研究的新路径:情理合一[J].心理研究,2017,10(3):41-47.
[9] Williams D R,Patterson M E,Roggenbuck J W,et al. Beyond the commodity metaphor:Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place[J]. Leisure Sciences,1992,14(1):29-46.
[10] Kaltenborn Bj?rn,Bjerke Tore,Strumse Einar. Diverging Attitudes Towards Predators:Do Environmental Beliefs Play a Part?[J]. Human Ecology Review,1998,5(2):1-9.
[11]唐文跃,张捷,罗浩,等.古村落居民地方依恋与资源保护态度的关系——以西递、宏村、南屏为例[J].旅游学刊,2008,23(10):87-92.
[12]赵宗金,董丽丽,王小芳.地方依附感与环境行为的关系研究——基于沙滩旅游人群的调查[J].社会学评论,2013(3):76-85.
[13]贾衍菊,林德荣.旅游者环境责任行为:驱动因素与影响机理——基于地方理论的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(7):161-169.
[14]宗阳,王广新.自然拟人化与大学生亲环境行为的关系:自然共情的中介作用[J].心理技术与应用,2017,5(11):654-664.
[15]刘建国,黄杏灵,晋孟雨.游客感知:国内外文献的回顾及展望[J].经济地理,2017,37(5):216-224.
[16] Chiu Y,Lee W I,Chen T H. Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism:antecedents and implications[J]. Tour‐ism Management,2014,40(1):321-329.
[17]李文明.生态旅游环境教育效果评价实证研究[J].旅游学刊,2012(12):80-87.
[18]张玉玲,郭永锐,郑春晖.游客价值观对环保行为的影响——基于客源市场空间距离与区域经济水平的分组探讨[J].旅游科学,2017,31(2):1-14.
[19]周玲强,李秋成,朱琳.行为效能、人地情感与旅游者环境负责行为意愿:一个基于计划行为理论的改进模型[J].浙江大学学报:人文社会科学版,2014,44(2):88-98.
[20]杨奎臣,胡鹏辉.社会公平感、主观幸福感与亲环境行为——基于CGSS 2013的机制分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018(2):15-22.
[21]张朝枝,曾莉萍,林红霞.社区居民对景区开发企业社会责任的感知——基于地方依恋的视角[J].人文地理,2015(4):136-142.
[22]金钟范.韩国亲环境农业发展政策实践与启示[J].农业经济问题,2005(3):73-78.
[23]刘贤伟,吴建平.大学生环境价值观与亲环境行为:环境关心的中介作用[J].心理与行为研究,2013,11(6):780-785.
[24]芦慧,刘霞,陈红.企业员工亲环境行为的内涵、结构与测量研究[J].软科学,2016,30(8):69-74.
[25] Shumaker S A,Taylor R. Toward a clarification of peopleplace relationships:A model of attachment to place[J]. Envi‐ronmental Psychology:Directions and Perspectives,1983(2):19-25.
[26] Shamai S. Sense of place:an empirical measurement[J]. Geoforum,1991,22(3):347-358.
[27] Vaske J J,Kobrin K C. Place Attachment and Environmentally Responsible Behavior[J]. Journal of Environmental Educa‐tion,2001,32(4):16-21.
[28] Hoffman ML. Empathy and prosocial behavior[C]//Lewis M,Haviland-Jones J M,Barrett L F. Handbook of Emotions. Guil‐ford Publications,2008.
[29] Sobel D. Beyond Ecophobia:Reclaiming the Heart in Nature Education[J]. Nature Study,1999,49(9):16-20.
[30]宗阳,王广新.拟人化、自然共情与亲环境行为[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2016,24(9):1 432-1 437.
[31] Sevillano V,Aragones J I,Schultz W. Perspective taking,environmental concern,and the moderating role of dispositional empathy[J]. Environment&Behavior,2007,39(5):685-705.
[32] Preylo B D,Arikawa H. Comparison of Vegetarians and NonVegetarians on Pet Attitude and Empathy[J]. Anthrozo?s,2008,21(4):387-395.
[33] Batson C D. Altruism in humans[J]. Evol Psychol,2011,10(1):95-99.
[34] Schaffer H R,Emerson P E. patterns of response to physical contact in early human development[J]. Journal of Child Psy‐chology&Psychiatry,1964,5(1):1-13.
[35] Stone V E,Baron-Cohen S,Knight R T. Frontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind[J]. Journal of Cognitive Neurosci‐ence,1998,10(5):640-56.
[36]崔芳,南云,罗跃嘉.共情的认知神经研究回顾[J].心理科学进展,2008,16(2):250-254.
[37] Watt D F. Social Bonds and the Nature of Empathy[J]. Journal of Consciousness Studies,2005,12(12):185-209.
[38]周春秀,黄丽.依恋与共情的关系及其机制[J].杭州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2016,15(5):472-478.
[39]张宏,黄震方,方叶林,等.湿地自然保护区旅游者环境教育感知研究——以盐城丹顶鹤、麋鹿国家自然保护区为例[J].生态学报,2015(23):7 899-7 911.
[40] Hanley N,Ready R,Colombo S,et al. The impacts of knowledge of the past on preferences for future landscape change[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(3):1 404-1 412.
[41] Sirivongs K,Tsuchiya T. Relationship between local residents'perceptions,attitudes and participation towards national pro‐tected areas:a case study of Phou Khao Khouay National Pro‐tected Area,central Lao PDR[J]. Forest Policy&Economics,2012,21(1):92-100.
[42]赵显,刘力,张笑笑,等.观点采择:概念、操纵及其对群际关系的影响[J].心理科学进展,2012,20(12):2 079-2 088.
[43] Williams D R,Roggenbuck J W. Measuring Place Attachment:Some Preliminary Results[C]. National Parks and Recreation,Leisure Research Symposium,1989.
[44]唐文跃.城市居民游憩地方依恋特征分析——以南京夫子庙为例[J].地理科学,2011(10):1 202-1 207.
[45] Halpenny E A. Environmental Behaviour,Place Attachment and Park Visitation:A case study of visitors to Point Pelee Na‐tional Park[D]. Waterloo:University of Waterloo,2006:104-105
[46]李文明,钟永德.生态旅游环境教育效果评价指标体系构建初探[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2009,29(6):170-174.