旅游是什么——基于社会大众视角的反思
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摘要
关于"旅游是什么"的讨论由来已久,但以往对此问题的研究多采用演绎逻辑或历时分析。通过访谈收集62位社会大众对此问题的回答,并使用内容挖掘分析法提取高频词后,本文发现,旅游的核心构成是时间、空间与体验;旅游的本质动机包括放松、体验、猎奇、享乐、社交与审美。本文又采用扎根理论编码对访谈内容进行分析,发现,不同的消费者建构不同的旅游类型,具体包括享乐型旅游、体验型旅游、生活型旅游和消费型旅游。对文本进一步批判性分析又发现,社会大众建构的旅游是被体制化的,旅游所追求的自由是有限度的自由,体现在旅游时间和空间的限定以及对旅游行为特征的刻板印象。
The question of what is tourism has been a controversial issue for decades,but the previous academia answers to it are mostly based on theoretical deductive logic or diachronic analysis.The paper,with the data collected from 62 interviewers' response to " what is tourism",using the content mining analysis method,explored into the answers in the perspective of social public. The findings indicate that the core constitution of tourism including time,space and experience,the essential motivations of tourism could be described as relaxing,experience,hunting for novelty,hedonic,socializing and aesthetic. From the perspective of social public,tourism could be divided into four categories: hedonistic tourism,experience tourism,life-style tourism and consumptive tourism.Furthermore,a critical analysis on the interview shows that the view for"what is tourism"from public perspective has been constructed and institutionalized; the freedom that tourists seek is limited freedom,which is embodied in time,space and tourist's behavior characteristics.
The question of what is tourism has been a controversial issue for decades,but the previous academia answers to it are mostly based on theoretical deductive logic or diachronic analysis.The paper,with the data collected from 62 interviewers' response to " what is tourism",using the content mining analysis method,explored into the answers in the perspective of social public. The findings indicate that the core constitution of tourism including time,space and experience,the essential motivations of tourism could be described as relaxing,experience,hunting for novelty,hedonic,socializing and aesthetic. From the perspective of social public,tourism could be divided into four categories: hedonistic tourism,experience tourism,life-style tourism and consumptive tourism.Furthermore,a critical analysis on the interview shows that the view for"what is tourism"from public perspective has been constructed and institutionalized; the freedom that tourists seek is limited freedom,which is embodied in time,space and tourist's behavior characteristics.
引文
[1]曹诗图,曹国新,邓苏.对旅游本质的哲学辨析[J].旅游科学,2011(1):80-86.
[2]方百寿.中国旅游史研究之我见[J].旅游学刊,2000(2):70-74.
[3]刘红妮.词汇化与近义实词的辨析和教学:以“旅行”和“旅游”为例[J].云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版),2008(2):50-55.
[4]刘丹萍,保继刚.旅游者“符号性消费”行为之思考:由“雅虎中国”的一项调查说起[J].旅游科学,2006(1):28-32.
[5]马凌.旅游社会科学中的建构主义范式[J].旅游学刊,2011(1):31-37.
[6]Mac Cannell.旅游者:休闲阶层新论[M].张晓萍,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2008.
[7]彭顺生.世界旅游发展史[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2006:2.
[8]史甜甜,保继刚.Tourism对应概念的多元变化及其与“旅游”的对应关系[J].旅游学刊,2014(7):106-117.
[9]申葆嘉.旅游学原理:旅游运行规律研究之系统陈述[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2010:1-20.
[10]文风.“旅游”与“旅行”:旅游史教学中的概念辨析[J].历史教学,2009(6):82-84.
[11]王淑良.中国旅游史古代部分[M].北京:旅游教育出版社,1998.
[12]瓦伦·史密斯.东道主与游客:旅游人类学研究[M].张晓萍,译.昆明:云南大学出版社,2007:21-34.
[13]谢彦君.旅游的本质及其认识方法:从学科自觉的角度看[J].旅游学刊,2010a(1):26-31.
[14]谢彦君.基础旅游学[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2011.
[15]谢彦君.论旅游的本质与特征[J].旅游学刊,1998(4):41-44.
[16]谢彦君.旅游体验研究:走向实证科学[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2010b.
[17]谢彦君.旅游体验研究[D].大连:东北财经大学,2005.
[18]杨振之.论旅游的本质[J].旅游学刊,2014(3):13-19.
[19]张凌云.国际上流行的旅游定义和概念综述:兼对旅游本质的再认识[J].旅游学刊,2008(1):86-91.
[20]张朝枝.符号化“原真”与遗产地商业化:基于乌镇、周庄的案例研究[J].旅游科学,2008(5):59-66.
[21]Ateljevic I,Doorne S(2002).Representing New Zealand:Tourism imagery and ideology[J].Annals of Tourism Research,29(3),648-667.
[22]Bull A(2006).Is a trip to the seaside a spiritual journey?[A].Unpublished paper presented at the Tourism:The Spiritual Dimension Conference.UK:University of Lincoln.
[23]Bob M(1996).Differences between tourism and recreation in parks[J].Annals of Tourism Research,23(3),563-575.
[24]Culler J(1981).Semiotics of tourism[J].American Journal of Semiotics,1(1-2),127-140.
[25]Crompton J L(1979).Motivations for pleasure vacation[J].Annals of Tourism Research,6(4),408-424.
[26]Corbin J,Strauss A(1994).Grounded theory methodology[J].Handbook of qualitative research,273-285.
[27]Dann G M S(1977).Anomie,ego-enhancement and tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,4(4),184-194.
[28]Dann G(1996).The Language of Tourism[M].Wallingford:CAB International,1-5.
[29]Robert C,Andrew C(2011).Getting away from it all:Exploring freedom in tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,38(4),1495-1515.
[30]Richard S,Deborah J(2011).Rural tourism:Is a spiritual experience?[J].Annals of Tourism Research,38(1),52-71.
[31]Wang N(1999).Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience[J].Annals of Tourism Research,26(2),349-370.
1 说文解字在线词典[Z].”旅”引自http:∥www.cidianwang.com/shuowenjiezi/lv1576.htm;”游”引自http:∥www.cidianwang.com/shuowenjiezi/you2113.htm
2 查字典通.诗词大全.《悲哉行》[Z].引自http:∥www.zidiantong.com/shici/b/beizaihang161138.htm
[2]方百寿.中国旅游史研究之我见[J].旅游学刊,2000(2):70-74.
[3]刘红妮.词汇化与近义实词的辨析和教学:以“旅行”和“旅游”为例[J].云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版),2008(2):50-55.
[4]刘丹萍,保继刚.旅游者“符号性消费”行为之思考:由“雅虎中国”的一项调查说起[J].旅游科学,2006(1):28-32.
[5]马凌.旅游社会科学中的建构主义范式[J].旅游学刊,2011(1):31-37.
[6]Mac Cannell.旅游者:休闲阶层新论[M].张晓萍,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2008.
[7]彭顺生.世界旅游发展史[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2006:2.
[8]史甜甜,保继刚.Tourism对应概念的多元变化及其与“旅游”的对应关系[J].旅游学刊,2014(7):106-117.
[9]申葆嘉.旅游学原理:旅游运行规律研究之系统陈述[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2010:1-20.
[10]文风.“旅游”与“旅行”:旅游史教学中的概念辨析[J].历史教学,2009(6):82-84.
[11]王淑良.中国旅游史古代部分[M].北京:旅游教育出版社,1998.
[12]瓦伦·史密斯.东道主与游客:旅游人类学研究[M].张晓萍,译.昆明:云南大学出版社,2007:21-34.
[13]谢彦君.旅游的本质及其认识方法:从学科自觉的角度看[J].旅游学刊,2010a(1):26-31.
[14]谢彦君.基础旅游学[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2011.
[15]谢彦君.论旅游的本质与特征[J].旅游学刊,1998(4):41-44.
[16]谢彦君.旅游体验研究:走向实证科学[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2010b.
[17]谢彦君.旅游体验研究[D].大连:东北财经大学,2005.
[18]杨振之.论旅游的本质[J].旅游学刊,2014(3):13-19.
[19]张凌云.国际上流行的旅游定义和概念综述:兼对旅游本质的再认识[J].旅游学刊,2008(1):86-91.
[20]张朝枝.符号化“原真”与遗产地商业化:基于乌镇、周庄的案例研究[J].旅游科学,2008(5):59-66.
[21]Ateljevic I,Doorne S(2002).Representing New Zealand:Tourism imagery and ideology[J].Annals of Tourism Research,29(3),648-667.
[22]Bull A(2006).Is a trip to the seaside a spiritual journey?[A].Unpublished paper presented at the Tourism:The Spiritual Dimension Conference.UK:University of Lincoln.
[23]Bob M(1996).Differences between tourism and recreation in parks[J].Annals of Tourism Research,23(3),563-575.
[24]Culler J(1981).Semiotics of tourism[J].American Journal of Semiotics,1(1-2),127-140.
[25]Crompton J L(1979).Motivations for pleasure vacation[J].Annals of Tourism Research,6(4),408-424.
[26]Corbin J,Strauss A(1994).Grounded theory methodology[J].Handbook of qualitative research,273-285.
[27]Dann G M S(1977).Anomie,ego-enhancement and tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,4(4),184-194.
[28]Dann G(1996).The Language of Tourism[M].Wallingford:CAB International,1-5.
[29]Robert C,Andrew C(2011).Getting away from it all:Exploring freedom in tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,38(4),1495-1515.
[30]Richard S,Deborah J(2011).Rural tourism:Is a spiritual experience?[J].Annals of Tourism Research,38(1),52-71.
[31]Wang N(1999).Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience[J].Annals of Tourism Research,26(2),349-370.
1 说文解字在线词典[Z].”旅”引自http:∥www.cidianwang.com/shuowenjiezi/lv1576.htm;”游”引自http:∥www.cidianwang.com/shuowenjiezi/you2113.htm
2 查字典通.诗词大全.《悲哉行》[Z].引自http:∥www.zidiantong.com/shici/b/beizaihang161138.htm