施氮量对食用向日葵产量及品质的影响
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摘要
为明确氮肥用量对向日葵产量和品质的影响,合理施用氮肥,在内蒙古中西部3个试验点开展了向日葵不同氮肥用量试验研究。研究结果表明:(1)施用氮肥均有显著的增产效果,各个试验区施氮肥的产量反应均为:200 kg/hm~2>150 kg/hm~2>100 kg/hm~2>300 kg/hm~2,推荐施氮量(200 kg/hm~2)的增产率为24.6%。氮肥用量与向日葵产量呈抛物线相关,施氮量为189.7～194.0 kg/hm~2时可获得向日葵最高产量,经济最佳施氮量应为148.5～157.4kg/hm~2。(2)百粒重、花盘直径和株高与向日葵产量达到显著相关。(3)随着植株生长发育,氮素逐渐向籽粒中转移,植株各器官氮素浓度依次为:籽实>空盘>叶>茎;氮素吸收量:籽实>茎>空盘>叶,施氮量为200 kg/hm~2的吸收量最高。(4)随着施氮量增加肥料利用率降低,在经济最佳施氮量150 kg/hm~2的情况下,内蒙古中西部氮肥的利用率平均为34.7%,氮肥的农学效率为5.38 kg/kg,每生产100 kg向日葵籽实吸收氮素为4.57 kg。(5)施氮量与向日葵籽实的蛋白质含量呈正相关关系,与籽实粗脂肪含量呈负相关关系。在经济最佳施氮量的情况下,籽实粗蛋白质产量和籽实粗脂肪产量均较高。从综合产量与氮素吸收量、经济效益来看,在内蒙古中西部氮素最佳投入量以150 kg/hm~2为宜。
In order to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and quality of sunflower and apply nitrogen fertilizer rationally,experiments on different nitrogen fertilizer dosage of sunflower were carried out at 3 experimental sites in central and western Inner Mongolia.Research results show that:(1)Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increases yield,for the outputs of all experimental sites,the nitrogen reactions are:200 kg/hm~2>150 kg/hm~2>100 kg/hm~2>300 kg/hm~2,and the recommend N application(200 kg/hm~2)increase yield by 24.6%.The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is parabola related to sunflower yield.When the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 189.7 ～ 194.0 kg/hm~2,the maximum yield of sunflower can be obtained,and the economic optimal nitrogen fertilizer amount is 148.5 ～ 157.4 kg/hm~2.(2)100 grain weight,disk diameter and plant height are significantly correlated with sunflower yield.(3)As the plant grows,nitrogen is gradually transferred to the seeds.The nitrogen concentration of different organs of the plant is in sequence:seed>empty disc>leaf>stem.Nitrogen absorption at harvest time in organs follow the order:seed>stalk>empty disc>leaves,200 kg/hm~2 nitrogen application treatment absorbs the highest nitrogen.(4)With the increase of N application rate, fertilizer utilization rate is reduced.The economic optimum application rate is 150 kg/hm~2,under this condition the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate in the central and western Inner Mongolia is 34.7% on average,nitrogen agronomic efficiency is 5.38 kg/kg,100 kg per production sunflower seeds absorb 4.57 kg nitrogen.(5)There is a positive correlation between nitrogen application and protein content of sunflower seeds,and a negative correlation between nitrogen application and crude fat content of sunflower seeds.The yield of crude protein and crude fat of seeds are higher under the condition of economic optimum nitrogen application.Considering the comprehensive yield,nitrogen absorption and economic benefits,the optimum nitrogen input amount in the central and western Inner Mongolia is150 kg/hm~2.
In order to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and quality of sunflower and apply nitrogen fertilizer rationally,experiments on different nitrogen fertilizer dosage of sunflower were carried out at 3 experimental sites in central and western Inner Mongolia.Research results show that:(1)Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increases yield,for the outputs of all experimental sites,the nitrogen reactions are:200 kg/hm~2>150 kg/hm~2>100 kg/hm~2>300 kg/hm~2,and the recommend N application(200 kg/hm~2)increase yield by 24.6%.The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is parabola related to sunflower yield.When the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 189.7 ～ 194.0 kg/hm~2,the maximum yield of sunflower can be obtained,and the economic optimal nitrogen fertilizer amount is 148.5 ～ 157.4 kg/hm~2.(2)100 grain weight,disk diameter and plant height are significantly correlated with sunflower yield.(3)As the plant grows,nitrogen is gradually transferred to the seeds.The nitrogen concentration of different organs of the plant is in sequence:seed>empty disc>leaf>stem.Nitrogen absorption at harvest time in organs follow the order:seed>stalk>empty disc>leaves,200 kg/hm~2 nitrogen application treatment absorbs the highest nitrogen.(4)With the increase of N application rate, fertilizer utilization rate is reduced.The economic optimum application rate is 150 kg/hm~2,under this condition the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate in the central and western Inner Mongolia is 34.7% on average,nitrogen agronomic efficiency is 5.38 kg/kg,100 kg per production sunflower seeds absorb 4.57 kg nitrogen.(5)There is a positive correlation between nitrogen application and protein content of sunflower seeds,and a negative correlation between nitrogen application and crude fat content of sunflower seeds.The yield of crude protein and crude fat of seeds are higher under the condition of economic optimum nitrogen application.Considering the comprehensive yield,nitrogen absorption and economic benefits,the optimum nitrogen input amount in the central and western Inner Mongolia is150 kg/hm~2.
引文
[1]美国国家向日葵协会(NSA).向日葵统计数据[DB/OL].http://www.sunflowernsa.com/stats/world-supply.
[2]中国种植业信息网.农作物数据库[DB/OL].http://zzys.agri.gov.cn/nongqing.aspx China’s planting information nets.
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[5]谷洁,高华.黄土高原向日葵产量的土壤养分限制因子与施肥指标研究[J].中国油料作物学报,1998,20(4):84-88.
[6]张俊莲,张国斌,王蒂.向日葵耐盐性比较及耐盐生理指标选择[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(2):176-179.
[7]郑青松,陈刚,刘玲,等.盐胁迫对油葵种子萌发和幼苗生长及离子吸收、分布的效应[J].中国油料作物学报,2005,27(1):60-64.
[8]张三粉,段玉,妥德宝.向日葵施用氮肥的反应与氮肥推荐用量[J].食品安全导刊,2015,(9):67-69.
[9]黄仁洙,李国清,李庆文.氮、磷、钾营养对向日葵产量及品质影响的研究[J].中国油料,1985,(4):50-53.
[10]李焕春,妥德宝,段玉,等.平衡施肥对油用向日葵养分吸收分配规律的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2010,(9):50-52.
[11]王冀川,徐雅丽,段黄金.新疆不同密度下油葵干物质积累、分配及转移规律的研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,(2):32-36.
[12]王蓉,何文寿,马玉波,等.氮素用量对油葵氮磷钾养分吸收积累及产量的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2014,36(4):494-501.
[13]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[14]钟旭华,黄农荣,郑海波.禾谷类作物氮素利用率与收获指数及植株氮浓度的定量关系[C]//全国第十一届水稻优质高产理论与技术研讨会论文集.北京:中国作物学会,2005.22-29.
[15]李庆文,魏亚范,尤宝庆,等.向日葵吸肥特征及其对肥料效应的研究[J].土壤通报,1984,(2):76-77.
[16]段玉,妥德宝,张君,等.氮磷钾平衡施用对油用向日葵产量及肥料效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):767-771.
[17]安玉麟,郭富国,杨文耀.河套黄灌区油用向日葵氮磷钾肥料效应分析[J].华北农学报,2007,22(5):147-151.
[18]闫礼,樊秀荣,韩成,等.临河区油用向日葵肥料肥效试验及施肥指标体系的建立[J].内蒙古农业科技,2008,(6):47-48.
[19]禹庆奎,陈连江.油用向日葵主要生育性状与产量关系的分析[J].黑龙江农业科学,1985,(6):40-43.
[20]徐苗,何文寿,侯贤清.宁夏中部干旱带不同施氮量对油用向日葵氮肥利用率与经济效益的影响[J].宁夏大学学报(自然科学版),2017,38(4):383-387.
[21]于海峰.油用向日葵产量和品质形成及调控规律研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[22]王燕飞,于伯成,向理军,等.油用向日葵籽仁蛋白质含量与气候因素的关系[J].中国农业气象,1998,(4):2-4.
[2]中国种植业信息网.农作物数据库[DB/OL].http://zzys.agri.gov.cn/nongqing.aspx China’s planting information nets.
[3]李素萍.食用型向日葵杂种优势及配合力研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2006.
[4]张文平.巴彦淖尔市向日葵产业发展情况浅析[J].内蒙古农业科技,2014,(5):118-119.
[5]谷洁,高华.黄土高原向日葵产量的土壤养分限制因子与施肥指标研究[J].中国油料作物学报,1998,20(4):84-88.
[6]张俊莲,张国斌,王蒂.向日葵耐盐性比较及耐盐生理指标选择[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(2):176-179.
[7]郑青松,陈刚,刘玲,等.盐胁迫对油葵种子萌发和幼苗生长及离子吸收、分布的效应[J].中国油料作物学报,2005,27(1):60-64.
[8]张三粉,段玉,妥德宝.向日葵施用氮肥的反应与氮肥推荐用量[J].食品安全导刊,2015,(9):67-69.
[9]黄仁洙,李国清,李庆文.氮、磷、钾营养对向日葵产量及品质影响的研究[J].中国油料,1985,(4):50-53.
[10]李焕春,妥德宝,段玉,等.平衡施肥对油用向日葵养分吸收分配规律的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2010,(9):50-52.
[11]王冀川,徐雅丽,段黄金.新疆不同密度下油葵干物质积累、分配及转移规律的研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2002,(2):32-36.
[12]王蓉,何文寿,马玉波,等.氮素用量对油葵氮磷钾养分吸收积累及产量的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2014,36(4):494-501.
[13]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[14]钟旭华,黄农荣,郑海波.禾谷类作物氮素利用率与收获指数及植株氮浓度的定量关系[C]//全国第十一届水稻优质高产理论与技术研讨会论文集.北京:中国作物学会,2005.22-29.
[15]李庆文,魏亚范,尤宝庆,等.向日葵吸肥特征及其对肥料效应的研究[J].土壤通报,1984,(2):76-77.
[16]段玉,妥德宝,张君,等.氮磷钾平衡施用对油用向日葵产量及肥料效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):767-771.
[17]安玉麟,郭富国,杨文耀.河套黄灌区油用向日葵氮磷钾肥料效应分析[J].华北农学报,2007,22(5):147-151.
[18]闫礼,樊秀荣,韩成,等.临河区油用向日葵肥料肥效试验及施肥指标体系的建立[J].内蒙古农业科技,2008,(6):47-48.
[19]禹庆奎,陈连江.油用向日葵主要生育性状与产量关系的分析[J].黑龙江农业科学,1985,(6):40-43.
[20]徐苗,何文寿,侯贤清.宁夏中部干旱带不同施氮量对油用向日葵氮肥利用率与经济效益的影响[J].宁夏大学学报(自然科学版),2017,38(4):383-387.
[21]于海峰.油用向日葵产量和品质形成及调控规律研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[22]王燕飞,于伯成,向理军,等.油用向日葵籽仁蛋白质含量与气候因素的关系[J].中国农业气象,1998,(4):2-4.