第三国调停与社会舆论:拒签德约后的山东问题
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摘要
巴黎和会中,诸强枉顾中国主权,将德国在山东权益全部移交给日本,中国国内随即爆发了声势浩大的五四爱国运动,并最终促使中国和会代表拒绝签署《凡尔赛和约》,山东问题成为悬案。此时期的国内舆论,一面积极关注国外(主要是英美法三国)对中国拒签的反应;另一面对以补签和约为交换条件的美英调停极力反对,并最终促使了第三国调停的失败。
In the Paris Peace Conference, powers in the world ignored China's sovereignty and handed over all of Germany's rights and interests in Shandong to Japan. The massive May Fourth Movement broke out in China and eventually prompted the Chinese representatives to refuse to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Thus, Shandong issue became a suspended case. The domestic public opinion in this period positively focused on the response of foreign countries(mainly the three countries of the United kingdom, the United States, and France) to China's refusal to sign. On the other hand, it strongly opposed to the mediation of the UK and the US who proposed signing the treaty as exchange conditions, and eventually prompted the failure of the third country's mediation.
In the Paris Peace Conference, powers in the world ignored China's sovereignty and handed over all of Germany's rights and interests in Shandong to Japan. The massive May Fourth Movement broke out in China and eventually prompted the Chinese representatives to refuse to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Thus, Shandong issue became a suspended case. The domestic public opinion in this period positively focused on the response of foreign countries(mainly the three countries of the United kingdom, the United States, and France) to China's refusal to sign. On the other hand, it strongly opposed to the mediation of the UK and the US who proposed signing the treaty as exchange conditions, and eventually prompted the failure of the third country's mediation.
引文
[1]天津市历史博物馆.秘笈录存[G].北京:知识产权出版社,2013.
[2]中央研究院近代史研究所.中日关系史料-巴黎和会与山东问题[G].台北:“中央研究院近代史研究所”,2000.
[3]山东交涉最新形势[N].晨报,1919-7-22(2).
[4]法报述我国外交界近状[N].晨报,1919-7-15(2).
[5]不签字与协约国舆论[N].晨报,1919-7-6(2).
[6]美报对于山东问题之评论[N].晨报,1919-7-5(6).
[7]保罗·S·润恩施.一个美国外交官使华记[M].李抱宏译.上海:商务印书馆,1982:275.
[8]美代表团顾问报告和会对山东问题处置经过[N].申报,1919-12-14(18).
[9]华盛顿电[N].申报,1919-7-23(6).
[10]山东问题之急迫[N].晨报,1919-7-23(2).
[11]山东交涉最近形势[N].晨报,1919-7-29(2).
[12]山东殆矣[N].晨报,1919-7-31(2).
[13]山东问题之最近危机[N].晨报,1919-8-2(2).
[14]海上各界为国之呼吁[N].申报,1919-8-18(10).
[15]各界协进会力争山东问题[N].申报,1919-9-7(6).
[16]勿勿.新华门之请愿团(北京通信)[N].申报,1919-10-4(6).
[17]“中华民国史事纪要编辑委员会”.中华民国史事纪要(初稿):中华民国八年(一九一九)七至十二月份[G].台北:“中华民国史料研究中心”,1981.
[18]鲁闻纪要[N].申报,1919-8-15(7).
[19]日政府对山东交涉之进行[N].申报,1919-8-10(6).
[20]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,中国第二历史档案馆史料编辑部.五四爱国运动档案资料[G].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1980(179).
[21]全国各界联合会消息[N].申报,1919-11-29(10).
[2]中央研究院近代史研究所.中日关系史料-巴黎和会与山东问题[G].台北:“中央研究院近代史研究所”,2000.
[3]山东交涉最新形势[N].晨报,1919-7-22(2).
[4]法报述我国外交界近状[N].晨报,1919-7-15(2).
[5]不签字与协约国舆论[N].晨报,1919-7-6(2).
[6]美报对于山东问题之评论[N].晨报,1919-7-5(6).
[7]保罗·S·润恩施.一个美国外交官使华记[M].李抱宏译.上海:商务印书馆,1982:275.
[8]美代表团顾问报告和会对山东问题处置经过[N].申报,1919-12-14(18).
[9]华盛顿电[N].申报,1919-7-23(6).
[10]山东问题之急迫[N].晨报,1919-7-23(2).
[11]山东交涉最近形势[N].晨报,1919-7-29(2).
[12]山东殆矣[N].晨报,1919-7-31(2).
[13]山东问题之最近危机[N].晨报,1919-8-2(2).
[14]海上各界为国之呼吁[N].申报,1919-8-18(10).
[15]各界协进会力争山东问题[N].申报,1919-9-7(6).
[16]勿勿.新华门之请愿团(北京通信)[N].申报,1919-10-4(6).
[17]“中华民国史事纪要编辑委员会”.中华民国史事纪要(初稿):中华民国八年(一九一九)七至十二月份[G].台北:“中华民国史料研究中心”,1981.
[18]鲁闻纪要[N].申报,1919-8-15(7).
[19]日政府对山东交涉之进行[N].申报,1919-8-10(6).
[20]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,中国第二历史档案馆史料编辑部.五四爱国运动档案资料[G].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1980(179).
[21]全国各界联合会消息[N].申报,1919-11-29(10).