我国北方农牧交错区农牧生计可持续性评价——以科尔沁左翼后旗为例
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摘要
我国北方农牧交错区兼具生态及经济脆弱性,促进农牧系统耦合有助于提升区域可持续发展水平。文中运用能值分析手段度量内蒙古科左后旗农牧业生计可持续性,结果表明:(1)科左后旗农牧业生产对环境依赖程度均很高,牧业更明显。(2)农业系统表现为低投入高产出,牧业为高投入低产出;但农业系统的环境承载率更高。(3)农业生产对环境造成的压力大、区域系统竞争力差、可持续性差;而牧业系统环境利用率低、辅助能值投入少、生产效益较低。从能值分析角度看,"为牧而农,因种而牧"的农牧结合关系,是增强农牧系统耦合的重要路径。
The agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China has ecological fragility and economic vulnerability. Promoting the coupling of agriculture and animal husbandry system will be helpful for improving the sustainable development level of the region. Taking Khorchin Left Wing Back Banner,Inner Mongolia as a study case,we measured the sustainability of agriculture and animal raising by using emergy analysis method. The results show that:( 1) The agricultural and animal raising production was both highly dependent on the environment,and the latter one was more obvious.( 2) The agricultural system was characterized by low input and high output,while animal raising was described with high input and low output. However,the environmental carrying capacity of agricultural system was higher.( 3) Agricultural production always caused great environmental pressure,poor competitiveness of regional systems and poor sustainability. However,the production of animal raising had less auxiliary energy input,highly depending on environmental and resulting in lower environmental utilization and production efficiency. From the perspective of emergy,changing the relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry system is an important way to enhance the coupling of agro-pastoral system.
The agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China has ecological fragility and economic vulnerability. Promoting the coupling of agriculture and animal husbandry system will be helpful for improving the sustainable development level of the region. Taking Khorchin Left Wing Back Banner,Inner Mongolia as a study case,we measured the sustainability of agriculture and animal raising by using emergy analysis method. The results show that:( 1) The agricultural and animal raising production was both highly dependent on the environment,and the latter one was more obvious.( 2) The agricultural system was characterized by low input and high output,while animal raising was described with high input and low output. However,the environmental carrying capacity of agricultural system was higher.( 3) Agricultural production always caused great environmental pressure,poor competitiveness of regional systems and poor sustainability. However,the production of animal raising had less auxiliary energy input,highly depending on environmental and resulting in lower environmental utilization and production efficiency. From the perspective of emergy,changing the relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry system is an important way to enhance the coupling of agro-pastoral system.
引文
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[22]孙奇,孙鹏媛,高永生,等.基于能值分析的河南省耕地生态经济系统可持续利用研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2010,31(3):37-42.
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[24]杨微.农户土地利用的能值分析-以内蒙古伊金霍洛旗为例[D].宁夏:宁夏大学,2008:1-57.
[25]董孝斌,高旺盛.提高北方农牧交错带农业生态系统生产力的对策与建议[J].山地学报,2005,23(2):213-217.
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[27]张耀华,赵先贵,肖玲,等.基于能值理论的内蒙古生态经济系统综合研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(12):40-46.
[28]杨云,徐艳.农牧交错区农牧户生计与土地利用问题研究-以内蒙古科尔沁左翼后旗农户调研为例[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(12):114-123.
[29]孙特生,李波,张新时.北方农牧交错带农业生态系统结构的能值分析-以准格尔旗为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(12):7-14.
[30]朱利凯,蒙吉军,刘洋,等.农牧交错区农牧户生计与土地利用-以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2011,47(1):133-140.
[2]程序.中国北方农牧交错带生态系统的独特性及其治理开发的生态学原则[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(11):1503-1506.
[3]Wang M Q,Wang J D,Liu J S.Emergy analysis of the land use practices in west Jilin Province,a typical area of the agro-pastoral transition zone in northern China[C].Beijing:Science Press Beijing,2009:89-94.
[4]魏琦.北方农牧交错带生态脆弱性评价与生态治理研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010:1-129.
[5]刘钟龄,王炜,郝敦元,等.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):84-91.
[6]董孝斌,张新时.内蒙古草原不堪重负生产方式亟须变革[J].资源科学,2005,27(4):175-179.
[7]任继周,万长贵.系统耦合与荒漠-绿洲草地农业系统:以祁连山-临泽剖面为例[J].草业学报,1994,3(3):1-8.
[8]吕玉华.北方农牧交错带农牧系统耦合及相悖的机理及效应[D].北京:中国农业大学,2003:1-88.
[9]Zhang D,Nianfeng L,Jie T.Formation mechanism of eco-geo-environmental hazards in the agro-pastoral interlocking zone of northern China[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39(12):1385-1390.
[10]韩建国,王堃.我国农牧交错带的农牧业生产现状及产业结构调整[C].长春:全国半农半牧区草地农业可持续发展研讨会,2000:63-70.
[11]Odum H T.Environment accounting:emergy and environmental decision making[J].Child Development,1996,42(4):1187-1201.
[12]蓝盛芳,钦佩.生态系统的能值分析[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(1):129-131.
[13]Lan S H,Qin P.Emergy analysis of ecosystems[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(1):129-131.
[14]Brown M T,Buranakarn V.Emergy indices and ratios for sustainable material cycles and recycle options[J].Resources Conservation&Recycling,2003,38(1):1-22.
[15]Federici M,Ulgiati S,Verdesca D,et al.Efficiency and sustainability indicators for passenger and commodities transportation systems:The case of Siena,Italy[J].Ecological Indicators,2003,3(3):155-169.
[16]牛若峰,刘天福.农业技术经济手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1984:1057-1093.
[17]王义华,金玉岭,张凤林.农业数据手册[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1980:877-889.
[18]Campbell D E.Emergy analysis of human carrying capacity and regional sustainability:an example using the state of Maine[J].Enviromental Monitoring and Assessment,1998,51(1):531-569.
[19]蓝盛芳,钦佩,陆宏芳.生态经济系统能值分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002:3-4.
[20]黄晓杏.粤北丘陵地区沼气农业模式的能值整合研究[D].广东:华南农业大学,2008:1-42.
[21]卢远,王娟,陆赛.区域农业循环经济能值评价的实证研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(2):482-487.
[22]孙奇,孙鹏媛,高永生,等.基于能值分析的河南省耕地生态经济系统可持续利用研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2010,31(3):37-42.
[23]隋春花,张耀辉,蓝盛芳.环境-经济系统能值(Emergy)评价-介绍Odum的能值理论[J].重庆环境科学,1999,21(1):18-20.
[24]杨微.农户土地利用的能值分析-以内蒙古伊金霍洛旗为例[D].宁夏:宁夏大学,2008:1-57.
[25]董孝斌,高旺盛.提高北方农牧交错带农业生态系统生产力的对策与建议[J].山地学报,2005,23(2):213-217.
[26]杨晓娟.基于能值理论的内蒙古鄂托克旗生态经济系统可持续发展能力研究[D].新疆:新疆师范大学,2010:1-51.
[27]张耀华,赵先贵,肖玲,等.基于能值理论的内蒙古生态经济系统综合研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(12):40-46.
[28]杨云,徐艳.农牧交错区农牧户生计与土地利用问题研究-以内蒙古科尔沁左翼后旗农户调研为例[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(12):114-123.
[29]孙特生,李波,张新时.北方农牧交错带农业生态系统结构的能值分析-以准格尔旗为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(12):7-14.
[30]朱利凯,蒙吉军,刘洋,等.农牧交错区农牧户生计与土地利用-以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2011,47(1):133-140.