美国文学中摩门女性形象流变:1840s—1940s
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摘要
1840s—1940s,美国文学中摩门女性形象历经变迁,呈现出鲜明的对立特质。盐湖谷定居阶段,摩门女性文学书写突出"天母"意象,以此作为本族女性的理想化自我,借以强化族群特异性;犹他建州前后,美国主流文学中的摩门女性多以傀儡和受害者形象出现,被用以坐实摩门式婚姻是道德污染源的指控;废除多妻制的后《宣告》时代,摩门女性形象呈现兼具族群特色与美国属性的同质化特征,其曾刻意凸显的族裔特色最终难逃被消解的命运。摩门女性文学形象博弈的背后,蕴藏着摩门人在不同历史阶段的自我认知与自我形塑,揭示了民族融合大趋势下美国西部文化内部的冲突和裂痕。
Images of Mormon women in the American literature underwent drastic changes and registered antithesis between 1840 sand 1940 s.During the period of Salt Lake Valley settlement,"Mother in Heaven"was a prominent image in Mormon female writings,serving as the ideal self for Mormon women so as to consolidate the uniqueness of its ethnicity;during the period of Utah State establishment,Mormon female images often appeared in the mainstream literature as puppets or victims,helping to justify the charges of Mormon marriage as the source of moral contamination;during the period of Post-Manifesto,Mormon female images tended to embody the feature of homogeneity, namely,a combination of ethnic characteristics and American commonness,making the hard asserted Mormon ethnicity doomed to dissolve.Behind the literary combat on Mormon female images,there exist Mormon self-awareness and self-fashioning during different historical periods,which reveals the cultural conflicts and gaps against the general tendency of national integration in the American West.
Images of Mormon women in the American literature underwent drastic changes and registered antithesis between 1840 sand 1940 s.During the period of Salt Lake Valley settlement,"Mother in Heaven"was a prominent image in Mormon female writings,serving as the ideal self for Mormon women so as to consolidate the uniqueness of its ethnicity;during the period of Utah State establishment,Mormon female images often appeared in the mainstream literature as puppets or victims,helping to justify the charges of Mormon marriage as the source of moral contamination;during the period of Post-Manifesto,Mormon female images tended to embody the feature of homogeneity, namely,a combination of ethnic characteristics and American commonness,making the hard asserted Mormon ethnicity doomed to dissolve.Behind the literary combat on Mormon female images,there exist Mormon self-awareness and self-fashioning during different historical periods,which reveals the cultural conflicts and gaps against the general tendency of national integration in the American West.
引文
[1]Thomasson G C.Mormonism[M]//Bronner S.Encyclopedia of American Studies.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2014.
[2]Leone M P.Roots of Modern Mormonism[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1979:26.
[3]袁先来.美国文学中的摩门文化与摩门形象[J].外国文学研究,2017(6):110-112.
[4]Stegner W.Mormon Country[M].Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2003:19.
[5]哈罗德·布鲁姆.批判、正典结构与预言[M].吴琼,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:56.
[6]Bloom H.The American Religion:The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation[M].New York:Simon and Schuster,1992.
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[8]England E,Clark D.Harvest:Contemporary Mormon Poems[M].Salt Lake City:Signature Books,1989:285.
[9]Derr J M,Davidson K L.Eliza R.Snow's Poetry[J].Brigham Young University Studies,2009,48(3):131.
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[13]Shipps J.Foreword[M]//Beecher M U,Anderson L F.Sisters in Spirit:Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective.Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1987:ⅸ.
[14]Lerner G.The Creation of Patriarchy[M]//Women and History(Vol.1).New York:Oxford University Press,1986:160.
[15]Wells E.Eliza R.Snow[J].Woman's Exponent,1910,38:52.
[16]Gates S Y.The Vision Beautiful[J].Improvement Era,1920,23:542.
[17]Paulsen D L,Pulido M.A Mother There:A Survey of Historical Teachings About Mother in Heaven[J].Brigham Young University Studies,2011,50(1):76.
[18]Vance L.Women in New Religions[M].New York:New York University Press,2015:27.
[19]Stegner W.The Sound of Mountain Water[M].New York:Doubleday,1969:176.
[20]Bloodworth W.Literary Extensions of the Formula Western[J].Western American Literature,1980,14(4):289.
[21]Bushman R L.Mormonism:A Very Short Introduction[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2008:83.
[22]Brekus C A.Mormen Women and the Problem of Historical Agency[M]//Grow M J,Neilson R L.From the Outside Looking in:Essays on Mormon History,Theology,and Culture.New York:Oxford University Press,2016:80.
[23]Fuller M V.Mormon Wives:A Narrative of Facts Stranger than Fiction[M].New York:Derby and Jackson,1856:ⅵ.
[24]Jaemmrich A.The American Noir:A Rehabilitation[M].Charlotte:Create Space Independent Publishing Platform,2016:17.
[25]Beecher M U.My Variegated Life[M]//Beecher M U.The Personal Writings of Eliza Roxcy Snow.Logan:Utah State University Press,2000:3.
[26]Ricketts J R.Imagining the Saints:Representations of Mormonism in American Culture[D].Albuquerque:University of New Mexico,2011:8.
[27]Gilchrist R.Apples of Sodom[M].Cleveland:Wiliam W.Williams,1883:291.
[28]海登·怀特.后现代历史叙事学[M].陈永国,张万娟,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003:63.
[29]Whitney O F.Home Literature[EB/OL].[2019-04-19].http://mldb.byu.edu/homelit.htm.
[30]Austin M.Mormon Letters[M]//Givens T L,Barlow PL.The Oxford Handbook of Mormonism.New York:Oxford University Press,2015:485.
[31]Spencer J.A Trial of Hearts[M]//Cracroft R H,Lambert N E.A Believing People:Literature of the Latter-day Saints[M].Provo:Brigham Young University Press,1974:339.
[32]de Schweinitz R.Preaching the Gospel of Church and Sex:Mormon Women's Fiction in the LDS Young Woman's Journal,1889-1910[J].Dialogue:A Journal of Mormon Thought,2000,33:30.
[33]Topping G.Women of Letters:A Unique Literary Tradition[M]//Scott P L,Thatcher L.Women in Utah History:Paradigm or Paradox?.Logan:Utah State University Press,2005:300.
[34]Bradford M L.Foreword[M]//Sorensen V.A Little Lower than the Angels.Salt Lake City:Signature Books,1997:ⅹⅶ.
[35]Mulder W.Mormonism and Literature[J].Western Humanities Review,1954,9:88.
[36]Arrington L J,Bitton D.The Mormon Experience:AHistory of the Latter-day Saints[M].New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1979:238.
[37]弗里德里克·特纳.美国边疆论[M].董敏,胡晓凯,译.北京:中国对外翻译出版有限公司,2012:27-39.
[2]Leone M P.Roots of Modern Mormonism[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1979:26.
[3]袁先来.美国文学中的摩门文化与摩门形象[J].外国文学研究,2017(6):110-112.
[4]Stegner W.Mormon Country[M].Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2003:19.
[5]哈罗德·布鲁姆.批判、正典结构与预言[M].吴琼,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:56.
[6]Bloom H.The American Religion:The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation[M].New York:Simon and Schuster,1992.
[7]Arrington L J.Mormonism:Views from Without and Within[J].Brigham Young University Studies,1974,14(2):149.
[8]England E,Clark D.Harvest:Contemporary Mormon Poems[M].Salt Lake City:Signature Books,1989:285.
[9]Derr J M,Davidson K L.Eliza R.Snow's Poetry[J].Brigham Young University Studies,2009,48(3):131.
[10]Snow E R.The“Sketch of My Life”[M]//Beecher M U.The Personal Writings of Eliza Roxcy Snow.Logan:Utah State University Press,2000:10.
[11]Beecher M U.Inadvertent Disclosure:Autobiography in the Poetry of Eliza R.Snow[J].Dialogue:A Journal of Mormon Thought,1990,23:95.
[12]Derr J M,Davidson K L.Eliza R.Snow:The Complete Poetry[M].Provo:Brigham Young University Press,2009:314.
[13]Shipps J.Foreword[M]//Beecher M U,Anderson L F.Sisters in Spirit:Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective.Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1987:ⅸ.
[14]Lerner G.The Creation of Patriarchy[M]//Women and History(Vol.1).New York:Oxford University Press,1986:160.
[15]Wells E.Eliza R.Snow[J].Woman's Exponent,1910,38:52.
[16]Gates S Y.The Vision Beautiful[J].Improvement Era,1920,23:542.
[17]Paulsen D L,Pulido M.A Mother There:A Survey of Historical Teachings About Mother in Heaven[J].Brigham Young University Studies,2011,50(1):76.
[18]Vance L.Women in New Religions[M].New York:New York University Press,2015:27.
[19]Stegner W.The Sound of Mountain Water[M].New York:Doubleday,1969:176.
[20]Bloodworth W.Literary Extensions of the Formula Western[J].Western American Literature,1980,14(4):289.
[21]Bushman R L.Mormonism:A Very Short Introduction[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2008:83.
[22]Brekus C A.Mormen Women and the Problem of Historical Agency[M]//Grow M J,Neilson R L.From the Outside Looking in:Essays on Mormon History,Theology,and Culture.New York:Oxford University Press,2016:80.
[23]Fuller M V.Mormon Wives:A Narrative of Facts Stranger than Fiction[M].New York:Derby and Jackson,1856:ⅵ.
[24]Jaemmrich A.The American Noir:A Rehabilitation[M].Charlotte:Create Space Independent Publishing Platform,2016:17.
[25]Beecher M U.My Variegated Life[M]//Beecher M U.The Personal Writings of Eliza Roxcy Snow.Logan:Utah State University Press,2000:3.
[26]Ricketts J R.Imagining the Saints:Representations of Mormonism in American Culture[D].Albuquerque:University of New Mexico,2011:8.
[27]Gilchrist R.Apples of Sodom[M].Cleveland:Wiliam W.Williams,1883:291.
[28]海登·怀特.后现代历史叙事学[M].陈永国,张万娟,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003:63.
[29]Whitney O F.Home Literature[EB/OL].[2019-04-19].http://mldb.byu.edu/homelit.htm.
[30]Austin M.Mormon Letters[M]//Givens T L,Barlow PL.The Oxford Handbook of Mormonism.New York:Oxford University Press,2015:485.
[31]Spencer J.A Trial of Hearts[M]//Cracroft R H,Lambert N E.A Believing People:Literature of the Latter-day Saints[M].Provo:Brigham Young University Press,1974:339.
[32]de Schweinitz R.Preaching the Gospel of Church and Sex:Mormon Women's Fiction in the LDS Young Woman's Journal,1889-1910[J].Dialogue:A Journal of Mormon Thought,2000,33:30.
[33]Topping G.Women of Letters:A Unique Literary Tradition[M]//Scott P L,Thatcher L.Women in Utah History:Paradigm or Paradox?.Logan:Utah State University Press,2005:300.
[34]Bradford M L.Foreword[M]//Sorensen V.A Little Lower than the Angels.Salt Lake City:Signature Books,1997:ⅹⅶ.
[35]Mulder W.Mormonism and Literature[J].Western Humanities Review,1954,9:88.
[36]Arrington L J,Bitton D.The Mormon Experience:AHistory of the Latter-day Saints[M].New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1979:238.
[37]弗里德里克·特纳.美国边疆论[M].董敏,胡晓凯,译.北京:中国对外翻译出版有限公司,2012:27-39.