降雨和空气污染对城市居民公共自行车使用的影响研究——以西安市为例
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摘要
公共自行车交通(以下简称公自)作为近年来快速发展的新型公共交通模式,逐渐成为国内外相关学科的研究热点。国内外大量学者探索了公自的使用特征及影响因素,但关注天气条件对公自使用影响的研究不足,来自中国城市的实证证据更是缺乏。本文以西安市为案例,利用西安市公自系统运营数据,探索降雨和空气污染对城市居民公自使用的影响。研究结果表明:(1)降雨和空气污染条件下公自使用规模减少,但降雨带来的影响大于空气污染。(2)降雨和空气污染条件下公自站点中平衡站点比例减少,且公自借出和归还为主站点的冷热点区域空间分布发生显著差异。(3)降雨和空气污染对公自使用强度有显著影响,一级站点数量明显减少,且降雨的影响大于空气污染。降雨条件下公自使用高强度站点中心化和沿走廊分布的空间特征弱化。但空气污染条件下,无显著变化。研究结果有助于准确评估降雨和空气污染对于城市居民社会经济活动的影响程度,也能为更准确的研究城市居民公自使用的影响机制提供参考依据。
As a new way of public transportation that has developed rapidly in recent years, public bicycle has become a research hotspot in related disciplines in the world. A large number of scholars investigated the characteristics of public bicycle usage pattern and its influencing factors. The empirical evidence from Chinese cities is even more lacking. This paper takes Xi'an as an example, using Xi'an Zixingche backstage database to explore the impact of rainfall and air pollution on the public use of urban residents. The results show that the scale of public use is reduced under rainfall and air pollution conditions, and the impact of rainfall is greater than that of air pollution. Under the condition of rainfall and air pollution, the proportion of balanced sites is reduced, and the spatial distribution of cold-hots pots of these is significantly different. Rainfall and air pollution have a significant impact on the intensity of usage, the number of high frequency usage stations is significantly reduced, and the impact of rainfall is greater than air pollution. The spatial characteristics of the high frequency station centralization and the distribution along the extension corridor are weakened under rainfall conditions. However, there is no significant change under air pollution conditions.
As a new way of public transportation that has developed rapidly in recent years, public bicycle has become a research hotspot in related disciplines in the world. A large number of scholars investigated the characteristics of public bicycle usage pattern and its influencing factors. The empirical evidence from Chinese cities is even more lacking. This paper takes Xi'an as an example, using Xi'an Zixingche backstage database to explore the impact of rainfall and air pollution on the public use of urban residents. The results show that the scale of public use is reduced under rainfall and air pollution conditions, and the impact of rainfall is greater than that of air pollution. Under the condition of rainfall and air pollution, the proportion of balanced sites is reduced, and the spatial distribution of cold-hots pots of these is significantly different. Rainfall and air pollution have a significant impact on the intensity of usage, the number of high frequency usage stations is significantly reduced, and the impact of rainfall is greater than air pollution. The spatial characteristics of the high frequency station centralization and the distribution along the extension corridor are weakened under rainfall conditions. However, there is no significant change under air pollution conditions.
引文
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[2]梁凯丽,曹小曙,黄晓燕.基于知识图谱的公共自行车出行研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(6):762-773.[Liang Kaili,Cao Xiaoshu,Huang Xiaoyan.Research progress on bikesharing travel based on Citespace[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(6):762-773.]
[3]Demaio P.Bike-sharing:History,impacts,models of provision,and future[J].Journal of Public Transportation,2009,14(4):41-56.
[4]Kaltenbrunner A,Meza R,Grivolla J,et al.Urban cycles and mobility patterns:Exploring and predicting trends in a bicycle-based public transport system[J].Pervasive and Mobile Computing,2010,6(4):455-466.
[5]Parkes S D,Marsden G,Shaheen S A,et al.Understanding the diffusion of public bikesharing systems:Evidence from Europe and North America[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2013,31(7):94-103.
[6]Nair R,Miller-Hooks E,Hampshire R C,et al.Large-Scale vehicle sharing systems:Analysis of Vélib'[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2013,7(1):85-106.
[7]Mao D,Li Z,Li H,et al.Bike-Sharing dynamic scheduling model based on spatio-temporal graph[C].IEEE International Conference on Big Data&Smart Computing.Shanghai:IEEE Computer Society,2018:483-486.
[8]Faghih-Imani A,Eluru N,El-Geneidy A M,et al.How land-use and urban form impact bicycle flows:Evidence from the bicycle-sharing system(BIXI)in Montreal[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:306-314.
[9]Buck D,Buehler R,Happ P,et al.Are bikeshare users different from regular cyclists?A first look at short-term users,annual members,and area cyclists in the Washington DC,Region[J].Transportation Research Record,2013,2387(1):112-119.
[10]Jensen P,Rouquier J B,Ovtracht N,et al.Characterizing the speed and paths of shared bicycle use in Lyon[J].Transportation Research Part D Transport&Environment,2010,15(8):522-524.
[11]Wang X,Lindsey G,Schoner J E,et al.Modeling bike share station activity:Effects of nearby businesses and jobs on trips to and from stations[J].Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2016,142(1):04015001-04015001-9.
[12]Fishman E,Washington S,Haworth N,et al.Barriers to bikesharing:An analysis from Melbourne and Brisbane[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:325-337.
[13]Shaheen S A,Martin E W,Cohen A P,et al.Public bikesharing in North America:Early operator and user understanding[C].European Conference on Antennas and Propagation.Washington:IEEE,2012:2230-2234.
[14]Kraemer J D,Roffenbender J S,Anderko L.Helmet wearing among users of a public bicycle-sharing program in the district of Columbia and comparable riders on personal bicycles[J].American Journal of Public Health,2012,102(8):e23-e25.
[15]LDA Consulting.Capital Bikeshare 2011 Member Survey Report[R].Washington DC:LDA,2015.
[16]El-Assi W,Mahmoud M S,Habib K N.Effects of built environment and weather on bike sharing demand:A station level analysis of commercial bike sharing in Toronto[J].Transportation,2017,44(3):589-613.
[17]Antos J D.Capital Bikeshare:Usage and Weather[EB/OL].(2012-03-01)[2018-01-28].http://jdantos.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/capitalbikeshareusage-and-weather/.
[18]Saneinejad S,Roorda M J,Kennedy C.Modelling the impact of weather conditions on active transportation travel behavior[J].Transportation Research Part D,2012,17(2):129-137.
[19]Gebhart K,Noland R B.The impact of weather conditions on bikeshare trips in Washington,D C[J].Transportation,2014,41(6):1205-1225.
[20]Fuller D,Gauvin L,Kestens Y,et al.Use of a new public bicycle share program in Montreal,Canada[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2011,41(1):80-83.
[21]Corcoran J,Li T,Rohde D,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns of a public bicycle sharing program:The effect of weather and calendar events[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:292-305.
[22]李黎辉,陈华,孙小丽.武汉市公共自行车租赁点布局规划[J].城市交通,2009,7(4):39-44,38.[Li Lihui,Chen Hua,Sun Xiaoli.Bike rental station deployment planning in Wuhan[J].Urban Transport of China,2009,7(4):39-44,38.]
[23]吴瑶,陈红,鲍娜,等.基于多项logit模型的城市公共自行车租借需求预测模型[J].大连交通大学学报,2013,34(1):19-24.[Wu Yao,Chen Hong,Bao Na,et al.A model development of public bicycle rental demand based on multinomial logit[J].Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University,2013,34(1):19-24.]
[24]王在涛.城市公共自行车系统管理模式分析[J].城市发展研究,2013,20(9):93-97.[Wang Zaitao.Towards the modes of managing the urban bike sharing system[J].Urban Development Studies,2013,20(9):93-97.]
[25]钱佳,汪德根,牛玉.城市居民使用市内公共自行车的满意度影响因素分析--以苏州市为例[J].地理研究,2014,33(2):358-371.[Qian Jia,Wang Degen,Niu Yu.Analysis of the influencing factors of urban residents to use urban public bikes:A case study of Suzhou[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(2):358-371.]
[26]朱玮,庞宇琦,王德,等.公共自行车系统影响下居民出行的变化与机制研究--以上海闵行区为例[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):76-81.[Zhu Wei,Pang Yuqi,Wang De,et al.Travel behavior change after the introduction of public bicycle systems:A case of Minhang District,Shanghai[J].Urban Planning Forum,2012(5):76-81.]
[27]朱玮,庞宇琦,王德,等.自行车出行行为和决策研究进展[J].国际城市规划,2013,28(1):50-55.[Zhu Wei,Pang Yuqi,Wang De,et al.Progress of research on bicycle travel behavior and decisions[J].Urban Planning International,2013,28(1):50-55.]
[28]黄彬.杭州市公共自行车系统运行状况调查分析与展望[J].城市规划学刊,2010(6):72-78.[Huang Bin.An evaluation of Hangzhou public bicycle system[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(6):72-78.]
[29]潘海啸,汤諹,麦贤敏,等.公共自行车交通发展模式比较[J].城市交通,2010,8(6):40-43.[Pan Haixiao,Tang Yang,Mai Xianmin,et al.Overview of bicycle transportation development in urban areas[J].Urban Transport of China,2010,8(6):40-43.]
[30]刘冰,曹娟娟,周于杰,等.城市公共自行车使用活动的时空间特征研究--以杭州为例[J].城市规划学刊,2016(3):77-84.[Liu Bin,Cao Juanjuan,Zhou Yujie,et al.A study on the temporal-spatial features of bicycle-sharing activities:A case of Hangzhou[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(3):77-84.]
[31]罗桑扎西,甄峰,尹秋怡.城市公共自行车使用与建成环境的关系研究--以南京市桥北片区为例[J].地理科学,2018,38(3):332-341.[Luo Sangzhaxi,Zhen Feng,Yin Qiuyi.How built environment influence public bicycle usage:Evidence from the Bicycle Sharing System in Qiaobei Area,Nanjing[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(3):332-341.]
[32]陈泳,毛婕,奚文沁,等.机动化时代大城市居民步行行为特征与需求分析--以上海中心城区为例[J].现代城市研究,2016(7):103-112.[Chen Yong,Mao Jie,Xi Wenqin,et al.Pedestrian travel behavior and needs in large chinese cities in the motorization age:Acase study of the Shanghai central city[J].Modern Urban Research,2016(7):103-112.]
[33]郑思齐,张晓楠,宋志达,等.空气污染对城市居民户外活动的影响机制:利用点评网外出就餐数据的实证研究[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2016,56(1):89-96.[Zheng Siqi,Zhang Xiaonan,Song Zhida,et al.Influence of air pollution on urban residents outdoor activity:Empirical study based on dining-out data from the Dianping website[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2016,56(1):89-96.]
[34]Faghih-Imani A,Eluru N.Analysing bicycle-sharing system user destination choice preferences:Chicago's Divvy system[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2015,44:53-64.
[35]El-Assi W,Mahmoud M S,Habib K N.Effects of built environment and weather on bike sharing demand:A station level analysis of commercial bike sharing in Toronto[J].Transportation,2017,44(3):589-613.
[36]西安市人民政府.西安市2015年环境质量状况[EB/OL].(2016-06-08)[2018-01-25].http://www.xaepb.gov.cn/websac/cat/2003982.html.[Xi'an Municipal People's Government.2015 Report on the State of the Environment in Xi'an[EB/OL].(2016-06-08)[2018-01-25].http://www.xaepb.gov.cn/websac/cat/2003982.html.]
[2]梁凯丽,曹小曙,黄晓燕.基于知识图谱的公共自行车出行研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(6):762-773.[Liang Kaili,Cao Xiaoshu,Huang Xiaoyan.Research progress on bikesharing travel based on Citespace[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(6):762-773.]
[3]Demaio P.Bike-sharing:History,impacts,models of provision,and future[J].Journal of Public Transportation,2009,14(4):41-56.
[4]Kaltenbrunner A,Meza R,Grivolla J,et al.Urban cycles and mobility patterns:Exploring and predicting trends in a bicycle-based public transport system[J].Pervasive and Mobile Computing,2010,6(4):455-466.
[5]Parkes S D,Marsden G,Shaheen S A,et al.Understanding the diffusion of public bikesharing systems:Evidence from Europe and North America[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2013,31(7):94-103.
[6]Nair R,Miller-Hooks E,Hampshire R C,et al.Large-Scale vehicle sharing systems:Analysis of Vélib'[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2013,7(1):85-106.
[7]Mao D,Li Z,Li H,et al.Bike-Sharing dynamic scheduling model based on spatio-temporal graph[C].IEEE International Conference on Big Data&Smart Computing.Shanghai:IEEE Computer Society,2018:483-486.
[8]Faghih-Imani A,Eluru N,El-Geneidy A M,et al.How land-use and urban form impact bicycle flows:Evidence from the bicycle-sharing system(BIXI)in Montreal[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:306-314.
[9]Buck D,Buehler R,Happ P,et al.Are bikeshare users different from regular cyclists?A first look at short-term users,annual members,and area cyclists in the Washington DC,Region[J].Transportation Research Record,2013,2387(1):112-119.
[10]Jensen P,Rouquier J B,Ovtracht N,et al.Characterizing the speed and paths of shared bicycle use in Lyon[J].Transportation Research Part D Transport&Environment,2010,15(8):522-524.
[11]Wang X,Lindsey G,Schoner J E,et al.Modeling bike share station activity:Effects of nearby businesses and jobs on trips to and from stations[J].Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2016,142(1):04015001-04015001-9.
[12]Fishman E,Washington S,Haworth N,et al.Barriers to bikesharing:An analysis from Melbourne and Brisbane[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:325-337.
[13]Shaheen S A,Martin E W,Cohen A P,et al.Public bikesharing in North America:Early operator and user understanding[C].European Conference on Antennas and Propagation.Washington:IEEE,2012:2230-2234.
[14]Kraemer J D,Roffenbender J S,Anderko L.Helmet wearing among users of a public bicycle-sharing program in the district of Columbia and comparable riders on personal bicycles[J].American Journal of Public Health,2012,102(8):e23-e25.
[15]LDA Consulting.Capital Bikeshare 2011 Member Survey Report[R].Washington DC:LDA,2015.
[16]El-Assi W,Mahmoud M S,Habib K N.Effects of built environment and weather on bike sharing demand:A station level analysis of commercial bike sharing in Toronto[J].Transportation,2017,44(3):589-613.
[17]Antos J D.Capital Bikeshare:Usage and Weather[EB/OL].(2012-03-01)[2018-01-28].http://jdantos.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/capitalbikeshareusage-and-weather/.
[18]Saneinejad S,Roorda M J,Kennedy C.Modelling the impact of weather conditions on active transportation travel behavior[J].Transportation Research Part D,2012,17(2):129-137.
[19]Gebhart K,Noland R B.The impact of weather conditions on bikeshare trips in Washington,D C[J].Transportation,2014,41(6):1205-1225.
[20]Fuller D,Gauvin L,Kestens Y,et al.Use of a new public bicycle share program in Montreal,Canada[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2011,41(1):80-83.
[21]Corcoran J,Li T,Rohde D,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns of a public bicycle sharing program:The effect of weather and calendar events[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:292-305.
[22]李黎辉,陈华,孙小丽.武汉市公共自行车租赁点布局规划[J].城市交通,2009,7(4):39-44,38.[Li Lihui,Chen Hua,Sun Xiaoli.Bike rental station deployment planning in Wuhan[J].Urban Transport of China,2009,7(4):39-44,38.]
[23]吴瑶,陈红,鲍娜,等.基于多项logit模型的城市公共自行车租借需求预测模型[J].大连交通大学学报,2013,34(1):19-24.[Wu Yao,Chen Hong,Bao Na,et al.A model development of public bicycle rental demand based on multinomial logit[J].Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University,2013,34(1):19-24.]
[24]王在涛.城市公共自行车系统管理模式分析[J].城市发展研究,2013,20(9):93-97.[Wang Zaitao.Towards the modes of managing the urban bike sharing system[J].Urban Development Studies,2013,20(9):93-97.]
[25]钱佳,汪德根,牛玉.城市居民使用市内公共自行车的满意度影响因素分析--以苏州市为例[J].地理研究,2014,33(2):358-371.[Qian Jia,Wang Degen,Niu Yu.Analysis of the influencing factors of urban residents to use urban public bikes:A case study of Suzhou[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(2):358-371.]
[26]朱玮,庞宇琦,王德,等.公共自行车系统影响下居民出行的变化与机制研究--以上海闵行区为例[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):76-81.[Zhu Wei,Pang Yuqi,Wang De,et al.Travel behavior change after the introduction of public bicycle systems:A case of Minhang District,Shanghai[J].Urban Planning Forum,2012(5):76-81.]
[27]朱玮,庞宇琦,王德,等.自行车出行行为和决策研究进展[J].国际城市规划,2013,28(1):50-55.[Zhu Wei,Pang Yuqi,Wang De,et al.Progress of research on bicycle travel behavior and decisions[J].Urban Planning International,2013,28(1):50-55.]
[28]黄彬.杭州市公共自行车系统运行状况调查分析与展望[J].城市规划学刊,2010(6):72-78.[Huang Bin.An evaluation of Hangzhou public bicycle system[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(6):72-78.]
[29]潘海啸,汤諹,麦贤敏,等.公共自行车交通发展模式比较[J].城市交通,2010,8(6):40-43.[Pan Haixiao,Tang Yang,Mai Xianmin,et al.Overview of bicycle transportation development in urban areas[J].Urban Transport of China,2010,8(6):40-43.]
[30]刘冰,曹娟娟,周于杰,等.城市公共自行车使用活动的时空间特征研究--以杭州为例[J].城市规划学刊,2016(3):77-84.[Liu Bin,Cao Juanjuan,Zhou Yujie,et al.A study on the temporal-spatial features of bicycle-sharing activities:A case of Hangzhou[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(3):77-84.]
[31]罗桑扎西,甄峰,尹秋怡.城市公共自行车使用与建成环境的关系研究--以南京市桥北片区为例[J].地理科学,2018,38(3):332-341.[Luo Sangzhaxi,Zhen Feng,Yin Qiuyi.How built environment influence public bicycle usage:Evidence from the Bicycle Sharing System in Qiaobei Area,Nanjing[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(3):332-341.]
[32]陈泳,毛婕,奚文沁,等.机动化时代大城市居民步行行为特征与需求分析--以上海中心城区为例[J].现代城市研究,2016(7):103-112.[Chen Yong,Mao Jie,Xi Wenqin,et al.Pedestrian travel behavior and needs in large chinese cities in the motorization age:Acase study of the Shanghai central city[J].Modern Urban Research,2016(7):103-112.]
[33]郑思齐,张晓楠,宋志达,等.空气污染对城市居民户外活动的影响机制:利用点评网外出就餐数据的实证研究[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2016,56(1):89-96.[Zheng Siqi,Zhang Xiaonan,Song Zhida,et al.Influence of air pollution on urban residents outdoor activity:Empirical study based on dining-out data from the Dianping website[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2016,56(1):89-96.]
[34]Faghih-Imani A,Eluru N.Analysing bicycle-sharing system user destination choice preferences:Chicago's Divvy system[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2015,44:53-64.
[35]El-Assi W,Mahmoud M S,Habib K N.Effects of built environment and weather on bike sharing demand:A station level analysis of commercial bike sharing in Toronto[J].Transportation,2017,44(3):589-613.
[36]西安市人民政府.西安市2015年环境质量状况[EB/OL].(2016-06-08)[2018-01-25].http://www.xaepb.gov.cn/websac/cat/2003982.html.[Xi'an Municipal People's Government.2015 Report on the State of the Environment in Xi'an[EB/OL].(2016-06-08)[2018-01-25].http://www.xaepb.gov.cn/websac/cat/2003982.html.]