弹性城市视角下的《纽约绿色基础设施规划》剖析
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摘要
向高效、可持续的城市基础设施转变是建设弹性城市的重要方面。本文在对《纽约绿色基础设施规划》实施内容进行概述的基础上,从弹性城市视角对其进行剖析。此计划的生态弹性主要体现在规划所带来的可持续性效益,主要包括:以更低的成本吸收径流、改善水质、减轻洪涝风险、减缓城市热岛效应等。工程弹性主要体现在收集城市运转系统数据可有效改善城市功能,而流域划分则为针对性措施的提出以及设施效率的提高带来了契机。社会弹性主要体现在其构建了开放的对话机制、合作机制、决策机制,从而使不同利益相关者可以参与其中。最后提出适应性管理作为评估弹性城市的主要手段,其应用对于规避风险、保障规划顺利实施具有重要意义。
The transition to efficient and sustainable urban infrastructure is an important aspect of building resilient cities, a point from which this paper analyses "NYC Green Infrastructure Plan". The ecological elasticity of the plan is reflected in the sustainability benefits brought by it, which mainly include: absorbing runoff at lower expenses, improving water quality,reducing flood risk and mitigating urban heat island effect. Engineering elasticity is reflected in the effective improvement of urban functions by collection of urban operation system data, while watershed division provides an opportunity for the proposed targeted measures and the improvement of facility efficiency. Social flexibility is reflected in the establishment of an open dialogue mechanism, cooperation mechanism and decision-making mechanism for different stakeholders to be able to participate. Finally, adaptive management is proposed as a major solution to evaluating resilient cities, and its application is of great significance for avoiding risks and ensuring the plan be implemented smoothly.
The transition to efficient and sustainable urban infrastructure is an important aspect of building resilient cities, a point from which this paper analyses "NYC Green Infrastructure Plan". The ecological elasticity of the plan is reflected in the sustainability benefits brought by it, which mainly include: absorbing runoff at lower expenses, improving water quality,reducing flood risk and mitigating urban heat island effect. Engineering elasticity is reflected in the effective improvement of urban functions by collection of urban operation system data, while watershed division provides an opportunity for the proposed targeted measures and the improvement of facility efficiency. Social flexibility is reflected in the establishment of an open dialogue mechanism, cooperation mechanism and decision-making mechanism for different stakeholders to be able to participate. Finally, adaptive management is proposed as a major solution to evaluating resilient cities, and its application is of great significance for avoiding risks and ensuring the plan be implemented smoothly.
引文
[1]The National Academies of SCIENCES ENGINEERING MEDICINE. Engineering for the 21st Century:Addressing Grand Challenges[R/OL]. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25121/environmental-engineeringfor-the-21st-century-addressing-grand-challenges. 2018.
[2]EEA. Urban Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe[R/OL]. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/urban-adaptation-to-climatechange. 2012.
[3]孙阳,张落成,姚士谋.基于社会生态系统视角的长三角地级城市韧性度评价[J].中国人口资源与环境,2017(8):151-158.
[4]Holling C S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973(4):1-23.
[5]Berkes F, Colding J, Carl F. Navigating Social-ecological Systems:Building Resilience for Complexity and Change[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003:416.
[6]Lee V, Bartholemew R. Stormwater resilience in post-Sandy NY:Green infrastructure framework and prioritization for NY rising communities[A]. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, WEFTEC2014[C]. Alexandria:Water Environment Federation, 2014.
[7]张伟,车伍,王建龙,等.利用绿色基础设施控制城市雨水径流[J].中国给水排水,2012,27(4):23-27.
[8]张园,于冰沁,车生泉.绿色基础设施和低冲击开发的比较及融合[J].中国园林,2014(3):49-53.
[9]Michael R B, Cas H. NYC GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN-A SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY FOR CLEAN WATERWAYS[R/OL]. https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCG reenInfrastructurePlan_LowRes.pdf. 2010.
[10]Holling C S. Engineering Resilience versus Ecological Resilience:Engineering Within Ecological Constraints[M]. Washington D C:NationalAcademy Press, 1996:31-44.
[11]Robin L. Climate change and urban resilience[J]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2011(3):1-5.
[12]Ernstson H, Sander E. Urban transitions:On urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems[J].AMBIO, 2010,39(4):531-545.
[13]蔡建明,郭华,汪德根.国外弹性城市研究评述[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(10):1245-1255.
[14]周成虎,万庆,黄诗峰,等.基于GIS的洪水灾害风险区划研究[J].地理学报,2000(1):15-24.
[15]Turner B. L. Vulnerability and resilience:Coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science[J].Global Environmental Change, 2010,20(3):570-576.
[16]Miller F. Resilience and vulnerability:Complementary or conflicting concepts[J]. Ecology and Society,2010,15(3):11-36.
[17]Kevin C. Trevor D. Flanery H. Designing, Planning, and Managing Resilient Cities:A Conceptual Framework[J].Cities, 2013(35):89-99.
[2]EEA. Urban Adaptation to Climate Change in Europe[R/OL]. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/urban-adaptation-to-climatechange. 2012.
[3]孙阳,张落成,姚士谋.基于社会生态系统视角的长三角地级城市韧性度评价[J].中国人口资源与环境,2017(8):151-158.
[4]Holling C S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973(4):1-23.
[5]Berkes F, Colding J, Carl F. Navigating Social-ecological Systems:Building Resilience for Complexity and Change[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003:416.
[6]Lee V, Bartholemew R. Stormwater resilience in post-Sandy NY:Green infrastructure framework and prioritization for NY rising communities[A]. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, WEFTEC2014[C]. Alexandria:Water Environment Federation, 2014.
[7]张伟,车伍,王建龙,等.利用绿色基础设施控制城市雨水径流[J].中国给水排水,2012,27(4):23-27.
[8]张园,于冰沁,车生泉.绿色基础设施和低冲击开发的比较及融合[J].中国园林,2014(3):49-53.
[9]Michael R B, Cas H. NYC GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN-A SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY FOR CLEAN WATERWAYS[R/OL]. https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCG reenInfrastructurePlan_LowRes.pdf. 2010.
[10]Holling C S. Engineering Resilience versus Ecological Resilience:Engineering Within Ecological Constraints[M]. Washington D C:NationalAcademy Press, 1996:31-44.
[11]Robin L. Climate change and urban resilience[J]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2011(3):1-5.
[12]Ernstson H, Sander E. Urban transitions:On urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems[J].AMBIO, 2010,39(4):531-545.
[13]蔡建明,郭华,汪德根.国外弹性城市研究评述[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(10):1245-1255.
[14]周成虎,万庆,黄诗峰,等.基于GIS的洪水灾害风险区划研究[J].地理学报,2000(1):15-24.
[15]Turner B. L. Vulnerability and resilience:Coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science[J].Global Environmental Change, 2010,20(3):570-576.
[16]Miller F. Resilience and vulnerability:Complementary or conflicting concepts[J]. Ecology and Society,2010,15(3):11-36.
[17]Kevin C. Trevor D. Flanery H. Designing, Planning, and Managing Resilient Cities:A Conceptual Framework[J].Cities, 2013(35):89-99.