糖醋酒液和性信息素对桃—苹果混栽果园中梨小食心虫的诱捕效果
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摘要
【目的】研究桃-苹果混栽果园中梨小食心虫(Grapholitha molesta Busck)成虫昼夜交配取食活动规律,探讨糖醋酒液和性信息素对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果。【方法】梨小食心虫1～4代成虫羽化高峰期间,连续72 h监测糖醋酒液和性信息素在地上0、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 m 5个不同悬挂高度对梨小食心虫每2 h的诱捕量。【结果】糖醋酒液和性信息素每24 h内诱捕到梨小食心虫成虫的时间段均为4:00—8:00和16:00—22:00,诱蛾高峰期为18:00—20:00;而糖醋酒液的诱蛾量显著低于性信息素(α=0.01)。糖醋酒液和性信息素在地上2.5 m高度诱蛾量最多,均显著高于其他悬挂高度(α=0.01)。【结论】梨小食心虫交配与取食活动节律基本一致,糖醋酒液和性信息素对梨小食心虫具有较好的诱捕效果,诱捕器在地上2.5 m高度诱蛾量最高。
【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the diurnal activity rhythm of Grapholitha moles-ta Busck(oriental fruit moth) and explore the effects of sugar-acetic acid-ethanol-water solution(SAEWS) and sex pheromone on trapping the oriental fruit moths in peach-apple neighbor orchards, soas to provide a theoretical basis for the effective and rational use of SAEWS and sex pheromone fortrapping the oriental fruit moths.【Methods】The occurrence dynamics of adult oriental fruit mothsthroughout the year were determined based on the number of adult moths trapped using sex pheromone.Five trap-hanging heights were designed within 0-2.5 m above ground: 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 m. Dur-ing the eclosion peak of each of the 4 observed generations, the number of adult moths trapped bySAEWS and sex pheromone was monitored every 2 hours at the 5 heights for the continuous 72 hoursto study the diurnal activity rhythm of the oriental fruit moth. Based on the number of adult mothstrapped, the effects of SAEWS and sex pheromone on trapping the oriental fruit moth were explored.【Results】The trends in the number of adult moths trapped by sex pheromone as well as the time and du-ration of peak trapping were basically identical for the peach or neighbor apple orchard, the duration oftrapping by sex pheromone was from early April to early October, with four obvious peaks in bothpeach and apple orchards. The peaks in the peach orchard were concentrated from late May to late Au-gust, and were from middle June to late September in the apple orchard. In the peach orchard, moth trap-ping by sex pheromone mainly occurred during 3 time periods: May 20-June 19, June 22-July 19 and Ju-ly 28-August 25, with the greatest trapping number of adult moths in July 1. In the neighbor apple or-chard, moth trapping by sex pheromone mainly occurred during 3 time periods: June 22-July 19, July28-August 25 and August 28-September 24, with the greatest trapping number of adult moths in August19. At the emergence peaks of each generation, the trends in the dynamics of each 24 hours based onthe number of adult moths trapped by SAEWS as well as the duration time of peak trapping were in con-sistent with those observed by sex pheromone in both the peach and apple orchards, although the dura-tion time and peak trapping of adult moths by SAEWS and sex pheromone differed during the 72-hourcontinuous monitoring periods. During these monitoring periods, the trapping occurred at 16:00―22:00 and 4:00―8:00, with a peak trapping appearing at 18:00―20:00 each day and a smaller peak appearingat 4:00―8:00 hours since the second monitoring period(July 2-5). In the peach and neighbor apple or-chards, the number of oriental fruit moths trapped by SAEWS was 5.4 moths · trap-1 and 4.0 moths · trap-1 respectively, significantly lower than that by sex pheromone(35.4 moths· lure-1 and 37.1 moths· lure-1)(α = 0.01). During the eclosion period of each generation, moths were trapped at all the designed hang-ing heights from 0-2.5 m above ground by the SAEWS and sex pheromone traps in the peach-appleneighbor orchards, with different trapping effects among the trap hanging heights. The greatest numberof moths was trapped at 2.5 m above ground for both the SAEWS and sex pheromone traps, theamounts of moths trapped by SAEWS and sex pheromone in the peach orchard were 12.4 moths· trap-1 and 67.3 moths· lure-1, and in the neighbor apple orchard they were 12.8 moths· trap-1 and 79.44 moths·lure-1, respectively, significantly higher than those at any other heights(α = 0.01). The SAEWS and sexpheromone trapping methods showed different effects at the same hanging height, with greater numberof adult moths trapped found by sex pheromone than by SAEWS for each hanging height. However, thedifference in the number of adult moths trapped between SAEWS and sex pheromone decreased alongwith the trap hanging height increasing, with the smallest difference existing at 2.5 m above ground. Inthe peach orchard, the total number trapped by sex pheromone(177 moths· lure-1) was 6.6 times morethan that by SAEWS(26.76 moths· trap-1). The numbers of adult moths trapped by sex pheromone at 0,1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m above ground were 38.5, 26.6, 7.4, 6.4 and 5.4 times more than those by SAEWS atthe same height, respectively. In the neighbor apple orchard, the total number trapped by sex pheromone(185.8 moths· lure-1) was 9.3 times more than that by SAEWS(19.9 moths· trap-1). The numbers of adultmoths trapped by sex pheromone at 0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m above ground was 27.2, 27.0, 32.2, 10.2 and6.2 times more than those by SAEWS at the same height, respectively.【Conclusion】The SAEWS andsex pheromone performed well in trapping oriental fruit moths, and the trapping peak occurred at 4:00―8:00 and 18:00―20:00 during the monitoring period. In a peach-apple mixed-planting orchard, the max-imum number of adult moths trapped by SAEWS and sex pheromone occurred at 2.5 m above ground.
【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the diurnal activity rhythm of Grapholitha moles-ta Busck(oriental fruit moth) and explore the effects of sugar-acetic acid-ethanol-water solution(SAEWS) and sex pheromone on trapping the oriental fruit moths in peach-apple neighbor orchards, soas to provide a theoretical basis for the effective and rational use of SAEWS and sex pheromone fortrapping the oriental fruit moths.【Methods】The occurrence dynamics of adult oriental fruit mothsthroughout the year were determined based on the number of adult moths trapped using sex pheromone.Five trap-hanging heights were designed within 0-2.5 m above ground: 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 m. Dur-ing the eclosion peak of each of the 4 observed generations, the number of adult moths trapped bySAEWS and sex pheromone was monitored every 2 hours at the 5 heights for the continuous 72 hoursto study the diurnal activity rhythm of the oriental fruit moth. Based on the number of adult mothstrapped, the effects of SAEWS and sex pheromone on trapping the oriental fruit moth were explored.【Results】The trends in the number of adult moths trapped by sex pheromone as well as the time and du-ration of peak trapping were basically identical for the peach or neighbor apple orchard, the duration oftrapping by sex pheromone was from early April to early October, with four obvious peaks in bothpeach and apple orchards. The peaks in the peach orchard were concentrated from late May to late Au-gust, and were from middle June to late September in the apple orchard. In the peach orchard, moth trap-ping by sex pheromone mainly occurred during 3 time periods: May 20-June 19, June 22-July 19 and Ju-ly 28-August 25, with the greatest trapping number of adult moths in July 1. In the neighbor apple or-chard, moth trapping by sex pheromone mainly occurred during 3 time periods: June 22-July 19, July28-August 25 and August 28-September 24, with the greatest trapping number of adult moths in August19. At the emergence peaks of each generation, the trends in the dynamics of each 24 hours based onthe number of adult moths trapped by SAEWS as well as the duration time of peak trapping were in con-sistent with those observed by sex pheromone in both the peach and apple orchards, although the dura-tion time and peak trapping of adult moths by SAEWS and sex pheromone differed during the 72-hourcontinuous monitoring periods. During these monitoring periods, the trapping occurred at 16:00―22:00 and 4:00―8:00, with a peak trapping appearing at 18:00―20:00 each day and a smaller peak appearingat 4:00―8:00 hours since the second monitoring period(July 2-5). In the peach and neighbor apple or-chards, the number of oriental fruit moths trapped by SAEWS was 5.4 moths · trap-1 and 4.0 moths · trap-1 respectively, significantly lower than that by sex pheromone(35.4 moths· lure-1 and 37.1 moths· lure-1)(α = 0.01). During the eclosion period of each generation, moths were trapped at all the designed hang-ing heights from 0-2.5 m above ground by the SAEWS and sex pheromone traps in the peach-appleneighbor orchards, with different trapping effects among the trap hanging heights. The greatest numberof moths was trapped at 2.5 m above ground for both the SAEWS and sex pheromone traps, theamounts of moths trapped by SAEWS and sex pheromone in the peach orchard were 12.4 moths· trap-1 and 67.3 moths· lure-1, and in the neighbor apple orchard they were 12.8 moths· trap-1 and 79.44 moths·lure-1, respectively, significantly higher than those at any other heights(α = 0.01). The SAEWS and sexpheromone trapping methods showed different effects at the same hanging height, with greater numberof adult moths trapped found by sex pheromone than by SAEWS for each hanging height. However, thedifference in the number of adult moths trapped between SAEWS and sex pheromone decreased alongwith the trap hanging height increasing, with the smallest difference existing at 2.5 m above ground. Inthe peach orchard, the total number trapped by sex pheromone(177 moths· lure-1) was 6.6 times morethan that by SAEWS(26.76 moths· trap-1). The numbers of adult moths trapped by sex pheromone at 0,1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m above ground were 38.5, 26.6, 7.4, 6.4 and 5.4 times more than those by SAEWS atthe same height, respectively. In the neighbor apple orchard, the total number trapped by sex pheromone(185.8 moths· lure-1) was 9.3 times more than that by SAEWS(19.9 moths· trap-1). The numbers of adultmoths trapped by sex pheromone at 0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m above ground was 27.2, 27.0, 32.2, 10.2 and6.2 times more than those by SAEWS at the same height, respectively.【Conclusion】The SAEWS andsex pheromone performed well in trapping oriental fruit moths, and the trapping peak occurred at 4:00―8:00 and 18:00―20:00 during the monitoring period. In a peach-apple mixed-planting orchard, the max-imum number of adult moths trapped by SAEWS and sex pheromone occurred at 2.5 m above ground.
引文
[1]于海利.梨小食心虫性信息素增效剂的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.YU Haili. Studies on synersism to the sex pheromone of the ori-ental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta(Busck)(Lepidoptera:Tor-tricidae)[D]. Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015.
[2]李波,秦玉川,何亮,吴学民.不同性诱芯与糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫[J].植物保护学报,2008,35(3):285-286.LI Bo,QIN Yuchuan,HE Liang,WU Xuemin. The control oforiental fruit moth with sexpheromone dispensers and mixturesof sugar-aceticacid-ethanol[J]. Journal of Plant Protection,2008,35(3):285-286.
[3] LU P F,HUANG L Q,WANG C Z. Identification and field eval-uation of pear fruit volatiles attractive to the Oriental fruit moth,Cydia moleata[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2012,38(8):1003-1016.
[4] PISKORSKI R,INEICHEN S,DORN S. Ability of the Orientalfruit moth Grapholita molesta(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)to de-toxify juglone,the main secondary metabolite of the non-hostplant walnut[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2011,37(10):1110-1116.
[5] NAJAR-RODRIGUEZ A,ORSCHEL B,DORN S. Season-longvolatile emissions from peach and pear trees in situ,overlappingprofiles,and olfactory attraction of an oligophagous fruit mothin the laboratory[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2013,39(3):418-29.
[6] STELINSKI L L,MILLER J R,ROGERS M E. Mating disrup-tion of citrus leafminer mediated by a noncompetitive mecha-nism at a remarkably low pheromone release rate[J]. Journal ofChemical Ecology,2008,34(8):1107-1113.
[7] DAMOS P,COLOMAR L A,IORIATTI C. Integrated fruit pro-duction and pest management in Europe:the apple case studyand how far we are from the original concept[J]. Insects,2015,6(3):626-657.
[8] CORK A,ALAM S N,ROUF F M,TALEKAR N S. Develop-ment of mass trapping technique for control of brinjal shoot andfruit borer,Leucinodes orbonalis(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,2005,95(6):589-596.
[9] EL-SAYED A M,SUCKLING D M,WEARING C H,BYERS JA. Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest managementand eradication of invasive species[J]. Journal of Economic En-tomology,2006,99(5):1550-1564.
[10]赵志国,高丽华,杨慧娟,张金桐,王鑫,马瑞燕.梨小食心虫性诱芯监测成虫交配时辰节律研究[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(4):366-368.ZHAO Zhiguo,GAO Lihua,YANG Huijuan,ZHANG Jintong,WANG Xin,MA Ruiyan. Research on mating timing rhythm oforiental fruit moth monitored by sex pheromone lure[J]. Journalof Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(4):366-368.
[11] STELINSKI L L,MILLER J R,LEDEBUHR R,SIEGERT P,GUT L J. Season-long mating disruption of Grapholita molesta(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)by one machine application of phero-mone in wax drops(SPLAT-OFM)[J]. Journal of Pest Science,2007,80(2):109-117.
[12] NATAL D,MATTIACCI L,PASQUALINI E,DORN S. Appleand peach fruit volatiles and the apple constituent butyl hexano-ate attract female oriental fruit moth,Cydia molesta,in the labo-ratory[J]. Journal of Applied Entomology,2004,128(1):22-27.
[13]巫鹏翔,吴凤明,郭冲,王璇,郭晨茜,李贞,张青文,刘小侠.糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究[J].应用昆虫学报,2016,53(5):1005-1011.WU Pengxiang,WU Fengming,GUO Chong,WANG Xuan,GUO Chenxi,LI Zhen,ZHANG Qingwen,LIU Xiaoxia. The op-timal combination of sugar-vinegar-spirit liquid and sex phero-mone lures for controlling Grapholita molesta(Busck)in pearorchards[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,2016,53(5):1005-1011.
[14]范仁俊,刘中芳,陆俊娇,封云涛,庾琴,高越,张润祥.我国梨小食心虫综合防治研究进展[J].应用昆虫学报,2013,50(6):1509-1513.FAN Renjun,LIU Zhongfang,LU Junjiao,FENG Yuntao,YUQin,GAO Yue,ZHANG Runxiang. Progress in the applicationof IPM to control the oriental fruit moth(Grapholitha molesta)in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,2013,50(6):1509-1513.
[15] ELLIS N H. Flight phenology and dispersal of Grapholita Moles-ta(Busck)as affected by rubidium enrichment and orchardhosts[D]. Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University,2006.
[16] REINKE M D,BARRETT B A. Sublethal exposure to methoxy-fenozide-treated surfaces reduces the attractiveness and respon-siveness in adult oriental fruit moth(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)[J]. Journal of Economic Entomology,2007,100(1):72-78.
[17] ROTHSCHILD G H I,MINKS A K. Some factors influencingthe performance of pheromone traps for oriental fruit moth inAustralia[J]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1977,22(2):171-182.
[18] KOVANCI O B,SCHAL C,WALGENBACH J F,KENNEDYG G. Effects of pheromone loading,dispenser age,and trapheight on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth inapple orchards[J]. Phytoparasitica,2006,34(3):252-260.
[19] KONG W N,HU R S,ZHAO Z G,LI J,ZHANG Z W,LI S C,MA R Y. Effects of trap height,location,and spacing on phero-mone-baited trap catch efficacy for oriental fruit moths(Lepi-doptera:Tortricidae)in a peach orchard[J]. Canadian Entomolo-gist,2014,146(6):684-692.
[20]王杰,简路军.糖醋液诱杀桃园梨小食心虫配方优化试验研究[J].中国果菜,2017,37(4):34-36.WANG Jie,JIAN Lujun. Study on formula optimization of sug-ar-acetic-acid liquidto trap and kill Grapholitha molesta inpeach orchard[J]. China Fruit Vegetable,2017,37(4):34-36.
[21]朱更瑞,王新卫,方伟超,冯义彬,王小丽,陈领豫,胡晓晶.桃园梨小食心虫发生规律及成虫对不同诱捕器的趋性研究[J].果树学报,2014,31(2):282-287.ZHU Gengrui,WANG Xinwei,FANG Weichao,FENG Yibin,WANG Xiaoli,CHEN Lingyu,HU Xiaojing. Occurrence regu-larity of oriental fruit moth and its taxis to different catchers’ap-plied in peach orchard[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2014,31(2):282-287.
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[2]李波,秦玉川,何亮,吴学民.不同性诱芯与糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫[J].植物保护学报,2008,35(3):285-286.LI Bo,QIN Yuchuan,HE Liang,WU Xuemin. The control oforiental fruit moth with sexpheromone dispensers and mixturesof sugar-aceticacid-ethanol[J]. Journal of Plant Protection,2008,35(3):285-286.
[3] LU P F,HUANG L Q,WANG C Z. Identification and field eval-uation of pear fruit volatiles attractive to the Oriental fruit moth,Cydia moleata[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2012,38(8):1003-1016.
[4] PISKORSKI R,INEICHEN S,DORN S. Ability of the Orientalfruit moth Grapholita molesta(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)to de-toxify juglone,the main secondary metabolite of the non-hostplant walnut[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2011,37(10):1110-1116.
[5] NAJAR-RODRIGUEZ A,ORSCHEL B,DORN S. Season-longvolatile emissions from peach and pear trees in situ,overlappingprofiles,and olfactory attraction of an oligophagous fruit mothin the laboratory[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2013,39(3):418-29.
[6] STELINSKI L L,MILLER J R,ROGERS M E. Mating disrup-tion of citrus leafminer mediated by a noncompetitive mecha-nism at a remarkably low pheromone release rate[J]. Journal ofChemical Ecology,2008,34(8):1107-1113.
[7] DAMOS P,COLOMAR L A,IORIATTI C. Integrated fruit pro-duction and pest management in Europe:the apple case studyand how far we are from the original concept[J]. Insects,2015,6(3):626-657.
[8] CORK A,ALAM S N,ROUF F M,TALEKAR N S. Develop-ment of mass trapping technique for control of brinjal shoot andfruit borer,Leucinodes orbonalis(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,2005,95(6):589-596.
[9] EL-SAYED A M,SUCKLING D M,WEARING C H,BYERS JA. Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest managementand eradication of invasive species[J]. Journal of Economic En-tomology,2006,99(5):1550-1564.
[10]赵志国,高丽华,杨慧娟,张金桐,王鑫,马瑞燕.梨小食心虫性诱芯监测成虫交配时辰节律研究[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(4):366-368.ZHAO Zhiguo,GAO Lihua,YANG Huijuan,ZHANG Jintong,WANG Xin,MA Ruiyan. Research on mating timing rhythm oforiental fruit moth monitored by sex pheromone lure[J]. Journalof Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(4):366-368.
[11] STELINSKI L L,MILLER J R,LEDEBUHR R,SIEGERT P,GUT L J. Season-long mating disruption of Grapholita molesta(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)by one machine application of phero-mone in wax drops(SPLAT-OFM)[J]. Journal of Pest Science,2007,80(2):109-117.
[12] NATAL D,MATTIACCI L,PASQUALINI E,DORN S. Appleand peach fruit volatiles and the apple constituent butyl hexano-ate attract female oriental fruit moth,Cydia molesta,in the labo-ratory[J]. Journal of Applied Entomology,2004,128(1):22-27.
[13]巫鹏翔,吴凤明,郭冲,王璇,郭晨茜,李贞,张青文,刘小侠.糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究[J].应用昆虫学报,2016,53(5):1005-1011.WU Pengxiang,WU Fengming,GUO Chong,WANG Xuan,GUO Chenxi,LI Zhen,ZHANG Qingwen,LIU Xiaoxia. The op-timal combination of sugar-vinegar-spirit liquid and sex phero-mone lures for controlling Grapholita molesta(Busck)in pearorchards[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,2016,53(5):1005-1011.
[14]范仁俊,刘中芳,陆俊娇,封云涛,庾琴,高越,张润祥.我国梨小食心虫综合防治研究进展[J].应用昆虫学报,2013,50(6):1509-1513.FAN Renjun,LIU Zhongfang,LU Junjiao,FENG Yuntao,YUQin,GAO Yue,ZHANG Runxiang. Progress in the applicationof IPM to control the oriental fruit moth(Grapholitha molesta)in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,2013,50(6):1509-1513.
[15] ELLIS N H. Flight phenology and dispersal of Grapholita Moles-ta(Busck)as affected by rubidium enrichment and orchardhosts[D]. Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University,2006.
[16] REINKE M D,BARRETT B A. Sublethal exposure to methoxy-fenozide-treated surfaces reduces the attractiveness and respon-siveness in adult oriental fruit moth(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)[J]. Journal of Economic Entomology,2007,100(1):72-78.
[17] ROTHSCHILD G H I,MINKS A K. Some factors influencingthe performance of pheromone traps for oriental fruit moth inAustralia[J]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1977,22(2):171-182.
[18] KOVANCI O B,SCHAL C,WALGENBACH J F,KENNEDYG G. Effects of pheromone loading,dispenser age,and trapheight on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth inapple orchards[J]. Phytoparasitica,2006,34(3):252-260.
[19] KONG W N,HU R S,ZHAO Z G,LI J,ZHANG Z W,LI S C,MA R Y. Effects of trap height,location,and spacing on phero-mone-baited trap catch efficacy for oriental fruit moths(Lepi-doptera:Tortricidae)in a peach orchard[J]. Canadian Entomolo-gist,2014,146(6):684-692.
[20]王杰,简路军.糖醋液诱杀桃园梨小食心虫配方优化试验研究[J].中国果菜,2017,37(4):34-36.WANG Jie,JIAN Lujun. Study on formula optimization of sug-ar-acetic-acid liquidto trap and kill Grapholitha molesta inpeach orchard[J]. China Fruit Vegetable,2017,37(4):34-36.
[21]朱更瑞,王新卫,方伟超,冯义彬,王小丽,陈领豫,胡晓晶.桃园梨小食心虫发生规律及成虫对不同诱捕器的趋性研究[J].果树学报,2014,31(2):282-287.ZHU Gengrui,WANG Xinwei,FANG Weichao,FENG Yibin,WANG Xiaoli,CHEN Lingyu,HU Xiaojing. Occurrence regu-larity of oriental fruit moth and its taxis to different catchers’ap-plied in peach orchard[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2014,31(2):282-287.
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