社会转型与贫困蜕变——基于香港与内地城市微观数据的比较研究
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摘要
基于理论解读,本文首先认为,失业贫困是工业社会城市贫困的主要形式,在职贫困则是后工业社会城市贫困的主要形式,而导致贫困蜕变的一个重要原因是产业类型从制造业向服务业的转变。基于实证分析,本文其次认为,作为后工业社会的香港,在职贫困已经成为贫困的主要形式;作为转型社会的内地,失业贫困与在职贫困并存且正向以在职贫困为主转变;并且两地贫困形式的差异与两地产业类型的不同密切相关。基于对策探讨,本文最后认为,贫困治理重心的转移,既需要经济持续增长,又需要正确的政策调控;失业贫困的有效治理,前提是经济持续发展并能提供更多就业机会,关键是帮扶贫困与帮扶就业在实践层面的有机结合;在职贫困的有效治理,一方面应在产业发展方面做文章,另一方面应在在职贫困救助方面做文章。
Based on the theoretical interpretation, this paper firstly considers that jobless poverty is the major form of urban poverty in an industrial society and working poverty is the major form of urban poverty ina post-industrial society, and one of the most important cause for the evolution of poverty is the changeof industry from manufacturing industry to service industry. Based on the empirical analysis, this papersecondly argues that in Hong Kong as a post-industrial society, working poverty has become a majorform of poverty whereas in the mainland China as a society in transit, the major form of poverty is job-less poverty coexisting with working poverty and is changing to working poverty. The difference in poverty forms between these two regions is closely related to the difference in industrial types. Based on thediscussion on solutions, this paper lastly concludes that the shift in focus of poverty governance needsboth sustained economic growth and correct policy regulation. Sustained economic growth and more jobopportunities are prerequisites for effective governance of jobless poverty, and the key is the organiccombination of poverty alleviation and employment assistance in practice. In the meantime, effectivegovernance of working poverty should focus on industrial development on the one hand, and on relief for the working poor on the other hand.
Based on the theoretical interpretation, this paper firstly considers that jobless poverty is the major form of urban poverty in an industrial society and working poverty is the major form of urban poverty ina post-industrial society, and one of the most important cause for the evolution of poverty is the changeof industry from manufacturing industry to service industry. Based on the empirical analysis, this papersecondly argues that in Hong Kong as a post-industrial society, working poverty has become a majorform of poverty whereas in the mainland China as a society in transit, the major form of poverty is job-less poverty coexisting with working poverty and is changing to working poverty. The difference in poverty forms between these two regions is closely related to the difference in industrial types. Based on thediscussion on solutions, this paper lastly concludes that the shift in focus of poverty governance needsboth sustained economic growth and correct policy regulation. Sustained economic growth and more jobopportunities are prerequisites for effective governance of jobless poverty, and the key is the organiccombination of poverty alleviation and employment assistance in practice. In the meantime, effectivegovernance of working poverty should focus on industrial development on the one hand, and on relief for the working poor on the other hand.
引文
[1]Karnani,Aneel,“Reducing Poverty Through Employment”,Innovations:Technology,Governance,Globalization,2011,6(2),pp.73-97.
[2]Eurofound,In-Work Poverty in the EU,Luxembourg:Publications Office of European Union,2017.
[3]BLS,A Profile of the Working Poor 2016,Washington:U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics,2016.
[1]NTA,Survey on Salaried Workers in Private Sector,Tokyo:National Tax Agency,2016.
[2]ILO,World Employment Social Outlook Trends,Geneva:Publications of the International Labour Office,2017.
[3]Lister,Ruth,“Poverty”,in Bryan Turner(ed.),The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology,New York:Cambridge University Press,2006,pp.462-464.
[4]Crettaz,Eric,Fighting Working Poverty in Post-industrial Economics:Causes,Trade-offs and Policy Solutions,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2011,pp.20-22.
[5]刘祖云:《发展社会学》,[北京]高等教育出版社2006年版,第18-25页。
[6]Brady,David et al.,“When Unionization Disappears:State-Level Unionization and Working Poverty in the United States”,American Sociological Review,2013,78(5),pp.872-896;Brady,David,“Theories of the Cause of Poverty”,Annual Review of Sociology,2018,forthcoming.
[7]Crettaz,Eric,Giuliano Bonoli,“Why Are Some Workers Poor?The Mechanisms that Produce Working Poverty in Comparative Perspective”,Working Paper,Edinburgh:Reconciliation of Work and Welfare,2010.
[8]Féliz,Mariano,Aaron Louis Rosenberg,The Political Economy of Poverty and Social Transformations of the Global South,New York:Columbia University Press,2017,pp.133-154&229-266.
[9]Brady,David,Linda Burton,“Introduction”,in David Brady&Linda Burton(eds.),The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty,2016,Oxford:Oxford University Press,pp.1-21.
[1]Crettaz,Eric,“A State-of-the-art Review of Working Poverty in Advanced Economics:Theoretical Models,Measurement Issues and Risk Groups”,Journal of European Social Policy,2013,23(4),pp.347-362;Hong,Philip Young,Stephen Wernet,“Structural Reinterpretation of Poverty by Examining Working Poverty:Implications for Community and Policy Practice”,Families in Society,2007,88(3),pp.361-373.
[2]Seligsolm,Andrew,Joan Maya Mazelis,“Deindustrialized Small Cities and Poverty:the View from Camden”,in Stephen Haymes et al.(eds.),The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States,New York:Routledge,2015,pp.26-32.
[3]Wilson,William,2012,The Truly Disadvantaged:The Inner City,the Underclass,and Public Policy(second edition),Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2012,pp.20-62;Teitz,Michael,Karen Chapple,“The Cause of Inner-City Poverty:Eight Hypotheses in Search of Reality”,Cityscape,1998,3(3),pp.33-70.
[4]Lohmann,Henning,“The Concept and Measurement of In-Work Poverty”,in Henning Lohmann&Ive Marx(eds.),Handbook on In-Work Poverty,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2018,pp.7-25.
[5]Tomaskovic-Devey,Donald,“Working Poverty,Jobs and Financial Distress in North Carolina”,Carolina Farm and Rural Life Study,1989,2(6),pp.1-3.
[6]O’Connor,Inge,Timothy Smeeding,“Working but Poor:A Cross-national Comparison of Earnings Adequacy”,Journal of Income Distribution,1995,5(1),pp.91-110.
[7]Strengmann-Kuhn,Wolfgang,“Working Poor in Europe:A Partial Basis Income for Workers”,Working Paper,Geneva:International Labour Office,2002.
[8]Brady,David,“Theories of the Cause of Poverty”,Annual Review of Sociology,2018,forthcoming;Crettaz,Eric,Fighting Working Poverty in Post-industrial Economics:Causes,Trade-offs and Policy Solutions,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2011,pp.152-188.
[1]Crettaz,Eric,Fighting Working Poverty in Post-industrial Economics:Causes,Trade-offs and Policy Solutions,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2011,pp.25-28.
[2]Kalleberg,Arne,Ted Mouw,“Occupations,Organizations and Intragenerational Career Mobility”,Annual Review Sociology,2018,44,pp.283-330.
[3]Vinkenburg,Claartje,Torsten Weber,“Managerial Career Patterns:A Review of the Empirical Evidence”,Journal of Vocational Behavior,2012,80,pp.592-607.
[4]Althauser,Robert,Arne Kalleberg,“Firms,Occupations,and the Structure of Labor Markets:A Conceptual Analysis”,in Ivar Berg(ed.),Sociological Perspectives on Labor Markets,New York:Academic Press,1981,pp.119-149.
[5]Gibbons,Robert,Michael Waldman,“Task-Specific Human Capital”,American Economic Review,2004,94(2),pp.203-207.
[6]Ishida,Hiroshi et al.,“Models of Career Advancement in Organizations”,European Sociological Review,2002,18(2),pp.203-207.
[7]统计处:《2016中期人口统计-背景资料》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/tc/bg-info.html。
[8]Carolina Population Center,“Survey Design”,CHNS官方网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china/about/proj_desc/survey。
[1]Cheung,Kelvin Chi-Kin,Kee-Lee Chou,“Working Poor in Hong Kong”,Social Indicator Research,2015,129(1),pp.317-335.
[1]Han,Hong,“Slides for the Class,set 2”,Lecture Notes,2014,Department of Economic of Stanford University,https://web.stanford.edu/~doubleh/condensedcourse/slides2_summer2014.pdf;Karlson,Kristian et al.,“Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Same-Sample Nested Models Using Logit and Probit:A New Method”,Sociological Methodology,2012,42(1),pp.286-313.
[2]Lohmann,Henning,“Working Poor in Western Europe:What is the Influence of the Welfare State and Labour Market Institutions”,Working Paper,Barcelona:Conference of the EuroPanel Users Network(EPUNet),2006;Hong,Philip Young,Stephen Wernet,“Structural Reinterpretation of Poverty by Examining Working Poverty:Implications for Community and Policy Practice”,Families in Society,2007,88(3),pp.361-373;Kelly,Peter et al,“In-Work Poverty in Europe:A Growing Problem”,Working Paper,Brussels:European Union,2011.
[1]刘祖云、刘敏:《香港的贫困及其救助:从理论到现实的探讨》,[武汉]《中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2009年第4期。
[2]邓小平:《邓小平文选》(第2卷),[北京]人民出版社1994年版,第152页。
[1]习近平:《决胜全面建设小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利--在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告》,[北京]《人民日报》2017年10月28日。
[2]社会福利署:《综合社会保障援助计划》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年12月1日,https://www.swd.gov.hk/tc/index/site_pubsvc/page_socsecu/。
[3]Strengmann-Kuhn,Wolfgang,“Working Poor in Europe:A Partial Basis Income for Workers”,Working Paper,Geneva:International Labour Office,2002;Brady,David,“Theories of the Cause of Poverty”,Annual Review of Sociology,2018,forthcoming;Crettaz,Eric,Giuliano Bonoli,“Why Are Some Workers Poor?The Mechanisms that Produce Working Poverty in Comparative Perspective”,Working Paper,Edinburgh:Reconciliation of Work and Welfare,2010.
[1]在职家庭津贴办事处:《公开资料》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.wfsfaa.gov.hk/wfao/tc/index.htm。
[2]林郑月娥:《行政长官2018年施政报告》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2018/chi/index.html。
[3]劳工处:《鼓励就业交通津贴计划》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/service/witss.htm。
[4]学生资助处:《专上学生资助计划》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.wfsfaa.gov.hk/sfo/tc/postsecondary/fasp/overview.htm。
[5]关爱基金秘书处:《关爱基金援助项目》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.communitycarefund.hk/b5/assistance.asp。
[2]Eurofound,In-Work Poverty in the EU,Luxembourg:Publications Office of European Union,2017.
[3]BLS,A Profile of the Working Poor 2016,Washington:U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics,2016.
[1]NTA,Survey on Salaried Workers in Private Sector,Tokyo:National Tax Agency,2016.
[2]ILO,World Employment Social Outlook Trends,Geneva:Publications of the International Labour Office,2017.
[3]Lister,Ruth,“Poverty”,in Bryan Turner(ed.),The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology,New York:Cambridge University Press,2006,pp.462-464.
[4]Crettaz,Eric,Fighting Working Poverty in Post-industrial Economics:Causes,Trade-offs and Policy Solutions,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2011,pp.20-22.
[5]刘祖云:《发展社会学》,[北京]高等教育出版社2006年版,第18-25页。
[6]Brady,David et al.,“When Unionization Disappears:State-Level Unionization and Working Poverty in the United States”,American Sociological Review,2013,78(5),pp.872-896;Brady,David,“Theories of the Cause of Poverty”,Annual Review of Sociology,2018,forthcoming.
[7]Crettaz,Eric,Giuliano Bonoli,“Why Are Some Workers Poor?The Mechanisms that Produce Working Poverty in Comparative Perspective”,Working Paper,Edinburgh:Reconciliation of Work and Welfare,2010.
[8]Féliz,Mariano,Aaron Louis Rosenberg,The Political Economy of Poverty and Social Transformations of the Global South,New York:Columbia University Press,2017,pp.133-154&229-266.
[9]Brady,David,Linda Burton,“Introduction”,in David Brady&Linda Burton(eds.),The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty,2016,Oxford:Oxford University Press,pp.1-21.
[1]Crettaz,Eric,“A State-of-the-art Review of Working Poverty in Advanced Economics:Theoretical Models,Measurement Issues and Risk Groups”,Journal of European Social Policy,2013,23(4),pp.347-362;Hong,Philip Young,Stephen Wernet,“Structural Reinterpretation of Poverty by Examining Working Poverty:Implications for Community and Policy Practice”,Families in Society,2007,88(3),pp.361-373.
[2]Seligsolm,Andrew,Joan Maya Mazelis,“Deindustrialized Small Cities and Poverty:the View from Camden”,in Stephen Haymes et al.(eds.),The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States,New York:Routledge,2015,pp.26-32.
[3]Wilson,William,2012,The Truly Disadvantaged:The Inner City,the Underclass,and Public Policy(second edition),Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2012,pp.20-62;Teitz,Michael,Karen Chapple,“The Cause of Inner-City Poverty:Eight Hypotheses in Search of Reality”,Cityscape,1998,3(3),pp.33-70.
[4]Lohmann,Henning,“The Concept and Measurement of In-Work Poverty”,in Henning Lohmann&Ive Marx(eds.),Handbook on In-Work Poverty,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2018,pp.7-25.
[5]Tomaskovic-Devey,Donald,“Working Poverty,Jobs and Financial Distress in North Carolina”,Carolina Farm and Rural Life Study,1989,2(6),pp.1-3.
[6]O’Connor,Inge,Timothy Smeeding,“Working but Poor:A Cross-national Comparison of Earnings Adequacy”,Journal of Income Distribution,1995,5(1),pp.91-110.
[7]Strengmann-Kuhn,Wolfgang,“Working Poor in Europe:A Partial Basis Income for Workers”,Working Paper,Geneva:International Labour Office,2002.
[8]Brady,David,“Theories of the Cause of Poverty”,Annual Review of Sociology,2018,forthcoming;Crettaz,Eric,Fighting Working Poverty in Post-industrial Economics:Causes,Trade-offs and Policy Solutions,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2011,pp.152-188.
[1]Crettaz,Eric,Fighting Working Poverty in Post-industrial Economics:Causes,Trade-offs and Policy Solutions,Northampton:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2011,pp.25-28.
[2]Kalleberg,Arne,Ted Mouw,“Occupations,Organizations and Intragenerational Career Mobility”,Annual Review Sociology,2018,44,pp.283-330.
[3]Vinkenburg,Claartje,Torsten Weber,“Managerial Career Patterns:A Review of the Empirical Evidence”,Journal of Vocational Behavior,2012,80,pp.592-607.
[4]Althauser,Robert,Arne Kalleberg,“Firms,Occupations,and the Structure of Labor Markets:A Conceptual Analysis”,in Ivar Berg(ed.),Sociological Perspectives on Labor Markets,New York:Academic Press,1981,pp.119-149.
[5]Gibbons,Robert,Michael Waldman,“Task-Specific Human Capital”,American Economic Review,2004,94(2),pp.203-207.
[6]Ishida,Hiroshi et al.,“Models of Career Advancement in Organizations”,European Sociological Review,2002,18(2),pp.203-207.
[7]统计处:《2016中期人口统计-背景资料》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/tc/bg-info.html。
[8]Carolina Population Center,“Survey Design”,CHNS官方网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china/about/proj_desc/survey。
[1]Cheung,Kelvin Chi-Kin,Kee-Lee Chou,“Working Poor in Hong Kong”,Social Indicator Research,2015,129(1),pp.317-335.
[1]Han,Hong,“Slides for the Class,set 2”,Lecture Notes,2014,Department of Economic of Stanford University,https://web.stanford.edu/~doubleh/condensedcourse/slides2_summer2014.pdf;Karlson,Kristian et al.,“Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Same-Sample Nested Models Using Logit and Probit:A New Method”,Sociological Methodology,2012,42(1),pp.286-313.
[2]Lohmann,Henning,“Working Poor in Western Europe:What is the Influence of the Welfare State and Labour Market Institutions”,Working Paper,Barcelona:Conference of the EuroPanel Users Network(EPUNet),2006;Hong,Philip Young,Stephen Wernet,“Structural Reinterpretation of Poverty by Examining Working Poverty:Implications for Community and Policy Practice”,Families in Society,2007,88(3),pp.361-373;Kelly,Peter et al,“In-Work Poverty in Europe:A Growing Problem”,Working Paper,Brussels:European Union,2011.
[1]刘祖云、刘敏:《香港的贫困及其救助:从理论到现实的探讨》,[武汉]《中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2009年第4期。
[2]邓小平:《邓小平文选》(第2卷),[北京]人民出版社1994年版,第152页。
[1]习近平:《决胜全面建设小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利--在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告》,[北京]《人民日报》2017年10月28日。
[2]社会福利署:《综合社会保障援助计划》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年12月1日,https://www.swd.gov.hk/tc/index/site_pubsvc/page_socsecu/。
[3]Strengmann-Kuhn,Wolfgang,“Working Poor in Europe:A Partial Basis Income for Workers”,Working Paper,Geneva:International Labour Office,2002;Brady,David,“Theories of the Cause of Poverty”,Annual Review of Sociology,2018,forthcoming;Crettaz,Eric,Giuliano Bonoli,“Why Are Some Workers Poor?The Mechanisms that Produce Working Poverty in Comparative Perspective”,Working Paper,Edinburgh:Reconciliation of Work and Welfare,2010.
[1]在职家庭津贴办事处:《公开资料》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.wfsfaa.gov.hk/wfao/tc/index.htm。
[2]林郑月娥:《行政长官2018年施政报告》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2018/chi/index.html。
[3]劳工处:《鼓励就业交通津贴计划》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.labour.gov.hk/tc/service/witss.htm。
[4]学生资助处:《专上学生资助计划》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.wfsfaa.gov.hk/sfo/tc/postsecondary/fasp/overview.htm。
[5]关爱基金秘书处:《关爱基金援助项目》,香港特别行政区政府网站,2018年11月14日,https://www.communitycarefund.hk/b5/assistance.asp。