无标度网络与产品空间理论的应用研究新范式
|
摘要
产品空间理论提出十年来倍受国内外学术界关注,并被世界银行和联合国等国际机构广泛应用。该理论是基于产业聚类异质性及其邻近关系,应用复杂网络刻画产业结构并研究产业升级规律的前沿理论。产品空间理论是无标度网络在经济学研究中的重要应用,目前是国际贸易与产业升级研究的热门领域,这种基础科学的跨学科应用新范式值得关注。无标度网络刻画出的产品空间可在"云图"中实现可视化展示与分析,其主张的网络视角下"中心"节点对整体产业升级的意义值得深入探究。在当下国际产业分工格局面临重大调整的窗口期,产品空间理论及基于无标度网络的"云图"可以为国家贸易战略、产业升级以及区域产业分工合作提供分析范式与框架,并作为政策制定的重要参考。
The Product Space has attracted much attention from academia and practical field in the past ten years, and has been adopted by international institutions such as the World Bank and the United Nations.The Product Space aims to capture heterogeneous industrial structure and distances among products measured by proximity based on the Complex Network theory, which expands our understanding of industrial structure to a network-based view. It is important to notice that the Product Space is an application of the Scale-free Network in economics, and is now forming a new paradigm in analyzing international trade and industrial structure. The "hubs" which have more edges than ordinary nodes in a scale-free network are worth noticing because of their complexity. The Product Space provides visualized interactive tool "Atlas" which is practical for policy makers to identify industries and products with high potential for further economic development. The new paradigm of this interdisciplinary application of basic science in economics is a trend in the era of network. The Product Space and the Scale-free Network along with "Atlas" can provide a new paradigm and framework for national trade strategy, industrial upgrading and regional industrial specialization and cooperation.
The Product Space has attracted much attention from academia and practical field in the past ten years, and has been adopted by international institutions such as the World Bank and the United Nations.The Product Space aims to capture heterogeneous industrial structure and distances among products measured by proximity based on the Complex Network theory, which expands our understanding of industrial structure to a network-based view. It is important to notice that the Product Space is an application of the Scale-free Network in economics, and is now forming a new paradigm in analyzing international trade and industrial structure. The "hubs" which have more edges than ordinary nodes in a scale-free network are worth noticing because of their complexity. The Product Space provides visualized interactive tool "Atlas" which is practical for policy makers to identify industries and products with high potential for further economic development. The new paradigm of this interdisciplinary application of basic science in economics is a trend in the era of network. The Product Space and the Scale-free Network along with "Atlas" can provide a new paradigm and framework for national trade strategy, industrial upgrading and regional industrial specialization and cooperation.
引文
(1)Hausmann R,Klinger B.“Structural transformation and patterns of comparative advantage in the product Space,”CID Working Paper,2006.
(2)Hidalgo C,Hausmann R.“The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(26),pp.10570-10575.
(3)Romer P M.“Endogenous Technological Change,”Nber Working Papers,1990,98(98),pp.71-102.
(4)Grossman G M,Helpman E.“Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,”Review of Economic Studies,1991,58(1),pp.43-61.
(5)Howitt P,Aghion P.“Capital Accumulation and Innovation as Complementary Factors in Long-Run Growth,”Journal of Economic Growth,1998,3(2),pp.111-130.
(6)Dixit A K,Stiglitz J E.“Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity,”American Economic Review,1977,67(3),pp.297-308.
(7)Balassa B.“Trade Liberalisation and‘Revealed’Comparative Advantage,”Manchester School,1965,33(2),pp.99-123.
(1)网址分别为:http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu和https://atlas.media.mit.edu.
(2)Barabási A,Albert R,“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks,”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(3)Schmitz H,Humphrey J.Governance and upgrading:linking industrial cluster and global value chain research,IDS Working Paper 120,2000.
(4)Jovanovic B,Nyarko Y,“Learning by doing and the choice of technology,”Econometrica,1996,64(6),pp.1299-1310.
(1)Ernst D.“Global Production Networks and Industrial Upgrading-A Knowledge-Centered Approach,”Economics Study Area Working Papers,2001.
(2)Feenstra R C,Lipsey R E,Deng H,et al.“World Trade Flows:1962-2000,”Nber Working Papers,2005,11(3),pp.494-520.
(3)Porter M E.“Clusters and the new economics of competition,”Harvard Business Review,1998,76(6),p.77.
(4)Han J.“Spatial clustering methods in data mining:A survey,”Geographic Data Mining&Knowledge Discovery,2001.
(5)Hirschman A O.“The strategy of economic development,”Regional Studies,1958,12(4),pp.658-660.
(6)Jacobs J.The Economy of Cities.New York:Vintage,1969.
(7)Frenken K,Van Oort F,Verburg T,et al.“Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth,”Regional Studies,2007,41(5),pp.685-697.
(8)Glaeser.E.et al.“Growth in Cities,”The Journal of Political Economy,1992,100(6),p.1126
(1)Cainelli G,Leoncini R.“Externalities and long-term local industrial development:Some empirical evidence from Italy,”Revue d’Economie Industrielle,1999,90,pp.25-40.
(2)Frenken K,Van Oort F,Verburg T,et al.“Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth,”Regional Studies,2007,41(5),pp.685-697.
(3)Batisse C.“Dynamic externalities and local growth:A panel data analysis applied to Chinese provinces.”China Economic Review,2002,13(2-3),pp.231-251.
(4)薄文广:《外部性与产业增长:来自中国省级面板数据的研究》,《中国工业经济》2007年第1期。
(5)吴三忙、李善同:《专业化、多样化与产业增长关系:基于中国省级制造业面板数据的实证研究》,《数量经济技术经济研究》2011年第8期。
(6)Vygotsky,L.S.“An Experimental Study of Concept Formation[A].In L.Vygotsky&E.Hanfmann,G.Vakar(Eds.),”Thought and language:Studies in Communication.Cambridge:MIT Press,1962,pp.52-81.
(7)Piaget J,Rosin A.Psychology and Epistemology:Towards A Theory of Knowledge.Harmondsworth:Penguin,1972.
(8)Nooteboom B.“Innovation,learning and industrial organisation,”Cambridge Journal of Economics,1999,23(2),pp.127-150.
(9)Boschma R.“Proximity and innovation:a critical assessment,”Regional Studies,2005,39,pp.61-74.
(10)这些假设对理解产品空间理论在发展经济学中的流派、贡献和局限十分重要。
(11)由人均GDP来衡量。
(1)例如,生产棉裤所需的人力、物质资本和制度安排等,与生产电脑显示器所需的条件相比,显然更接近于生产棉衣。
(2)Hausmann R,Hwang J,Rodrik D.“What you export matters,”Journal of Economic Growth,2007,12(1),pp.1-25.
(3)Barabási A,Albert R.“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks.”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(4)一个国家生产某产品背后需要的能力、条件、禀赋和制度等等因素不易观察,所以通过观察“结果”(即产品)可以间接地测量一个国家的能力,因此被称为“基于结果的(outcome-based)”的测量方法。
(5)某国出口产品i同时也出口了产品j,表示i和j被共同出口。
(6)Hidalgo C A,Klinger B,Barabási A L,Hausmann R.“The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations,”Science,2007,317(5837),pp.482-487.RCAi j=(Xi j/Xt j)/(XiW/Xt W)Xi j/Xt j Xi W/Xt W
(7)显性比较优势(Revealed Comparative Advantage,RCA)由Balassa于1965年提出后在贸易领域被广泛应用,定义为。其中分子表示j国家出口产品i在j国家总出口产品中的比值。分母表示全球i产品的出口值占全球总出口值的比例。一般认为,RCA>1则表示国家j的产品i在该国出口额中的比例大于该产品在全球贸易中的比例,即称国家j在出口产品上i具备显性比较优势。
(8)Erd?s P,Rényi A.“On random graphs.”Publicationes Mathematicae,1959,6(4),pp.290-297.
(9)Watts D J,Strogatz S H.“Collectivedynamics of“small-world”networks,”Nature.1998,pp.440-442.
(1)Barabási A,Albert R.“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks,”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(2)启发我们思考在现实网络系统的节点更类似于异质性权重的“象棋”,而不是同质性权重“围棋”。
(3)1932年,哈佛大学语言学专家Zipf在研究英文单词出现的频率时发现,把单词出现的频率从高到低排列后,每个单词出现的频率与它的名次的常数次幂存在反比关系,称为Zipf定律。它表明在英语单词中,只有极少数的词被经常使用,而绝大多数词很少被使用。包括汉语在内的许多国家的语言都有这种特点。
(1)吴彤:《复杂网络研究及其意义》,《哲学研究》2004年第8期。
(2)Stumpf M,Porter M A.“Critical Truths About Power Laws,”Science,2012,335(6069),pp.665-666.
(1)Jeong H,Mason S P,Barabási A L,et al.“Lethality and Centrality in Protein Network,”Nature,2001,411(6833),pp.41-42.
(2)Hausmann R,Hwang J,Rodrik D.“What you export matters,”Journal of Economic Growth,2007,12(1),pp.1-25.
(3)Goh K I,Cusick M E,Valle D,et al.“The human disease network,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(21),pp.8685-8690.
(1)Hausmann R,Hwang J,Rodrik D.“What you export matters,”Journal of Economic Growth,2007,12(1),pp.1-25.
(2)Hausmann等将微观企业比喻成“猴子”,将异质性的产品空间比喻成“森林”。
(3)Barabási A,Albert R.“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks,”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(4)Hidalgo C A,Klinger B,Barabási A L,Hausmann R.“The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations,”Science,2007,317(5837),pp.482-487.
(5)Northover P.“Evolutionary growth theory and forms of realism,”Cambridge Journal of Economics,1999,23(1),pp.33-63.
(2)Hidalgo C,Hausmann R.“The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(26),pp.10570-10575.
(3)Romer P M.“Endogenous Technological Change,”Nber Working Papers,1990,98(98),pp.71-102.
(4)Grossman G M,Helpman E.“Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,”Review of Economic Studies,1991,58(1),pp.43-61.
(5)Howitt P,Aghion P.“Capital Accumulation and Innovation as Complementary Factors in Long-Run Growth,”Journal of Economic Growth,1998,3(2),pp.111-130.
(6)Dixit A K,Stiglitz J E.“Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity,”American Economic Review,1977,67(3),pp.297-308.
(7)Balassa B.“Trade Liberalisation and‘Revealed’Comparative Advantage,”Manchester School,1965,33(2),pp.99-123.
(1)网址分别为:http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu和https://atlas.media.mit.edu.
(2)Barabási A,Albert R,“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks,”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(3)Schmitz H,Humphrey J.Governance and upgrading:linking industrial cluster and global value chain research,IDS Working Paper 120,2000.
(4)Jovanovic B,Nyarko Y,“Learning by doing and the choice of technology,”Econometrica,1996,64(6),pp.1299-1310.
(1)Ernst D.“Global Production Networks and Industrial Upgrading-A Knowledge-Centered Approach,”Economics Study Area Working Papers,2001.
(2)Feenstra R C,Lipsey R E,Deng H,et al.“World Trade Flows:1962-2000,”Nber Working Papers,2005,11(3),pp.494-520.
(3)Porter M E.“Clusters and the new economics of competition,”Harvard Business Review,1998,76(6),p.77.
(4)Han J.“Spatial clustering methods in data mining:A survey,”Geographic Data Mining&Knowledge Discovery,2001.
(5)Hirschman A O.“The strategy of economic development,”Regional Studies,1958,12(4),pp.658-660.
(6)Jacobs J.The Economy of Cities.New York:Vintage,1969.
(7)Frenken K,Van Oort F,Verburg T,et al.“Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth,”Regional Studies,2007,41(5),pp.685-697.
(8)Glaeser.E.et al.“Growth in Cities,”The Journal of Political Economy,1992,100(6),p.1126
(1)Cainelli G,Leoncini R.“Externalities and long-term local industrial development:Some empirical evidence from Italy,”Revue d’Economie Industrielle,1999,90,pp.25-40.
(2)Frenken K,Van Oort F,Verburg T,et al.“Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth,”Regional Studies,2007,41(5),pp.685-697.
(3)Batisse C.“Dynamic externalities and local growth:A panel data analysis applied to Chinese provinces.”China Economic Review,2002,13(2-3),pp.231-251.
(4)薄文广:《外部性与产业增长:来自中国省级面板数据的研究》,《中国工业经济》2007年第1期。
(5)吴三忙、李善同:《专业化、多样化与产业增长关系:基于中国省级制造业面板数据的实证研究》,《数量经济技术经济研究》2011年第8期。
(6)Vygotsky,L.S.“An Experimental Study of Concept Formation[A].In L.Vygotsky&E.Hanfmann,G.Vakar(Eds.),”Thought and language:Studies in Communication.Cambridge:MIT Press,1962,pp.52-81.
(7)Piaget J,Rosin A.Psychology and Epistemology:Towards A Theory of Knowledge.Harmondsworth:Penguin,1972.
(8)Nooteboom B.“Innovation,learning and industrial organisation,”Cambridge Journal of Economics,1999,23(2),pp.127-150.
(9)Boschma R.“Proximity and innovation:a critical assessment,”Regional Studies,2005,39,pp.61-74.
(10)这些假设对理解产品空间理论在发展经济学中的流派、贡献和局限十分重要。
(11)由人均GDP来衡量。
(1)例如,生产棉裤所需的人力、物质资本和制度安排等,与生产电脑显示器所需的条件相比,显然更接近于生产棉衣。
(2)Hausmann R,Hwang J,Rodrik D.“What you export matters,”Journal of Economic Growth,2007,12(1),pp.1-25.
(3)Barabási A,Albert R.“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks.”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(4)一个国家生产某产品背后需要的能力、条件、禀赋和制度等等因素不易观察,所以通过观察“结果”(即产品)可以间接地测量一个国家的能力,因此被称为“基于结果的(outcome-based)”的测量方法。
(5)某国出口产品i同时也出口了产品j,表示i和j被共同出口。
(6)Hidalgo C A,Klinger B,Barabási A L,Hausmann R.“The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations,”Science,2007,317(5837),pp.482-487.RCAi j=(Xi j/Xt j)/(XiW/Xt W)Xi j/Xt j Xi W/Xt W
(7)显性比较优势(Revealed Comparative Advantage,RCA)由Balassa于1965年提出后在贸易领域被广泛应用,定义为。其中分子表示j国家出口产品i在j国家总出口产品中的比值。分母表示全球i产品的出口值占全球总出口值的比例。一般认为,RCA>1则表示国家j的产品i在该国出口额中的比例大于该产品在全球贸易中的比例,即称国家j在出口产品上i具备显性比较优势。
(8)Erd?s P,Rényi A.“On random graphs.”Publicationes Mathematicae,1959,6(4),pp.290-297.
(9)Watts D J,Strogatz S H.“Collectivedynamics of“small-world”networks,”Nature.1998,pp.440-442.
(1)Barabási A,Albert R.“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks,”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(2)启发我们思考在现实网络系统的节点更类似于异质性权重的“象棋”,而不是同质性权重“围棋”。
(3)1932年,哈佛大学语言学专家Zipf在研究英文单词出现的频率时发现,把单词出现的频率从高到低排列后,每个单词出现的频率与它的名次的常数次幂存在反比关系,称为Zipf定律。它表明在英语单词中,只有极少数的词被经常使用,而绝大多数词很少被使用。包括汉语在内的许多国家的语言都有这种特点。
(1)吴彤:《复杂网络研究及其意义》,《哲学研究》2004年第8期。
(2)Stumpf M,Porter M A.“Critical Truths About Power Laws,”Science,2012,335(6069),pp.665-666.
(1)Jeong H,Mason S P,Barabási A L,et al.“Lethality and Centrality in Protein Network,”Nature,2001,411(6833),pp.41-42.
(2)Hausmann R,Hwang J,Rodrik D.“What you export matters,”Journal of Economic Growth,2007,12(1),pp.1-25.
(3)Goh K I,Cusick M E,Valle D,et al.“The human disease network,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(21),pp.8685-8690.
(1)Hausmann R,Hwang J,Rodrik D.“What you export matters,”Journal of Economic Growth,2007,12(1),pp.1-25.
(2)Hausmann等将微观企业比喻成“猴子”,将异质性的产品空间比喻成“森林”。
(3)Barabási A,Albert R.“Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks,”Science,1999,286(5439),pp.509-512.
(4)Hidalgo C A,Klinger B,Barabási A L,Hausmann R.“The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations,”Science,2007,317(5837),pp.482-487.
(5)Northover P.“Evolutionary growth theory and forms of realism,”Cambridge Journal of Economics,1999,23(1),pp.33-63.