绝对收入、收入渴望与农民主观幸福感——基于陕西两个整村农户的实证考察
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摘要
为避免自然环境、社会环境、政策环境、经济发展水平的差异对农户的异质性影响,采用陕西两个村庄整村的农户微观调研数据,使用OLS回归和无条件分位数回归技术,分析了绝对收入、收入渴望对农民主观幸福感的影响。研究发现,绝对收入对农民主观幸福感具有显著的提升作用,但存在"马太效应";收入渴望对农民主观幸福感具有显著的抑制作用,且收入渴望在绝对收入对农民主观幸福感的影响中起了调节作用,即随着收入渴望程度的提高,绝对收入对农民主观幸福感的提升作用越来越小。
This paper used the micro-survey data of the farmers in two villages in Shaanxi, which could avoid the heterogeneity of famers caused by the differences of natural environment, social environment, policy environment and economic development level.Then we applied the OLS regression and Unconditional quantile regression technique to discuss the influence of farmers' absolute income and income aspirations on their subjective well-being. The study finds that, the absolute income of farmers has a significant effect on their subjective well-being, but there is the "Matthew effect". While the income aspirations of peasants has a significant inhibitory effect on their subjective well-being, and the income aspirations has a moderating effect in the impact of absolute income on their subjective well-being, that is, with the increase of income aspirations, the absolute income has become less and less effective in promoting its subjective well-being.
This paper used the micro-survey data of the farmers in two villages in Shaanxi, which could avoid the heterogeneity of famers caused by the differences of natural environment, social environment, policy environment and economic development level.Then we applied the OLS regression and Unconditional quantile regression technique to discuss the influence of farmers' absolute income and income aspirations on their subjective well-being. The study finds that, the absolute income of farmers has a significant effect on their subjective well-being, but there is the "Matthew effect". While the income aspirations of peasants has a significant inhibitory effect on their subjective well-being, and the income aspirations has a moderating effect in the impact of absolute income on their subjective well-being, that is, with the increase of income aspirations, the absolute income has become less and less effective in promoting its subjective well-being.
引文
[1]亚当·斯密.国富论[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,2001.
[2]Easterlin R A.Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?Some Empirical Evidence[M]//David P A,Reder M W.Nations&Households in Economic Growth.New York:Academic Press,1974:89-125.
[3]Appadurai A.The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition[M]//Rao V,Walton M.Culture and Public Action.Redwood:Stanford University Press,2004:59-84.
[4]Bernard T,Dercon S,Orkin K,et al.The Future in Mind:Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopia[R].Working Paper,2014.
[5]Stutzer A.The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2004,54(1):89-109.
[6]罗楚亮.城乡分割、就业状况与主观幸福感差异[J].经济学(季刊),2006,5(3):817-840.
[7]Knight J,Gunatilaka R.The Rural-Urban Divide in China:Income but Not Happiness?[J].Journal of Development Studies,2010,46(3):506-534.
[8]Veenhoven R.Conditions of Happiness[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic,1984.
[9]奚恺元,王佳艺,陈景秋.撬动幸福:一本系统介绍幸福学的书[M].北京:中信出版社,2008.
[10]Biswas-Diener R,Diener E.Making the Best of a Bad Situation:Satisfaction in the Slums of Calcutta[J].Social Indicators Research,2001,55(3):329-352.
[11]Binder M,Coad A.From Average Joe's Happiness to Miserable Jane and Cheerful John:Using Quantile Regressions to Analyze the Full Subjective Well-Being Distribution[J].Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,2011,79(3):275-290.
[12]Appleton S,Song L.Life Satisfaction in Urban China:Components and Determinants[J].World Development,2008,36(11):2325-2340.
[13]Knight J,Song L,Gunatilaka R.Subjective Well-Being and Its Determinants in Rural China[J].China Economic Review,2009,20(4):635-649.
[14]罗楚亮.绝对收入、相对收入与主观幸福感——来自中国城乡住户调查数据的经验分析[J].财经研究,2009,35(11):79-91.
[15] Knight J,Gunatilaka R.Great Expectations?The Subjective Well-Being of Rural-Urban Migrants in China[J].World Development,2010,38(1):113-124.
[16]罗楚亮.收入增长与主观幸福感增长[J].产业经济评论,2017(2):5-22.
[17]李树,陈刚.“关系”能否带来幸福?——来自中国农村的经验证据[J].中国农村经济,2012(8):66-78.
[18]官皓.收入对幸福感的影响研究:绝对水平和相对地位[J].南开经济研究,2010(5):56-70.
[19]张学志,才国伟.收入、价值观与居民幸福感——来自广东成人调查数据的经验证据[J].管理世界,2011(9):63-73.
[20]叶静怡,张睿,王琼.农民进城务工与子女教育期望——基于2010年中国家庭追踪调查数据的实证分析[J].经济科学,2017,5(1):90-105.
[21]尤亮,霍学喜,杜文超.绝对收入、社会比较与农民主观幸福感——基于陕西两个整村农户的实证考察[J].农业技术经济,2018(4):111-125.
[22]Steel P,Schmidt J,Shultz J.Refining the Relationship between Personality and Subjective Well-Being[J].Psychological Bulletin,2008,134(1):138-161.
[23]Bouchard T J,Loehlin J C.Genes,Evolution,and Personality[J].Behavior Genetics,2001,31(3):243-273.
[24]Knight J,Gunatilaka R.Income,Aspirations and the Hedonic Treadmill in a Poor Society[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2012,82(1):67-81.
[25]Knight John,Gunatilaka Ramani.Does Economic Growth Raise Happiness in China?[J].Oxford Development Studies,2011,39(1):1-24.
[26]Selten R.Features of Experimentally Observed Bounded Rationality[J].European Economic Review,1998,42(3/5):413-436.
[27]Brickman P,Campbell D T.Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society[M]//Appley M H.Adaptation Level Theory:A Symposium.NewYork:Academic Press Inc,1971:287-305.
[28]Easterlin R A. Income and Happiness:Towards a Unified Theory[J].Economic Journal,2001,111(473):465-484.
[29]Ferrante F. Education,Aspirations and Life Satisfaction[J].Kyklos,2009,62(4):542-562.
[30]Salinas-Jiménez M D M,Artés J,Salinas-Jiménez J.Educational Mismatch and Job Aspirations:A Subjective Wellbeing Analysis Using Quantile Regression[J].International Journal of Manpower,2016,37(1):115-134.
[31]Bernard T,Taffesse Seyoum A.Aspirations:An Approach to Measurement with Validation Using Ethiopian Data[J].Journal of African Economies,2015,23(2):189-224.
[32]Veenhoven R.Developments in Satisfaction-Research[J].Social Indicators Research,1996,37(1):1-46.
[33]Dalton P S.Income Aspirations and Cooperation:Experimental Evidence[R].Working Paper,2010.
[34]Genicot G,Ray D.Aspirations and Inequality[J].Econometrica,2017,85(2):489-519.
[35]Manski C F.Measuring Expectations[J].Econometrica,2004,72(5):1329-1376.
[36]Koenker R,Bassett G.Regression Quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,46(1):33-50.
[37]Firpo S,Fortin N M,Lemieux T.Unconditional Quantile Regressions[J].Econometrica,2009,77(3):953-973.
[38]Thompson W W,Janzen S A,Magnan N P,et al.Social Drivers of Aspirations Formation and Failure in Rural Nepal[R].Working Paper,2015.
[39]赵政阳.中国果树科学与实践——苹果[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2015.
[40]Stock J H,Watson M W.Introduction to Econometrics[M].New Jersey:Addison-Wesley,2010.
[41]连玉君,彭方平,苏治.融资约束与流动性管理行为[J].金融研究,2010(10):158-171.
[42]张凤华,邱江,邱桂凤,等.决策中的框架效应再探[J].心理科学,2007,30(4):886-890.
[43]李斌,徐富明,王伟,等.锚定效应的种类、影响因素及干预措施[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(1):34-45.
(1)资料来源:“‘以人为本’:核心理念凝聚伟大力量。”详见人民网:http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2012/1025/c350001-19387670.html。
(2)资料来源:“习近平总书记在第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上的讲话。”详见中国政府网:http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-03/17/content_2356344.htm。
(3)资料来源:“习近平总书记在首个全民国家安全教育日之际作出重要指示。”详见新华网:http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-04/14/c_1118625785.htm。
(4)2016年我国城乡收入差距虽然有所缩小,但倍差仍高达2.72。详见人民网:http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/20 17/0120/c1001-29039208.html。
(5)资料来源:Oxford English Dictionary,Second Edition,1989。网址为:http://dictionary.oed.com/。
(6)Knight等(2009)[13]是采用受访者对其家庭收入相对于村庄平均收入所处水平的评价、对当前生活水平与五年前生活水平差异的评价作为相对收入的替代指标,官皓(2010)[18]是采用受访者对自身收入水平在当地经济水平中所处位置的评价作为相对收入的替代指标,张学志和才国伟(2011)[19]是采用受访者对其收入在当地居民收入中所处水平的评价作为相对收入的替代指标,罗楚亮(2017)[16]是采用受访者的家庭人均收入除以当地人均收入作为相对收入的替代指标。
(7)数据来源于2017年的《中国农村统计年鉴》(国家统计局农村社会经济调查司主编,中国统计出版社出版),增长率数据由笔者整理计算得出。
(8)家庭收入与村庄平均家庭收入的比较来自于受访者的主观判断,结果采用了Likert量表的形式。
(9)总户数的确定是将实际家庭经营决策已分开但户籍仍在一起的农户分开计算,而常年不居住在村里但户口仍保留的农户仍计入总户数,目标样本群体为样本村的苹果种植户。
(10)“框架效应”是指对相同决策任务不同方式的描述会影响决策者对备择选项的认知。很多时候,人们的决定都会受到无关情境的影响,如问题的呈现方式。已有大量研究证实了“框架效应”的存在性(张凤华等,2007)[42]。
(11)“锚定效应”是指个体在不确定情境中的决策会受到初始无关“锚”的影响,进而导致其后的数值估计偏向该“锚”的一种判断偏差现象(李斌等,2010)[43]。
(12)按照农户苹果收入从低到高排序的原则,收入被分为四个等级:第一等级为收入小于0.25分位点的农户群体(收入≤23 500元,均值为13 655.28元),第二等级为收入在0.25~0.5分位点间的农户群体(23 500元<收入≤41 000元,均值为32 414.9元),第三等级为收入在0.5~0.75分位点间的农户群体(41 000元<收入≤67 900元,均值为53 605.16元),第四等级为收入大于0.75分位点的农户群体(收入>67 900元,均值为99 182.31元)。在此基础上,本文计算出每一收入等级对应的主观幸福感分布百分比。
(13)按照农户苹果种植收入渴望从低到高排序的原则,收入渴望被分为四个等级:第一等级为收入渴望值小于0.25分位点的农户群体(收入渴望值≤63 000元,均值为46 471.67元),第二等级为收入渴望值在0.25~0.5分位点间的农户群体(63 000元<收入渴望值≤99 000元,均值为80 122.08元),第三等级为收入渴望值在0.5~0.75分位点间的农户群体(99 000元<收入渴望值≤130 000元,均值为111 273.00元),第四等级为收入渴望大于0.75分位点的农户群体(收入渴望值>130 000元,均值为183 113.80元)。在此基础上,本文计算出每一绝对收入等级对应的收入渴望等级百分比。
(14)我国古代的圣贤早已有类似的表述,如老子《道德经》第四十四章所述的“故知足不辱,知止不殆,可以长久”。
(15)0.65分位点处的样本户有1个,其收入渴望值为115 000元,紧随其后的收入渴望值为120 000元,位于0.71分位点,有39个样本户。因此,这里取0.65分位点处的收入渴望值115 000元作为切点。
[2]Easterlin R A.Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?Some Empirical Evidence[M]//David P A,Reder M W.Nations&Households in Economic Growth.New York:Academic Press,1974:89-125.
[3]Appadurai A.The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition[M]//Rao V,Walton M.Culture and Public Action.Redwood:Stanford University Press,2004:59-84.
[4]Bernard T,Dercon S,Orkin K,et al.The Future in Mind:Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopia[R].Working Paper,2014.
[5]Stutzer A.The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2004,54(1):89-109.
[6]罗楚亮.城乡分割、就业状况与主观幸福感差异[J].经济学(季刊),2006,5(3):817-840.
[7]Knight J,Gunatilaka R.The Rural-Urban Divide in China:Income but Not Happiness?[J].Journal of Development Studies,2010,46(3):506-534.
[8]Veenhoven R.Conditions of Happiness[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic,1984.
[9]奚恺元,王佳艺,陈景秋.撬动幸福:一本系统介绍幸福学的书[M].北京:中信出版社,2008.
[10]Biswas-Diener R,Diener E.Making the Best of a Bad Situation:Satisfaction in the Slums of Calcutta[J].Social Indicators Research,2001,55(3):329-352.
[11]Binder M,Coad A.From Average Joe's Happiness to Miserable Jane and Cheerful John:Using Quantile Regressions to Analyze the Full Subjective Well-Being Distribution[J].Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,2011,79(3):275-290.
[12]Appleton S,Song L.Life Satisfaction in Urban China:Components and Determinants[J].World Development,2008,36(11):2325-2340.
[13]Knight J,Song L,Gunatilaka R.Subjective Well-Being and Its Determinants in Rural China[J].China Economic Review,2009,20(4):635-649.
[14]罗楚亮.绝对收入、相对收入与主观幸福感——来自中国城乡住户调查数据的经验分析[J].财经研究,2009,35(11):79-91.
[15] Knight J,Gunatilaka R.Great Expectations?The Subjective Well-Being of Rural-Urban Migrants in China[J].World Development,2010,38(1):113-124.
[16]罗楚亮.收入增长与主观幸福感增长[J].产业经济评论,2017(2):5-22.
[17]李树,陈刚.“关系”能否带来幸福?——来自中国农村的经验证据[J].中国农村经济,2012(8):66-78.
[18]官皓.收入对幸福感的影响研究:绝对水平和相对地位[J].南开经济研究,2010(5):56-70.
[19]张学志,才国伟.收入、价值观与居民幸福感——来自广东成人调查数据的经验证据[J].管理世界,2011(9):63-73.
[20]叶静怡,张睿,王琼.农民进城务工与子女教育期望——基于2010年中国家庭追踪调查数据的实证分析[J].经济科学,2017,5(1):90-105.
[21]尤亮,霍学喜,杜文超.绝对收入、社会比较与农民主观幸福感——基于陕西两个整村农户的实证考察[J].农业技术经济,2018(4):111-125.
[22]Steel P,Schmidt J,Shultz J.Refining the Relationship between Personality and Subjective Well-Being[J].Psychological Bulletin,2008,134(1):138-161.
[23]Bouchard T J,Loehlin J C.Genes,Evolution,and Personality[J].Behavior Genetics,2001,31(3):243-273.
[24]Knight J,Gunatilaka R.Income,Aspirations and the Hedonic Treadmill in a Poor Society[J].Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,2012,82(1):67-81.
[25]Knight John,Gunatilaka Ramani.Does Economic Growth Raise Happiness in China?[J].Oxford Development Studies,2011,39(1):1-24.
[26]Selten R.Features of Experimentally Observed Bounded Rationality[J].European Economic Review,1998,42(3/5):413-436.
[27]Brickman P,Campbell D T.Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society[M]//Appley M H.Adaptation Level Theory:A Symposium.NewYork:Academic Press Inc,1971:287-305.
[28]Easterlin R A. Income and Happiness:Towards a Unified Theory[J].Economic Journal,2001,111(473):465-484.
[29]Ferrante F. Education,Aspirations and Life Satisfaction[J].Kyklos,2009,62(4):542-562.
[30]Salinas-Jiménez M D M,Artés J,Salinas-Jiménez J.Educational Mismatch and Job Aspirations:A Subjective Wellbeing Analysis Using Quantile Regression[J].International Journal of Manpower,2016,37(1):115-134.
[31]Bernard T,Taffesse Seyoum A.Aspirations:An Approach to Measurement with Validation Using Ethiopian Data[J].Journal of African Economies,2015,23(2):189-224.
[32]Veenhoven R.Developments in Satisfaction-Research[J].Social Indicators Research,1996,37(1):1-46.
[33]Dalton P S.Income Aspirations and Cooperation:Experimental Evidence[R].Working Paper,2010.
[34]Genicot G,Ray D.Aspirations and Inequality[J].Econometrica,2017,85(2):489-519.
[35]Manski C F.Measuring Expectations[J].Econometrica,2004,72(5):1329-1376.
[36]Koenker R,Bassett G.Regression Quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,46(1):33-50.
[37]Firpo S,Fortin N M,Lemieux T.Unconditional Quantile Regressions[J].Econometrica,2009,77(3):953-973.
[38]Thompson W W,Janzen S A,Magnan N P,et al.Social Drivers of Aspirations Formation and Failure in Rural Nepal[R].Working Paper,2015.
[39]赵政阳.中国果树科学与实践——苹果[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2015.
[40]Stock J H,Watson M W.Introduction to Econometrics[M].New Jersey:Addison-Wesley,2010.
[41]连玉君,彭方平,苏治.融资约束与流动性管理行为[J].金融研究,2010(10):158-171.
[42]张凤华,邱江,邱桂凤,等.决策中的框架效应再探[J].心理科学,2007,30(4):886-890.
[43]李斌,徐富明,王伟,等.锚定效应的种类、影响因素及干预措施[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(1):34-45.
(1)资料来源:“‘以人为本’:核心理念凝聚伟大力量。”详见人民网:http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2012/1025/c350001-19387670.html。
(2)资料来源:“习近平总书记在第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上的讲话。”详见中国政府网:http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-03/17/content_2356344.htm。
(3)资料来源:“习近平总书记在首个全民国家安全教育日之际作出重要指示。”详见新华网:http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-04/14/c_1118625785.htm。
(4)2016年我国城乡收入差距虽然有所缩小,但倍差仍高达2.72。详见人民网:http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/20 17/0120/c1001-29039208.html。
(5)资料来源:Oxford English Dictionary,Second Edition,1989。网址为:http://dictionary.oed.com/。
(6)Knight等(2009)[13]是采用受访者对其家庭收入相对于村庄平均收入所处水平的评价、对当前生活水平与五年前生活水平差异的评价作为相对收入的替代指标,官皓(2010)[18]是采用受访者对自身收入水平在当地经济水平中所处位置的评价作为相对收入的替代指标,张学志和才国伟(2011)[19]是采用受访者对其收入在当地居民收入中所处水平的评价作为相对收入的替代指标,罗楚亮(2017)[16]是采用受访者的家庭人均收入除以当地人均收入作为相对收入的替代指标。
(7)数据来源于2017年的《中国农村统计年鉴》(国家统计局农村社会经济调查司主编,中国统计出版社出版),增长率数据由笔者整理计算得出。
(8)家庭收入与村庄平均家庭收入的比较来自于受访者的主观判断,结果采用了Likert量表的形式。
(9)总户数的确定是将实际家庭经营决策已分开但户籍仍在一起的农户分开计算,而常年不居住在村里但户口仍保留的农户仍计入总户数,目标样本群体为样本村的苹果种植户。
(10)“框架效应”是指对相同决策任务不同方式的描述会影响决策者对备择选项的认知。很多时候,人们的决定都会受到无关情境的影响,如问题的呈现方式。已有大量研究证实了“框架效应”的存在性(张凤华等,2007)[42]。
(11)“锚定效应”是指个体在不确定情境中的决策会受到初始无关“锚”的影响,进而导致其后的数值估计偏向该“锚”的一种判断偏差现象(李斌等,2010)[43]。
(12)按照农户苹果收入从低到高排序的原则,收入被分为四个等级:第一等级为收入小于0.25分位点的农户群体(收入≤23 500元,均值为13 655.28元),第二等级为收入在0.25~0.5分位点间的农户群体(23 500元<收入≤41 000元,均值为32 414.9元),第三等级为收入在0.5~0.75分位点间的农户群体(41 000元<收入≤67 900元,均值为53 605.16元),第四等级为收入大于0.75分位点的农户群体(收入>67 900元,均值为99 182.31元)。在此基础上,本文计算出每一收入等级对应的主观幸福感分布百分比。
(13)按照农户苹果种植收入渴望从低到高排序的原则,收入渴望被分为四个等级:第一等级为收入渴望值小于0.25分位点的农户群体(收入渴望值≤63 000元,均值为46 471.67元),第二等级为收入渴望值在0.25~0.5分位点间的农户群体(63 000元<收入渴望值≤99 000元,均值为80 122.08元),第三等级为收入渴望值在0.5~0.75分位点间的农户群体(99 000元<收入渴望值≤130 000元,均值为111 273.00元),第四等级为收入渴望大于0.75分位点的农户群体(收入渴望值>130 000元,均值为183 113.80元)。在此基础上,本文计算出每一绝对收入等级对应的收入渴望等级百分比。
(14)我国古代的圣贤早已有类似的表述,如老子《道德经》第四十四章所述的“故知足不辱,知止不殆,可以长久”。
(15)0.65分位点处的样本户有1个,其收入渴望值为115 000元,紧随其后的收入渴望值为120 000元,位于0.71分位点,有39个样本户。因此,这里取0.65分位点处的收入渴望值115 000元作为切点。