活化剂联合柳树对重金属Cd污染土壤的修复效果研究
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摘要
为有效提高植物提取污染土壤重金属的效率,以绿色安全的有机物料为活化剂代替存在安全隐患、不可降解的螯合剂及表面活性剂,探究不同活化剂对土壤重金属镉的活化效果及对植物镉积累的影响。通过室内培养试验与盆栽试验的方法,研究了紫云英、黄腐酸钾和柠檬酸3种活化剂在0.3%施用量下对污染土壤中镉的生物有效性、赋存形态的影响及活化剂强化柳树对镉的积累。结果表明:(1)添加活化剂会改变土壤的pH。培养结束时,黄腐酸钾处理对土壤pH的降低效果优于紫云英处理,显著低于对照0.50个单位(p<0.05),而酸性较强柠檬酸处理的土壤pH显著高于对照0.26个单位(p<0.05);添加活化剂均可提高土壤有机质含量。培养结束时,黄腐酸钾处理对土壤有机质含量提升效果优于其他2种活化剂,显著高于对照2.97 g/kg(p<0.05)。(2)添加活化剂均可提高土壤有效态镉含量,但不同活化剂的活化效果不同。培养20天时,紫云英与黄腐酸钾处理的土壤有效Cd含量均达到最高,优于柠檬酸处理,分别高于对照0.38 mg/kg(p<0.05),0.17 mg/kg。培养10～30天时,柠檬酸处理的土壤有效Cd含量逐渐增加,至30天时,柠檬酸处理对土壤有效Cd含量提升效果优于其他活化剂,显著高于对照处理0.39 mg/kg(p<0.05)。(3)添加活化剂影响了土壤镉形态分布,培养10～30天,3种活化剂可活化土壤残渣态Cd,提高酸可提取态Cd所占百分比。(4)3种活化剂处理对柳树的株高、生物量无显著影响,但均提高了根系的形态参数,其中柠檬酸处理的根系长度、表面积、根系体积均显著高于对照,分别提高了75.54%,80.05%,82.93%(p<0.05)。活化剂中黄腐酸钾处理明显提高了柳树叶片、枝条、根系镉含量,分别高于对照133.44%(p<0.05),75.21%,264.64%(p<0.05),并大大提高了柳树对土壤镉的富集与净化。以有机物料为活化剂,可有效提高土壤重金属生物有效性,提高植物对土壤镉的吸收,具有良好的应用前景。
To effectively improve the efficiency of plant extracting heavy metals from polluted soils, green safe organic materials were used as activating agents to replace safety hazards, non-degradable chelating agents and surfactants. The activation effects of different activating agents on soil heavy metal Cd and their effects on plant Cd accumulation were explored. The effects of three kinds of activating agents of milk vetch(MV), potassium humate(KH) and citric acid(CA) on the bioavailability and morphological characteristics of Cd in Cd-contaminated farmland soil and the accumulation of Cd by activator-fortified willay were studied by incubation and pot expriments with 0.3% application rate. The results showed that:(1) Adding an activator changed soil pH value. At the end of the culture, the effect of KH treatment on soil pH was better than that of MV, which was significantly lower than the control by 0.50 units(p < 0.05), while the pH of the soil treated with CA was significantly higher than that of the control by 0.26 unit(p < 0.05); Adding an activator could increase the soil organic matter content. At the end of the culture, the effect of KH treatment on the soil organic matter content was better than the other two activating agents, which was significantly higher than the control by 2.97 g/kg(p < 0.05).(2) Adding activator could increase the effective Cd content of soil, but the activation effect of different activating agents was different. On the 20 th day after culture, the effective Cd content of the soil treated with MV and KH reached the highest, which was better than that of CA treatment, which was higher than the control by 0.38 mg/kg(p < 0.05) and 0.17 mg/kg respectively. When cultured for 10 ～ 30 days, the effective Cd content of CA treated soil increased gradually. After 30 days, the effect of CA treatment on soil effective Cd content was better than the other two activating agents, which was significantly higher than the control treatment by 0.39 mg/kg(p < 0.05).(3) Adding activating agents changed the Cd form of soil. Cultured for 10 ～ 30 days, all three activating agents could activate soil residue Cd and increase the percentage of acid extractable Cd.(4) The three activating agents treatments had no significant effect on the plant height and biomass of the willow, but all increased the morphological parameters of the roots. The root length, surface area and root volume of CA treatment were significantly higher than the control, which increased by 75.54%, 80.05% and 82.93%(p < 0.05) respectively. KH treatment significantly increased the Cd content in the leaves, branches and roots of the willow, which was higher than the control by 133.44%(p<0.05), 75.21% and 264.64%(p<0.05) respectively, and greatly improved enrichment and purification of Cd in soil by willow. The use of organic materials as activating agents could effectively improve the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils, and should have a good application prospect in combination with plant extraction of heavy metals.
To effectively improve the efficiency of plant extracting heavy metals from polluted soils, green safe organic materials were used as activating agents to replace safety hazards, non-degradable chelating agents and surfactants. The activation effects of different activating agents on soil heavy metal Cd and their effects on plant Cd accumulation were explored. The effects of three kinds of activating agents of milk vetch(MV), potassium humate(KH) and citric acid(CA) on the bioavailability and morphological characteristics of Cd in Cd-contaminated farmland soil and the accumulation of Cd by activator-fortified willay were studied by incubation and pot expriments with 0.3% application rate. The results showed that:(1) Adding an activator changed soil pH value. At the end of the culture, the effect of KH treatment on soil pH was better than that of MV, which was significantly lower than the control by 0.50 units(p < 0.05), while the pH of the soil treated with CA was significantly higher than that of the control by 0.26 unit(p < 0.05); Adding an activator could increase the soil organic matter content. At the end of the culture, the effect of KH treatment on the soil organic matter content was better than the other two activating agents, which was significantly higher than the control by 2.97 g/kg(p < 0.05).(2) Adding activator could increase the effective Cd content of soil, but the activation effect of different activating agents was different. On the 20 th day after culture, the effective Cd content of the soil treated with MV and KH reached the highest, which was better than that of CA treatment, which was higher than the control by 0.38 mg/kg(p < 0.05) and 0.17 mg/kg respectively. When cultured for 10 ～ 30 days, the effective Cd content of CA treated soil increased gradually. After 30 days, the effect of CA treatment on soil effective Cd content was better than the other two activating agents, which was significantly higher than the control treatment by 0.39 mg/kg(p < 0.05).(3) Adding activating agents changed the Cd form of soil. Cultured for 10 ～ 30 days, all three activating agents could activate soil residue Cd and increase the percentage of acid extractable Cd.(4) The three activating agents treatments had no significant effect on the plant height and biomass of the willow, but all increased the morphological parameters of the roots. The root length, surface area and root volume of CA treatment were significantly higher than the control, which increased by 75.54%, 80.05% and 82.93%(p < 0.05) respectively. KH treatment significantly increased the Cd content in the leaves, branches and roots of the willow, which was higher than the control by 133.44%(p<0.05), 75.21% and 264.64%(p<0.05) respectively, and greatly improved enrichment and purification of Cd in soil by willow. The use of organic materials as activating agents could effectively improve the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils, and should have a good application prospect in combination with plant extraction of heavy metals.
引文
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[2] 龙珍,徐海涛,张亚平,等.活化剂联合植物移除污染土壤重金属的研究进展[J].环境工程,2016,34(10):172-176.
[3] 颜志雷,方宇,陈济琛,等.连年翻压紫云英对稻田土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1151-1160.
[4] 刘春增,刘小粉,李本银,等.紫云英配施不同用量化肥对土壤养分、团聚性及水稻产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2013,44(2):409-413.
[5] 王阳,刘恩玲,王奇赞,等.紫云英还田对水稻镉和铅吸收积累的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):189-193.
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[7] 张亚飞,罗静静,彭福田,等.黄腐酸钾与化肥控释袋促进桃树生长及氮肥吸收利用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(4):998-1005.
[8] 李志鹏,刘浩,于晓娜,等.黄腐酸对植烟土壤改良及烟叶品质的影响研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(4):914-920.
[9] 黄国勇,付庆灵,朱俊,等.低分子有机酸对土壤中Cu化学形态的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(8):3091-3095.
[10] 游蕊,梁丽,覃蔡清,等.低分子量有机酸对三峡水库消落区土壤中汞赋存形态及其活性的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):173-179.
[11] 龚芳芳,樊卫国.外源柠檬酸对石灰性黄壤养分活化及刺梨实生苗养分吸收与生长的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(11):2164-2177.
[12] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[13] Wei S H,Zhou Q X,Kovl P V.Flowering stage characteristics of cadmium hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L.and their significance to phytoremediation [J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,369:441-446.
[14] 黎诗宏,梁斌,李忠惠.螯合剂对龙葵修复成都平原Cd污染土壤的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):1917-1922.
[15] 汪梦甜,余健,房莉,等.不同低分子量有机酸对煤矸石养分释放的影响作用[J].金属矿山,2017(10):121-127.
[16] 张根柱,张社奇,邵丽,等.外源柠檬酸对黄土高原塿土土壤养分的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(2):47-51.
[17] 陈小梅,姚玉才,章明奎.浙东海积平原耕地土壤肥力特征及空间变化规律研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(3):618-623.
[18] 陕红,刘荣乐,李书田.施用有机物料对土壤镉形态的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):136-144.
[19] 赵娜,赵护兵,鱼昌为,等.旱地豆科绿肥腐解及养分释放动态研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(5):1179-1187.
[20] 宋莉,韩上,鲁剑巍,等.油菜秸秆、紫云英绿肥及其不同比例配施还田的腐解及养分释放规律研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015(3):100-104.
[21] 王树凤,施翔,孙海菁,等.镉胁迫下杞柳对金属元素的吸收及其根系形态构型特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6065-6073.
[22] Qiuyue S,Junran W,Jinhua Z,et al.Cadmium localization and its toxic effects on root tips of barley [J].Zemdirbyste-agriculture,2016,103(2):151-158.
[23] 李红婷,董然.2种萱草对铅、镉的吸收累积及其在亚细胞的分布和化学形态特征[J].华南农业大学学报,2015,36(4):59-64.
[24] 俞珊.富里酸对铅胁迫下两种沉水植物的影响及机理研究[D].江苏无锡:江南大学,2015:34-39.
[25] 王学华,戴力.作物根系镉滞留作用及其生理生化机制[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(22):4323-4341.
[2] 龙珍,徐海涛,张亚平,等.活化剂联合植物移除污染土壤重金属的研究进展[J].环境工程,2016,34(10):172-176.
[3] 颜志雷,方宇,陈济琛,等.连年翻压紫云英对稻田土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1151-1160.
[4] 刘春增,刘小粉,李本银,等.紫云英配施不同用量化肥对土壤养分、团聚性及水稻产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2013,44(2):409-413.
[5] 王阳,刘恩玲,王奇赞,等.紫云英还田对水稻镉和铅吸收积累的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):189-193.
[6] Dileep K,Singh A P,Raha P,et al.Potassium Humate:A potential soil conditioner and plant growth promoter [J].International Journal of Agriculture,Environment and Biotechnology,2013,6(3):441-446.
[7] 张亚飞,罗静静,彭福田,等.黄腐酸钾与化肥控释袋促进桃树生长及氮肥吸收利用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(4):998-1005.
[8] 李志鹏,刘浩,于晓娜,等.黄腐酸对植烟土壤改良及烟叶品质的影响研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(4):914-920.
[9] 黄国勇,付庆灵,朱俊,等.低分子有机酸对土壤中Cu化学形态的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(8):3091-3095.
[10] 游蕊,梁丽,覃蔡清,等.低分子量有机酸对三峡水库消落区土壤中汞赋存形态及其活性的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):173-179.
[11] 龚芳芳,樊卫国.外源柠檬酸对石灰性黄壤养分活化及刺梨实生苗养分吸收与生长的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(11):2164-2177.
[12] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[13] Wei S H,Zhou Q X,Kovl P V.Flowering stage characteristics of cadmium hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L.and their significance to phytoremediation [J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,369:441-446.
[14] 黎诗宏,梁斌,李忠惠.螯合剂对龙葵修复成都平原Cd污染土壤的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):1917-1922.
[15] 汪梦甜,余健,房莉,等.不同低分子量有机酸对煤矸石养分释放的影响作用[J].金属矿山,2017(10):121-127.
[16] 张根柱,张社奇,邵丽,等.外源柠檬酸对黄土高原塿土土壤养分的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(2):47-51.
[17] 陈小梅,姚玉才,章明奎.浙东海积平原耕地土壤肥力特征及空间变化规律研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(3):618-623.
[18] 陕红,刘荣乐,李书田.施用有机物料对土壤镉形态的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):136-144.
[19] 赵娜,赵护兵,鱼昌为,等.旱地豆科绿肥腐解及养分释放动态研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(5):1179-1187.
[20] 宋莉,韩上,鲁剑巍,等.油菜秸秆、紫云英绿肥及其不同比例配施还田的腐解及养分释放规律研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015(3):100-104.
[21] 王树凤,施翔,孙海菁,等.镉胁迫下杞柳对金属元素的吸收及其根系形态构型特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6065-6073.
[22] Qiuyue S,Junran W,Jinhua Z,et al.Cadmium localization and its toxic effects on root tips of barley [J].Zemdirbyste-agriculture,2016,103(2):151-158.
[23] 李红婷,董然.2种萱草对铅、镉的吸收累积及其在亚细胞的分布和化学形态特征[J].华南农业大学学报,2015,36(4):59-64.
[24] 俞珊.富里酸对铅胁迫下两种沉水植物的影响及机理研究[D].江苏无锡:江南大学,2015:34-39.
[25] 王学华,戴力.作物根系镉滞留作用及其生理生化机制[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(22):4323-4341.