氮肥施用量对棉花产量及土壤脲酶活性的影响
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摘要
为探讨黄河流域棉区棉花产量和棉田土壤脲酶活性对尿素施用量的响应,2017年在安阳大田试验以中早熟品种冀228为试验材料,设置纯氮0、60、120、180、240、300、360kg/hm~2共7个处理(分别用N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300、N360表示),结果表明:施氮显著提高棉花干物质积累量,N300处理棉花单株干物质积累量最大,干物质分配到生殖器官的比例较高;N360处理棉花单株干物质较N300处理下降,而且生殖器官干物质积累量比例下降。各施氮处理较N0单株成铃数增加1.1～1.3个,单铃重增加0.2～0.4g,籽棉产量显著高于N0处理。N300处理籽棉产量最高,较N0处理增产9.6%,与N0、N60处理产量差异显著(P <0.05),与N120、N180、N240和N360处理产量差异不显著(P>0.05)。施氮显著提高收获期0～60cm土壤脲酶活性,N240处理在0～20cm、20～40cm与40～60cm土壤脲酶活性分别比N0处理增加93.2%、100.1%和51.8%。土壤脲酶活性随施氮量的增加而增强,当施氮量超过240kg/hm~2,土壤脲酶活性降低。随土层深度增加,脲酶活性呈下降趋势。在本试验条件下,施氮量为300kg/hm~2的棉花干物质积累量最大,干物质分配合理,能获得较高籽棉产量,并维持土壤耕作层较高的土壤脲酶活性,可作为本地区适宜施氮量。
To study the response of cotton yield and soil urease activity to urea application in cotton fields in the Yellow River Basin,the medium and early maturing cotton variety Ji 228 was used as the experimental material in Anyang field experiments in 2017.In the experiment process,seven pure nitrogen treatments were set up,which were 0,60,120,180,240,300 and 360 kg/hm~2(denoted by N0,N60,N120,N180,N240,N300 and N360,respectively).The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of cotton.N300 treatment had the largest dry matter accumulation per plant and a higher proportion of dry matter allocated to reproductive organs.The dry matter per plant of N360 treatment was lower than that of N300 treatment,and the ratio of dry matter accumulation of reproductive organs was decreased and the percentage of dry matter accumulation in reproductive organs was decreased.The boll number per plant increased by 1.1-1.3 and the boll weight per plant increased 0.2-0.4 g respectively,and the yield of seed cotton was significantly higher than that of N0 treatment.The yield of seed cotton treated with N300 was the highest,which increased by 9.6%,compared with that treated with N0 and N60,but had no significant difference with that treated with N120,N180,N240 and N360.Nitrogen application significantly increased soil urease activity in 0-60 cm during the harvest period.The urease activity in 0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm of N240 treatment increased by 93.2%,100.1%and 51.8%,respectively,compared with that in N0 treatment.Soil urease activity increased with the increase of nitrogen application.When the nitrogen application exceeded 240 kg/hm~2,soil urease activity decreased.With the increase of soil depth,urease activity showed a downward trend.Under the experimental conditions,the maximum dry matter accumulation of cotton was obtained when the nitrogen application rate was300 kg/hm~2.If the dry matter distribution is reasonable,higher yield of seed cotton can be obtained,and higher soil urease activity can be maintained in the tillage layer of soil,which can be used as the appropriate nitrogen application rate in this area.
To study the response of cotton yield and soil urease activity to urea application in cotton fields in the Yellow River Basin,the medium and early maturing cotton variety Ji 228 was used as the experimental material in Anyang field experiments in 2017.In the experiment process,seven pure nitrogen treatments were set up,which were 0,60,120,180,240,300 and 360 kg/hm~2(denoted by N0,N60,N120,N180,N240,N300 and N360,respectively).The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of cotton.N300 treatment had the largest dry matter accumulation per plant and a higher proportion of dry matter allocated to reproductive organs.The dry matter per plant of N360 treatment was lower than that of N300 treatment,and the ratio of dry matter accumulation of reproductive organs was decreased and the percentage of dry matter accumulation in reproductive organs was decreased.The boll number per plant increased by 1.1-1.3 and the boll weight per plant increased 0.2-0.4 g respectively,and the yield of seed cotton was significantly higher than that of N0 treatment.The yield of seed cotton treated with N300 was the highest,which increased by 9.6%,compared with that treated with N0 and N60,but had no significant difference with that treated with N120,N180,N240 and N360.Nitrogen application significantly increased soil urease activity in 0-60 cm during the harvest period.The urease activity in 0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm of N240 treatment increased by 93.2%,100.1%and 51.8%,respectively,compared with that in N0 treatment.Soil urease activity increased with the increase of nitrogen application.When the nitrogen application exceeded 240 kg/hm~2,soil urease activity decreased.With the increase of soil depth,urease activity showed a downward trend.Under the experimental conditions,the maximum dry matter accumulation of cotton was obtained when the nitrogen application rate was300 kg/hm~2.If the dry matter distribution is reasonable,higher yield of seed cotton can be obtained,and higher soil urease activity can be maintained in the tillage layer of soil,which can be used as the appropriate nitrogen application rate in this area.
引文
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[5]汤秋香,李玉,林涛,等.施氮对南疆干旱荒漠绿洲枣棉间作土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(30):185-192.
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[9]李鹏程,郑苍松,孙淼,等.利用15N示踪研究不同肥力土壤棉花氮肥减施的产量与环境效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(5):1199-1206.
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[12]胡伟,张炎,胡国智,等.控释氮肥对棉花植株N素吸收、土壤硝态氮累积及产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2011,23(3):253-258.
[13]李鹏程,郑苍松,孙淼,等.棉花施肥技术与营养机理研究进展[J].棉花学报,2017(s1):118-130.
[14]薛晓萍,郭文琦,周治国.氮素对棉花氮素利用率和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(10):462-466.
[15]马宗斌,严根土,刘桂珍,等.氮肥分施比例对黄河滩地棉花叶片生理特性、干物质积累及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(5):1092-1101.
[16] Guan Y S.Soil Enzyme and Methods[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1986.
[17]李春艳,张巨松,向雁玲,等.密度与氮肥对机采棉生长特性及产量的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2018,41(4):633-639.
[18]李美华,袁新琳,崔燕华,等.不同时期喷施5%氨基寡糖素对棉花生长发育及产量影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(5):901-906.
[19]汪玲,朱靖蓉,杨涛,等.氮肥施用策略对棉花干物质积累及产量构成的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(10):1952-1957.
[20]宋兴虎,Tufail Ahmed Wagan,Biangkham Souliyanonh,等.氮肥用量及其后效对棉花产量和生物质累积动态的影响[J].棉花学报,2018,30(2):145-154.
[21]马宗斌,严根土,刘桂珍,等.施氮量对黄河滩区棉花叶片生理特性、干物质积累及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(4):849-857.
[22]李鹏程,董合林,刘爱忠,等.种植密度氮肥互作对棉花产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(23):122-130.
[23]薛晓萍,郭文琦,王以琳,等.不同施氮水平下棉花生物量动态增长特征研究[J].棉花学报,2006,18(6):323-326.
[24]董合林,李鹏程,刘爱忠,等.河南植棉区施氮量对麦棉两熟产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].棉花学报,2014,26(1):73-80.
[25]薛晓萍,王建国,郭文琦,等.氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3631-3640.
[26]李伶俐,房卫平,谢德意,等.施氮量对杂交棉干物质积累、分配和氮磷钾吸收、分配与利用的影响[J].棉花学报,2010,22(4):347-353.
[27]王欣悦,刘爱玉,邹茜,等.密度及施氮量对短季直播棉花产量和纤维品质的影响[J].棉花科学,2015(2):24-29.
[28]刘敬然,赵文青,周治国,等.施氮量与播种期对棉花产量和品质及棉铃对位叶光合产物的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):951-961.
[29] Jing D W,Liu F C,Wang M Y,et al.Effects of root pruning on the physicochemical properties and microbial activities of poplar rhizosphere soil[J].Plos One,2017,12(11):e0187685.
[30]张莉,熊波,卢闯,等.包膜尿素与普通尿素掺混施用方式对土壤脲酶及春玉米生长的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(1):40-44.
[31]张萌,赵欢,肖厚军,等.新型肥料对小白菜养分积累特征及黄壤酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,2018,20(6):142-152.
[32]孙建平,汤利,续勇波,等.施氮对小麦蚕豆间作根际土壤脲酶活性的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2015,30(3):464-470.
[33]闫春妮,黄娟,李稹,等.湿地植物根系及其分泌物对土壤脲酶、硝化-反硝化的影响[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(2):303-308.
[34]吕宁,尹飞虎,陈云,等.大气CO2浓度增加与氮肥对棉花生物量、氮吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3337-3344.
[35]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮量对冬小麦根际土壤酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):110-114.
[36]赵平,郑毅,汤利,等.小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):742-747.
[37]栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(6):1358-1365.
[2]司转运,高阳,申孝军,等.水氮供应对夏棉产量、水氮利用及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(12):3945-3954.
[3]哈丽哈什·依巴提,张炎,李青军,等.不同施氮量对棉花产量、养分吸收分配及利用的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2017,54(8):1422-1428.
[4]董鹏,危常州,王娟,等.不同氮素管理方法下棉花产量和氮肥利用率[J].西北农业学报,2011,20(8):89-94.
[5]汤秋香,李玉,林涛,等.施氮对南疆干旱荒漠绿洲枣棉间作土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(30):185-192.
[6] Yang G,Tang H,Nie Y,et al.Responses of cotton growth,yield,and biomass to nitrogen split application ratio[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2011,35(3):164-170.
[7]谢志良,田长彦.膜下滴灌水氮耦合对棉花干物质积累和氮素吸收及水氮利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):160-165.
[8]张国伟,杨长琴,倪万潮,等.施氮量对麦后直播棉氮素吸收利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):157-164.
[9]李鹏程,郑苍松,孙淼,等.利用15N示踪研究不同肥力土壤棉花氮肥减施的产量与环境效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(5):1199-1206.
[10]刘善江,夏雪,陈桂梅,等.土壤酶的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(21):1-7.
[11]蒋会利,温晓霞,廖允成.施氮量对冬小麦产量的影响及土壤硝态氮运转特性[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):237-241.
[12]胡伟,张炎,胡国智,等.控释氮肥对棉花植株N素吸收、土壤硝态氮累积及产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2011,23(3):253-258.
[13]李鹏程,郑苍松,孙淼,等.棉花施肥技术与营养机理研究进展[J].棉花学报,2017(s1):118-130.
[14]薛晓萍,郭文琦,周治国.氮素对棉花氮素利用率和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(10):462-466.
[15]马宗斌,严根土,刘桂珍,等.氮肥分施比例对黄河滩地棉花叶片生理特性、干物质积累及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(5):1092-1101.
[16] Guan Y S.Soil Enzyme and Methods[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1986.
[17]李春艳,张巨松,向雁玲,等.密度与氮肥对机采棉生长特性及产量的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2018,41(4):633-639.
[18]李美华,袁新琳,崔燕华,等.不同时期喷施5%氨基寡糖素对棉花生长发育及产量影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(5):901-906.
[19]汪玲,朱靖蓉,杨涛,等.氮肥施用策略对棉花干物质积累及产量构成的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(10):1952-1957.
[20]宋兴虎,Tufail Ahmed Wagan,Biangkham Souliyanonh,等.氮肥用量及其后效对棉花产量和生物质累积动态的影响[J].棉花学报,2018,30(2):145-154.
[21]马宗斌,严根土,刘桂珍,等.施氮量对黄河滩区棉花叶片生理特性、干物质积累及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(4):849-857.
[22]李鹏程,董合林,刘爱忠,等.种植密度氮肥互作对棉花产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(23):122-130.
[23]薛晓萍,郭文琦,王以琳,等.不同施氮水平下棉花生物量动态增长特征研究[J].棉花学报,2006,18(6):323-326.
[24]董合林,李鹏程,刘爱忠,等.河南植棉区施氮量对麦棉两熟产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].棉花学报,2014,26(1):73-80.
[25]薛晓萍,王建国,郭文琦,等.氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3631-3640.
[26]李伶俐,房卫平,谢德意,等.施氮量对杂交棉干物质积累、分配和氮磷钾吸收、分配与利用的影响[J].棉花学报,2010,22(4):347-353.
[27]王欣悦,刘爱玉,邹茜,等.密度及施氮量对短季直播棉花产量和纤维品质的影响[J].棉花科学,2015(2):24-29.
[28]刘敬然,赵文青,周治国,等.施氮量与播种期对棉花产量和品质及棉铃对位叶光合产物的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):951-961.
[29] Jing D W,Liu F C,Wang M Y,et al.Effects of root pruning on the physicochemical properties and microbial activities of poplar rhizosphere soil[J].Plos One,2017,12(11):e0187685.
[30]张莉,熊波,卢闯,等.包膜尿素与普通尿素掺混施用方式对土壤脲酶及春玉米生长的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(1):40-44.
[31]张萌,赵欢,肖厚军,等.新型肥料对小白菜养分积累特征及黄壤酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,2018,20(6):142-152.
[32]孙建平,汤利,续勇波,等.施氮对小麦蚕豆间作根际土壤脲酶活性的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2015,30(3):464-470.
[33]闫春妮,黄娟,李稹,等.湿地植物根系及其分泌物对土壤脲酶、硝化-反硝化的影响[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(2):303-308.
[34]吕宁,尹飞虎,陈云,等.大气CO2浓度增加与氮肥对棉花生物量、氮吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3337-3344.
[35]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮量对冬小麦根际土壤酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):110-114.
[36]赵平,郑毅,汤利,等.小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):742-747.
[37]栗丽,洪坚平,王宏庭,等.施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(6):1358-1365.