关联演化视角下地理学区域韧性分析的新思考
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摘要
区域韧性是一个区域应对发展进程中短期冲击与长期变化、积极进行自我调适与转型的能力,表征了区域的适应性、创新性与可持续性,作为新兴理念反映了地理学可持续发展与区域研究的新需求。本研究综述了区域韧性研究进展,基于关联演化视角,探索构建区域韧性认知框架,将情境分析与过程分析并重,思考并总结区域韧性分析的方法论,尝试建立区域韧性评估方程,从经济、社会、环境及制度四个维度进行区域韧性评估,将区域韧性应用于中国地理学研究,分析中国区域韧性研究的一般性与特殊性,将区域韧性研究对接中国实际问题,以期对区域韧性研究做出理论贡献,助推地理学区域发展研究及相关认知领域的跨学科讨论、知识集成与学术交流,为国家制定相关区域政策提供参考,并为国家及区域可持续发展提供科学指引。
Regional resilience is the regional capability of a region to cope with the short-and long-term changes in the development process and to actively adjust and transform itself,which represents the adaptability, innovation and sustainability of the region. As a new concept,regional resilience reflects the new requirements of geographical research on sustainable development and regional studies. A relational-dynamic perspective as a new perspective and a new cognitive method of geographical analysis is introduced in this paper towards an understanding of the complexity of regional resilience. In accordance with the concept of contextuality, path dependence and contingency in Western economic geography as well as the multi-perspectival turns of economic geography during the past decades such as the relational turn, the institutional turn, the cultural turn and the evolutionary turn, the relational-dynamic perspective advocates a comprehensive recognition of the complex process of spatial evolution based on multi-dimensionality, which brings new thinking and new methods of regional resilience cognition. This study attempts to grasp the complexity of regional resilience analytically. It examines the latest findings of the international research progresses in the identification and evaluation of regional resilience in geographical sciences. Based on a relational-dynamic perspective, this study explores the construction of a cognitive framework of regional resilience, summarizes the methodology of the analyses on regional resilience with emphases on both context analysis and process analysis, and attempts to establish an assessment equation to evaluate regional resilience from the economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions. By analyzing the generality and particularity of the research on regional resilience in China, this study tries to link the theoretical research on regional resilience to the practical Chinese issues in order to make a theoretical contribution to the regional resilience research, to promote the transdisciplinary discussion with knowledge integration and academic discussion of the research on regional resilience, regional development studies and relative cognitive fields in geographical sciences, and thus to provide scientific guidance for national and reginal sustainable development with decision-making reference to relative policies for the governments. It offers a new perspective for regional planners, scientists and policy makers to facilitate regional governance from an interdisciplinary and relational-dynamic perspective based on a resilience-based spatial cognition.
Regional resilience is the regional capability of a region to cope with the short-and long-term changes in the development process and to actively adjust and transform itself,which represents the adaptability, innovation and sustainability of the region. As a new concept,regional resilience reflects the new requirements of geographical research on sustainable development and regional studies. A relational-dynamic perspective as a new perspective and a new cognitive method of geographical analysis is introduced in this paper towards an understanding of the complexity of regional resilience. In accordance with the concept of contextuality, path dependence and contingency in Western economic geography as well as the multi-perspectival turns of economic geography during the past decades such as the relational turn, the institutional turn, the cultural turn and the evolutionary turn, the relational-dynamic perspective advocates a comprehensive recognition of the complex process of spatial evolution based on multi-dimensionality, which brings new thinking and new methods of regional resilience cognition. This study attempts to grasp the complexity of regional resilience analytically. It examines the latest findings of the international research progresses in the identification and evaluation of regional resilience in geographical sciences. Based on a relational-dynamic perspective, this study explores the construction of a cognitive framework of regional resilience, summarizes the methodology of the analyses on regional resilience with emphases on both context analysis and process analysis, and attempts to establish an assessment equation to evaluate regional resilience from the economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions. By analyzing the generality and particularity of the research on regional resilience in China, this study tries to link the theoretical research on regional resilience to the practical Chinese issues in order to make a theoretical contribution to the regional resilience research, to promote the transdisciplinary discussion with knowledge integration and academic discussion of the research on regional resilience, regional development studies and relative cognitive fields in geographical sciences, and thus to provide scientific guidance for national and reginal sustainable development with decision-making reference to relative policies for the governments. It offers a new perspective for regional planners, scientists and policy makers to facilitate regional governance from an interdisciplinary and relational-dynamic perspective based on a resilience-based spatial cognition.
引文
[1]Boschma R.Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience.Regional Studies,2015,49(5):733-751.
[2]Holling C.Resilience and stability of ecological systems.Annual Aeview of Ecology and Systematics,1973,4(1):1-23.
[3]Brand F.Critical natural capital revisited:Ecological resilience and sustainable development.Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):605-612.
[4]Adger W.Social and ecological resilience:Are they related?Progress in Human Geography,2000,24(3):347-364.
[5]Berkes F,Folke C,Colding J.Linking Social and Ecological Systems:Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000:186-202.
[6]Walker B,Holling C,Carpenter S,et al.Resilience,adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems.Ecology and Society,2004,9(2):3438-3447.
[7]李延森,周金星,吴秀芹.青藏铁路(格拉段)修建对沿线植被生态系统及其弹性的影响.地理研究,2017,36(11):2129-2140.[Li Yansen,Zhou Jinxing,Wu Xiuqin.Effects of the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the vegetation ecosystem and eco-resilience.Geographical Research,2017,36(11):2129-2140.]
[8]王祥荣,谢玉静,李瑛,等.气候变化与中国韧性城市发展对策研究.北京:科学出版社,2016:1-109.[Wang Xiangrong,Xie Yujing,Li Ying,et al.Studies on Climate Change and Development Strategies for the Resilient Cities in China.Beijing:Science Press,2016:1-109.]
[9]孙阳,张落成,姚士谋.基于社会生态系统视角的长三角地区地级城市韧性度评估.中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(8):151-158.[Sun Yang,Zhang Luocheng,Yao Shimou.Evaluating resilience of prefecture cities in the Yangtze River delta region from a socio-ecological perspective.China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(8):151-158.]
[10]Martin R.Regional economic resilience,hysteresis and recessionary shocks.Journal of Economic Geography,2012,12(1):1-32.
[11]Bristow G,Healy A.Building resilient regions:Complex adaptive systems and the role of policy intervention.Raumforschung und Raumordnung,2014,72(2):93-102.
[12]Davies S.Regional resilience in the 2008-2010 downturn:Comparative evidence from European countries.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2011,4(3):369-382.
[13]Pendall R,Foster K,Cowell M.Resilience and regions:Building understanding of the metaphor.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):71-84.
[14]Christopherson S,Michie J,Tyler P.Regional resilience:Theoretical and empirical perspectives.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):3-10.
[15]Li Y.An Exploration of Regional Capability:Towards A Comprehensive Understanding of Regional Development,Governance and Planning in China with Case Studies from the Northeast and Yangtze River Delta,1978-2015.Berlin:Freie Universit?t Berlin,2016.http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/receive/FUDISS_thesis_000000102530.
[16]Dabson B,Heflin C,Miller K.Regional Resilience.Research and Policy Brief.RUPRI,Rural Futures Lab,Harry S.Truman School of Public Affairs,University of Missouri,2012.http://www.resilientresearch.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/RegionalResilience.pdf.
[17]Foster K.A case study approach to understanding regional resilience.Berkeley:Institute of Urban and Regional Development,University of California,2006.http://iurd.berkeley.edu/wp/2007-08.pdf.
[18]Turner B.Vulnerability and resilience:Coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science?Global Environmental Change,2010,20(4):570-576.
[19]Bruneau M,Filiatrault A,Lee G,et al.White Paper on the SDR Grand Challenges for Disaster Reduction.MCEER-05-SP09,5 December 2006.
[20]Nelson D,Adger N,Brown K.Adaptation to environmental change:Contributions of a resilience framework.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2007,32:395-419.
[21]Iordan M,Chilian M,Grigorescu A.Regional resilience in Romania-Between realism and aspirations.Procedia Economics and Finance,2015,22:627-635.
[22]Shaw K,Maythorne L.Managing for local resilience:Towards a strategic approach.Public Policy and Administration,2013,28(1):43-65.
[23]Tierney K.Structure and process in the study of disaster resilience.The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,12-17 October 2008,Beijing,China,2008.http://www.14wcee.org/Proceedings/files/K010.pdf.
[24]Vogel C,Moser S,Kasperson R,et al.Linking vulnerability,adaptation,and resilience science to practice:Pathways,players,and partnerships.Global Environmental Change,2007,17(3-4):349-364.
[25]Eakin H,Wehbe M.Linking local vulnerability to system sustainability in a resilience framework:Two cases from Latin America.Climatic Change,2009,93(3-4):355-377.
[26]Sensier M,Bristow B,Healy A.Measuring regional economic resilience across Europe:Operationalizing a complex concept.Spatial Economic Analysis,2016,11(2):128-151.
[27]Matzenberger J,Hargreaves N,Raha D,et al.A novel approach to assess resilience of energy systems.International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment,2015,6(2):168-181.
[28]Folke C,Carpenter S,Elmqvist T,et al.Resilience and sustainable development:Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations.AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment,2002,31(5):437-440.
[29]Bristow G.Resilient regions:re-‘place'ing regional competitiveness.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):153-167.
[30]Davies A,Tonts M.Economic diversity and regional socioeconomic performance:An empirical analysis of the Western Australian grain belt.Geographical Research,2010,48(3):223-234.
[31]Holland J.Studying complex adaptive systems.Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,2006,19(1):1-8.
[31]Dawley S,Pike A,Tomaney J.Towards the resilient region?Policyactivism and peripheral region development.Local Economy,2010,25(8):650-667.
[33]Crespo J,Suire R,Vicente J.Lock-in or lock-out?How structural properties of knowledge networks affect regional resilience.Journal of Economic Geography,2013,14(1):199-219.
[34]Brunner R,Steelman T,Coe-Juell L,et al.Adaptive Governance:Integrating Science,Policy,and Decision Making.New York:Columbia University Press,2005:176-177.
[35]Simmie J,Martin R.The economic resilience of regions:Towards an evolutionary approach.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):27-43.
[36]Grabher G.The Weakness of Strong Ties:The lock-in of regional development in Ruhr Area.In:Grabher G(ed.).The Embedded Firm:On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks.London:Routledge,1993:255-277.
[37]Diamond J.Collapse:How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.New York:Viking Penguin,2005:249-250.
[38]Turner B,Matson P,McCarthy J,et al.Illustrating the coupled human-environment system for vulnerability analysis:Three case studies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2003,100(14):8080-8085.
[39]Granovetter M.Economic action and economic structure:The problem of embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology,1985,91(3):481-510.
[40]Hodgson G.Economics and Institutions:A manifesto for Modern Institutional Economics.London:Polity,1988.
[41]Bathelt H.Geographies of production:Growth regimes in spatial perspective 3:Towards a relational view of economic action and policy.Progress in Human Geography,2006,30(2):223-236.
[42]Warde A.Recipes for a pudding:A comment on locality.Antipode,1989,21(3):274-281.
[43]Eraydin A.Attributes and characteristics of regional resilience:Defining and measuring the resilience of Turkish regions.Regional Studies,2016,50(4):600-614.
[44]温晓金,杨新军,王子侨.多适应目标下的山地城市社会-生态系统脆弱性评估.地理研究,2016,35(2):299-312.[Wen Xiaojin,Yang Xinjun,Wang Ziqiao.Assessment on the vulnerability of social-ecological systems in a mountainous city depending on multi-targets adaption.Geographical Research,2016,35(2):299-312.]
[45]田亚平,向清成,王鹏.区域人地耦合系统脆弱性及其评估指标体系.地理研究,2013,32(1):55-63.[Tian Yaping,Xiang Qingcheng,Wang Peng.Regional coupled human-natural systems vulnerability and its evaluation indexes.Geographical Research,2013,32(1):55-63.]
[46]陈佳,杨新军,尹莎,等.基于VSD框架的半干旱地区社会-生态系统脆弱性演化与模拟.地理学报,2016,71(7):1172-1188.[Chen Jia,Yangxinjun,Yinsha,et al.The vulnerability evolution and simulation of the social-ecological systems in the semi-arid area based on the VSD framework.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(7):1172-1188.]
[47]王琛,郭一琼.地方产业抵御经济危机的弹性影响因素:以电子信息产业为例.地理研究,2018,37(7):1297-1307.[Wang Chen,Guo Yiqiong.Resilience and resistance of local industry to economic crisis:A case study of China's IT industry.Geographical Research,2018,37(7):1297-1307.]
[2]Holling C.Resilience and stability of ecological systems.Annual Aeview of Ecology and Systematics,1973,4(1):1-23.
[3]Brand F.Critical natural capital revisited:Ecological resilience and sustainable development.Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):605-612.
[4]Adger W.Social and ecological resilience:Are they related?Progress in Human Geography,2000,24(3):347-364.
[5]Berkes F,Folke C,Colding J.Linking Social and Ecological Systems:Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000:186-202.
[6]Walker B,Holling C,Carpenter S,et al.Resilience,adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems.Ecology and Society,2004,9(2):3438-3447.
[7]李延森,周金星,吴秀芹.青藏铁路(格拉段)修建对沿线植被生态系统及其弹性的影响.地理研究,2017,36(11):2129-2140.[Li Yansen,Zhou Jinxing,Wu Xiuqin.Effects of the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the vegetation ecosystem and eco-resilience.Geographical Research,2017,36(11):2129-2140.]
[8]王祥荣,谢玉静,李瑛,等.气候变化与中国韧性城市发展对策研究.北京:科学出版社,2016:1-109.[Wang Xiangrong,Xie Yujing,Li Ying,et al.Studies on Climate Change and Development Strategies for the Resilient Cities in China.Beijing:Science Press,2016:1-109.]
[9]孙阳,张落成,姚士谋.基于社会生态系统视角的长三角地区地级城市韧性度评估.中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(8):151-158.[Sun Yang,Zhang Luocheng,Yao Shimou.Evaluating resilience of prefecture cities in the Yangtze River delta region from a socio-ecological perspective.China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(8):151-158.]
[10]Martin R.Regional economic resilience,hysteresis and recessionary shocks.Journal of Economic Geography,2012,12(1):1-32.
[11]Bristow G,Healy A.Building resilient regions:Complex adaptive systems and the role of policy intervention.Raumforschung und Raumordnung,2014,72(2):93-102.
[12]Davies S.Regional resilience in the 2008-2010 downturn:Comparative evidence from European countries.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2011,4(3):369-382.
[13]Pendall R,Foster K,Cowell M.Resilience and regions:Building understanding of the metaphor.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):71-84.
[14]Christopherson S,Michie J,Tyler P.Regional resilience:Theoretical and empirical perspectives.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):3-10.
[15]Li Y.An Exploration of Regional Capability:Towards A Comprehensive Understanding of Regional Development,Governance and Planning in China with Case Studies from the Northeast and Yangtze River Delta,1978-2015.Berlin:Freie Universit?t Berlin,2016.http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/receive/FUDISS_thesis_000000102530.
[16]Dabson B,Heflin C,Miller K.Regional Resilience.Research and Policy Brief.RUPRI,Rural Futures Lab,Harry S.Truman School of Public Affairs,University of Missouri,2012.http://www.resilientresearch.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/RegionalResilience.pdf.
[17]Foster K.A case study approach to understanding regional resilience.Berkeley:Institute of Urban and Regional Development,University of California,2006.http://iurd.berkeley.edu/wp/2007-08.pdf.
[18]Turner B.Vulnerability and resilience:Coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science?Global Environmental Change,2010,20(4):570-576.
[19]Bruneau M,Filiatrault A,Lee G,et al.White Paper on the SDR Grand Challenges for Disaster Reduction.MCEER-05-SP09,5 December 2006.
[20]Nelson D,Adger N,Brown K.Adaptation to environmental change:Contributions of a resilience framework.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2007,32:395-419.
[21]Iordan M,Chilian M,Grigorescu A.Regional resilience in Romania-Between realism and aspirations.Procedia Economics and Finance,2015,22:627-635.
[22]Shaw K,Maythorne L.Managing for local resilience:Towards a strategic approach.Public Policy and Administration,2013,28(1):43-65.
[23]Tierney K.Structure and process in the study of disaster resilience.The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,12-17 October 2008,Beijing,China,2008.http://www.14wcee.org/Proceedings/files/K010.pdf.
[24]Vogel C,Moser S,Kasperson R,et al.Linking vulnerability,adaptation,and resilience science to practice:Pathways,players,and partnerships.Global Environmental Change,2007,17(3-4):349-364.
[25]Eakin H,Wehbe M.Linking local vulnerability to system sustainability in a resilience framework:Two cases from Latin America.Climatic Change,2009,93(3-4):355-377.
[26]Sensier M,Bristow B,Healy A.Measuring regional economic resilience across Europe:Operationalizing a complex concept.Spatial Economic Analysis,2016,11(2):128-151.
[27]Matzenberger J,Hargreaves N,Raha D,et al.A novel approach to assess resilience of energy systems.International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment,2015,6(2):168-181.
[28]Folke C,Carpenter S,Elmqvist T,et al.Resilience and sustainable development:Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations.AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment,2002,31(5):437-440.
[29]Bristow G.Resilient regions:re-‘place'ing regional competitiveness.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):153-167.
[30]Davies A,Tonts M.Economic diversity and regional socioeconomic performance:An empirical analysis of the Western Australian grain belt.Geographical Research,2010,48(3):223-234.
[31]Holland J.Studying complex adaptive systems.Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,2006,19(1):1-8.
[31]Dawley S,Pike A,Tomaney J.Towards the resilient region?Policyactivism and peripheral region development.Local Economy,2010,25(8):650-667.
[33]Crespo J,Suire R,Vicente J.Lock-in or lock-out?How structural properties of knowledge networks affect regional resilience.Journal of Economic Geography,2013,14(1):199-219.
[34]Brunner R,Steelman T,Coe-Juell L,et al.Adaptive Governance:Integrating Science,Policy,and Decision Making.New York:Columbia University Press,2005:176-177.
[35]Simmie J,Martin R.The economic resilience of regions:Towards an evolutionary approach.Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2010,3(1):27-43.
[36]Grabher G.The Weakness of Strong Ties:The lock-in of regional development in Ruhr Area.In:Grabher G(ed.).The Embedded Firm:On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks.London:Routledge,1993:255-277.
[37]Diamond J.Collapse:How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.New York:Viking Penguin,2005:249-250.
[38]Turner B,Matson P,McCarthy J,et al.Illustrating the coupled human-environment system for vulnerability analysis:Three case studies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2003,100(14):8080-8085.
[39]Granovetter M.Economic action and economic structure:The problem of embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology,1985,91(3):481-510.
[40]Hodgson G.Economics and Institutions:A manifesto for Modern Institutional Economics.London:Polity,1988.
[41]Bathelt H.Geographies of production:Growth regimes in spatial perspective 3:Towards a relational view of economic action and policy.Progress in Human Geography,2006,30(2):223-236.
[42]Warde A.Recipes for a pudding:A comment on locality.Antipode,1989,21(3):274-281.
[43]Eraydin A.Attributes and characteristics of regional resilience:Defining and measuring the resilience of Turkish regions.Regional Studies,2016,50(4):600-614.
[44]温晓金,杨新军,王子侨.多适应目标下的山地城市社会-生态系统脆弱性评估.地理研究,2016,35(2):299-312.[Wen Xiaojin,Yang Xinjun,Wang Ziqiao.Assessment on the vulnerability of social-ecological systems in a mountainous city depending on multi-targets adaption.Geographical Research,2016,35(2):299-312.]
[45]田亚平,向清成,王鹏.区域人地耦合系统脆弱性及其评估指标体系.地理研究,2013,32(1):55-63.[Tian Yaping,Xiang Qingcheng,Wang Peng.Regional coupled human-natural systems vulnerability and its evaluation indexes.Geographical Research,2013,32(1):55-63.]
[46]陈佳,杨新军,尹莎,等.基于VSD框架的半干旱地区社会-生态系统脆弱性演化与模拟.地理学报,2016,71(7):1172-1188.[Chen Jia,Yangxinjun,Yinsha,et al.The vulnerability evolution and simulation of the social-ecological systems in the semi-arid area based on the VSD framework.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(7):1172-1188.]
[47]王琛,郭一琼.地方产业抵御经济危机的弹性影响因素:以电子信息产业为例.地理研究,2018,37(7):1297-1307.[Wang Chen,Guo Yiqiong.Resilience and resistance of local industry to economic crisis:A case study of China's IT industry.Geographical Research,2018,37(7):1297-1307.]