陶瓷膜超滤净化石灰法制糖清汁
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摘要
对孔径为0.04?μm的陶瓷超滤膜进一步净化石灰法制糖的清汁进行研究,在跨膜压差0.45～0.50 MPa、膜面流速4.0～4.5 m/s、过滤温度75～97℃的条件下过滤甘蔗汁30 h,膜渗透通量从350.6 L/(m~2·h)降低至160.2 L/(m~2·h),平均通量为177.8 L/(m~2·h),能满足工业化生产的需求。甘蔗汁经陶瓷膜过滤后品质被进一步提升,简纯度可提高2.01个单位,色素去除率为20.20%,澄清度从79.18%提升至99.98%。研究膜污染形成发现,陶瓷膜过滤甘蔗汁会在膜表面形成一层污染层,膜污染物的主要成分为有机物(多糖、蛋白质、酯类及酚类等物质),同时还含有少量的Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、Cl、K、Ca及Fe等无机成分。污染膜依次采用工业净水、1%NaOH-0.5%NaClO混合溶液、0.5%HNO_3溶液清洗,膜通量恢复率均高于95.5%,重复性较好,是一种有效的膜清洗方法。
This?study?investigated?the?application?of?an?ultrafiltration?ceramic?membrane (0.04?μm)?to?refine?defecated?sugarcane?juice.?The?sugarcane?juice?was?ultrafiltrated?for?30?h?under?the?following?conditions:?transmembrane?pressure?difference?0.45–0.50?MPa,?crossflow?velocity?4.0–4.5?m/s, and temperature 75–97 ℃.?The?membrane?permeate?flux?was?decreased from 350.6 to 160.2 L/(m~2·h)?during?the?ultrafiltration?process?and?the?average?flux?rate?was?177.8?L/(m~2·h), which could meet the requirement of industrial production. The apparent purity of sugarcane juice was increased by 2.01 units after ultrafiltration,?the?percentage?removal?of?pigments?was?20.20%, and the clarity was elevated from 79.18% to 99.98%. A fouling?layer?comp?was?formed?on?the?membrane?surface?during?the?ultrafiltration?process,?which?mainly?consisted?of?organic?depositions (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, aliphatics and phenols) as well as lesser amount of inorganic components such as?Na,?Mg,?Al,?Si,?P,?Cl,?K,?Ca?and?Fe.?A?flux?recovery?rate?of?higher?than?95.5% was obtained with good repeatability when fouled membrane was successively rinsed with clean industrial water, a mixed solution of 1.0% NaOH and 0.5% NaClO, and 0.5% HNO_3 solution, suggesting that this cleaning method was feasible.
This?study?investigated?the?application?of?an?ultrafiltration?ceramic?membrane (0.04?μm)?to?refine?defecated?sugarcane?juice.?The?sugarcane?juice?was?ultrafiltrated?for?30?h?under?the?following?conditions:?transmembrane?pressure?difference?0.45–0.50?MPa,?crossflow?velocity?4.0–4.5?m/s, and temperature 75–97 ℃.?The?membrane?permeate?flux?was?decreased from 350.6 to 160.2 L/(m~2·h)?during?the?ultrafiltration?process?and?the?average?flux?rate?was?177.8?L/(m~2·h), which could meet the requirement of industrial production. The apparent purity of sugarcane juice was increased by 2.01 units after ultrafiltration,?the?percentage?removal?of?pigments?was?20.20%, and the clarity was elevated from 79.18% to 99.98%. A fouling?layer?comp?was?formed?on?the?membrane?surface?during?the?ultrafiltration?process,?which?mainly?consisted?of?organic?depositions (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, aliphatics and phenols) as well as lesser amount of inorganic components such as?Na,?Mg,?Al,?Si,?P,?Cl,?K,?Ca?and?Fe.?A?flux?recovery?rate?of?higher?than?95.5% was obtained with good repeatability when fouled membrane was successively rinsed with clean industrial water, a mixed solution of 1.0% NaOH and 0.5% NaClO, and 0.5% HNO_3 solution, suggesting that this cleaning method was feasible.
引文
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[12]CHEN Z,LUO J,HANG X,et al.Physicochemical characterization of tight nanofiltration membranes for dairy wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2018,547:51-63.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.037.
[13]MESCHKE K,HANSEN N,HOFMANN R,et al.Characterization and performance evaluation of polymeric nanofiltration membranes for the separation of strategic elements from aqueous solutions[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2018,546:246-257.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.067.
[14]JEONG Y,HERMANOWICZ S W,PARK C.Treatment of food waste recycling wastewater using anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor for biogas production in mainstream treatment process of domestic wastewater[J].Water Research,2017,123:86-95.DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.049.
[15]LUO W,XIE M,SONG X,et al.Biomimetic aquaporin membranes for osmotic membrane bioreactors:membrane performance and contaminant removal[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,249:62-68.DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.170.
[16]LI W,LING G Q,SHI C R,et al.Pilot demonstration of ceramic membrane ultrafiltration of sugarcane juice for raw sugar production[J].Sugar Tech,2017,19(1):83-88.DOI:10.1007/s12355-016-0434-1.
[17]JEGATHEESAN V,SHU L,KEIR G,et al.Evaluating membrane technology for clarification of sugarcane juice[J].Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology,2012,11(2):109-124.DOI:10.1007/s11157-012-9271-1.
[18]YIN N,ZHONG Z,XING W.Ceramic membrane fouling and cleaning in ultrafiltration of desulfurization wastewater[J].Desalination,2013,319:92-98.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.028.
[19]LI M,ZHAO Y,ZHOU S,et al.Clarification of raw rice wine by ceramic microfiltration membranes and membrane fouling analysis[J].Desalination,2010,256:166-173.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2010.01.018.
[20]华南理工大学轻工与食品学院.制糖工业分析[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1981:24-32.
[21]GHOSH A M,BALAKRISHNAN M.Pilot demonstration of sugarcane juice ultrafiltration in an Indian sugar factory[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2003,58(2):143-150.DOI:10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00340-0.
[22]DILAVER M,HOCAOGLU S M,SOYDEMIR G,et al.Hot wastewater recovery by using ceramic membrane ultrafiltration and its reusability in textile industry[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,171:220-233.DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.015.
[23]CHENG X,LIANG H,DING A,et al.Ferrous iron/peroxymonosulfate oxidation as a pretreatment for ceramic ultrafiltration membrane:control of natural organic matter fouling and degradation of atrazine[J].Water Research,2017,113:32-41.DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.055.
[24]ZURIAGA-AGUSTI E,ALVENTOSA-DELARA E,BARREDO-DAMAS S,et al.Performance of ceramic ultrafiltration membranes and fouling behavior of a dye-polysaccharide binary system[J].Water Research,2014,54:199-210.DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.064.
[25]ALVENTOSA-DELARA E,BARREDO-DAMAS S,ZURIAGA-AGUSTI E,et al.Ultrafiltration ceramic membrane performance during the treatment of model solutions containing dye and salt[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2014,129:96-105.DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.001.
[26]QU R J,LI K,HANG F X,et al.Analysis of sedimentary components in post-haze concentrated sugarcane juice[J].Sugar Technology,2018,20(5):617-620.DOI:10.1007/s12355-017-0581-z.
[27]KIM H C,HONG J H,LEE S.Fouling of microfiltration membranes by natural organic matter after coagulation treatment:a comparison of different initial mixing conditions[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2006,283:266-272.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.041.
[28]YI X S,ZHAO Z W,SHI W X,et al.Organic pollutants variation and antifouling enhancement with attapulgite clay addition in MBRtreating micro-polluted surface water[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2013,223:891-898.DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.110.
[29]XIE F,CHEN W,WANG J,et al.Fouling characteristics and enhancement mechanisms in a submerged flat-sheet membrane bioreactor equipped with micro-channel turbulence promoters with micro-pores[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2015,495:361-371.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.057.
[30]ZHANG H,ZHONG Z,XING W.Application of ceramic membranes in the treatment of oilfield-produced water:effects of polyacrylamide and inorganic salts[J].Desalination,2013,309:84-90.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2012.09.012.
[31]CHEN P,ZHONG Z,LIU F,et al.Cleaning ceramic membranes used in treating desizing wastewater with a complex-surfactant SDBS-assisted method[J].Desalination,2015,365:25-35.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.037.
[32]ZHONG Z,LI F,XING W.Fouling formation and removal in the microfiltration of Mg(OH)_2 suspension with ceramic membrane[J].Desalination,2013,325:132-137.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.021.
[2]FARMANI B,HADDADEKHODAPARAST M H,HESARI J,et al.Determining optimum conditions for sugarcane juice refinement by pilot plant dead-end ceramic micro-filtration[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2010,10(4):351-357.
[3]JEGATHEESAN V,PHONG D D,SHU L,et al.Performance of ceramic micro-and ultrafiltration membranes treating limed and partially clarified sugar cane juice[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2009,327:69-77.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2008.11.008.
[4]LUO J,HANG X,ZHAI W,et al.Refining sugarcane juice by an integrated membrane process:filtration behavior of polymeric membrane at high temperature[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2016,509:105-115.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.053.
[5]LI W,LING G,LEI F,et al.Ceramic membrane fouling and cleaning during ultrafiltration of limed sugarcane juice[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2018,190:9-24.DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2017.08.046.
[6]STEINDL R J,RACKEMANN D W.Membrane filtration of clarified juice[J].International Sugar Journal,2010,112(1342):561-568.
[7]JEGATHEESAN V,SHU L,PHONG D D,et al.Clarification and concentration of sugar cane juice through ultra,nano and reverse osmosis membranes[J].Membrane Water Treatment,2012,3(2):99-111.DOI:10.12989/mwt.2012.3.2.099.
[8]DOHERTY W O S,RACKEMANN D W,STEINDL R J.Fouling of tubular ceramic membranes during processing of cane sugar juice[J].Desalination and Water Treatment,2010,16:45-56.DOI:10.5004/dwt.2010.1046.
[9]RAFIK M,QABLI H,BELHAMIDI S,et al.Membrane separation in the sugar industry[J].Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,2015,7(9):653-658.
[10]PRISCILLA D S G,PAOLA D S G,SUELI T D D B,et al.Pretreatment with ceramic membrane microfiltration in the clarification process of sugarcane juice by ultrafiltration[J].Acta Scientiarum Technology,2014,36(2):303-306.DOI:10.4025/actascitechnol.v36i2.17322.
[11]RACAR M,DOLAR D,KOSUTIC K.Chemical cleaning of flat sheet ultrafiltration membranes fouled by effluent organic matter[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2017,188:140-146.DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.041.
[12]CHEN Z,LUO J,HANG X,et al.Physicochemical characterization of tight nanofiltration membranes for dairy wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2018,547:51-63.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.037.
[13]MESCHKE K,HANSEN N,HOFMANN R,et al.Characterization and performance evaluation of polymeric nanofiltration membranes for the separation of strategic elements from aqueous solutions[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2018,546:246-257.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.067.
[14]JEONG Y,HERMANOWICZ S W,PARK C.Treatment of food waste recycling wastewater using anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor for biogas production in mainstream treatment process of domestic wastewater[J].Water Research,2017,123:86-95.DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.049.
[15]LUO W,XIE M,SONG X,et al.Biomimetic aquaporin membranes for osmotic membrane bioreactors:membrane performance and contaminant removal[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,249:62-68.DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.170.
[16]LI W,LING G Q,SHI C R,et al.Pilot demonstration of ceramic membrane ultrafiltration of sugarcane juice for raw sugar production[J].Sugar Tech,2017,19(1):83-88.DOI:10.1007/s12355-016-0434-1.
[17]JEGATHEESAN V,SHU L,KEIR G,et al.Evaluating membrane technology for clarification of sugarcane juice[J].Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology,2012,11(2):109-124.DOI:10.1007/s11157-012-9271-1.
[18]YIN N,ZHONG Z,XING W.Ceramic membrane fouling and cleaning in ultrafiltration of desulfurization wastewater[J].Desalination,2013,319:92-98.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.028.
[19]LI M,ZHAO Y,ZHOU S,et al.Clarification of raw rice wine by ceramic microfiltration membranes and membrane fouling analysis[J].Desalination,2010,256:166-173.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2010.01.018.
[20]华南理工大学轻工与食品学院.制糖工业分析[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1981:24-32.
[21]GHOSH A M,BALAKRISHNAN M.Pilot demonstration of sugarcane juice ultrafiltration in an Indian sugar factory[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2003,58(2):143-150.DOI:10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00340-0.
[22]DILAVER M,HOCAOGLU S M,SOYDEMIR G,et al.Hot wastewater recovery by using ceramic membrane ultrafiltration and its reusability in textile industry[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,171:220-233.DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.015.
[23]CHENG X,LIANG H,DING A,et al.Ferrous iron/peroxymonosulfate oxidation as a pretreatment for ceramic ultrafiltration membrane:control of natural organic matter fouling and degradation of atrazine[J].Water Research,2017,113:32-41.DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.055.
[24]ZURIAGA-AGUSTI E,ALVENTOSA-DELARA E,BARREDO-DAMAS S,et al.Performance of ceramic ultrafiltration membranes and fouling behavior of a dye-polysaccharide binary system[J].Water Research,2014,54:199-210.DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.064.
[25]ALVENTOSA-DELARA E,BARREDO-DAMAS S,ZURIAGA-AGUSTI E,et al.Ultrafiltration ceramic membrane performance during the treatment of model solutions containing dye and salt[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2014,129:96-105.DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.001.
[26]QU R J,LI K,HANG F X,et al.Analysis of sedimentary components in post-haze concentrated sugarcane juice[J].Sugar Technology,2018,20(5):617-620.DOI:10.1007/s12355-017-0581-z.
[27]KIM H C,HONG J H,LEE S.Fouling of microfiltration membranes by natural organic matter after coagulation treatment:a comparison of different initial mixing conditions[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2006,283:266-272.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.041.
[28]YI X S,ZHAO Z W,SHI W X,et al.Organic pollutants variation and antifouling enhancement with attapulgite clay addition in MBRtreating micro-polluted surface water[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2013,223:891-898.DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.110.
[29]XIE F,CHEN W,WANG J,et al.Fouling characteristics and enhancement mechanisms in a submerged flat-sheet membrane bioreactor equipped with micro-channel turbulence promoters with micro-pores[J].Journal of Membrane Science,2015,495:361-371.DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.057.
[30]ZHANG H,ZHONG Z,XING W.Application of ceramic membranes in the treatment of oilfield-produced water:effects of polyacrylamide and inorganic salts[J].Desalination,2013,309:84-90.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2012.09.012.
[31]CHEN P,ZHONG Z,LIU F,et al.Cleaning ceramic membranes used in treating desizing wastewater with a complex-surfactant SDBS-assisted method[J].Desalination,2015,365:25-35.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.037.
[32]ZHONG Z,LI F,XING W.Fouling formation and removal in the microfiltration of Mg(OH)_2 suspension with ceramic membrane[J].Desalination,2013,325:132-137.DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.021.