披碱草属植物抗逆性研究现状和存在的问题
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摘要
披碱草属是禾本科小麦族重要的经济属,主要分布在海拔2000～5200 m的地区。属内绝大多数种是优良牧草,饲用价值极高,该属部分种具有耐盐、抗旱、耐寒等优良抗性,适应性广,遗传多样性丰富,因此不仅是生态恢复的重要物种,也能为其他牧草和麦类作物提供优异的基因资源。按照狭义上的分类标准,该属在全世界共有30余种,我国有13种,主要有老芒麦、披碱草、垂穗披碱草、短芒披碱草、圆柱披碱草等。近年来,由于全球变化和人类活动引起非生物胁迫的加剧,越来越多的研究开始关注披碱草属非生物胁迫抗性,包括耐盐性、抗旱性、低温胁迫抗性、重金属胁迫及复合胁迫抗性,其中大多数研究来自中国学者。目前绝大多数关于披碱草属抗逆性的研究主要集中在通过电解质外渗率、叶绿素、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶活性等生理指标评价属内不同种,和/或不同品种/种质的抗性方面,然而这些研究采用了不同的分析方法和评价体系,导致得出的结果不尽相同。此外,除了冷胁迫外,目前关于该属植物的抗逆机制却极少涉及。因此,综述了近年来在披碱草属植物抗逆性方面的研究进展,并提出存在的问题及今后研究的方向,旨在为进一步挖掘和利用其优良遗传资源奠定基础。
Elymus is an economically important genus belonging to the tribe Triticeae, within the grass family, Poaceae. In China it is mainly found at altitudes of 2000-5200 m. Most species in this genus have potential as forage grasses, as they have a high feeding value. Some species show wide adaptability and excellent abiotic stress tolerance, including salt tolerance, drought resistance, and cold resistance, among others. Elymus also has a rich genetic diversity. Therefore, members of this genus are not only important species for ecological restoration, but can also provide excellent genetic resources for improvement of other grass and cereal crop species. Worldwide, there are over 30 species of Elymus, of which thirteen species are distributed in China, including Elymus sibiricus, Elymus nutans, Elymus dahuricus, Elymus breviaristatus, Elymus cylindricus, and others. In the past few years, on account of increased abiotic stress caused by global change arising from human activities, more and more researches have focused on the resistance to abiotic stresses of Elymus, including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, low temperature tolerance, resistance to heavy metals and multiple stress tolerance. Most of this research on abiotic stress tolerance of Elymus species has been carried out by Chinese researchers, and has involved a comparison between different species, and/or different varieties or germplasm lines from Elymus or related species. There is also a suite of commonly investigated physiological indicators, such as electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, accumulation of proline and other osmoregulatory substances, and activities of antioxidase, and related enzymes. These studies have employed a variety of analysis methods and evaluation systems, which has led to conflicting results in some cases. In addition, there has been little research into the mechanisms conferring tolerance to environmental stresses, apart from some exploration of chilling tolerance in E. nutans. This review summarizes the research progress in the last few years into abiotic stress tolerance of Elymus, and identifies the existing gaps in knowledge and the direction for future research. In this way it is hoped to lay the foundation for further extraction and utilization of the diverse genetic resources of Elymus.
Elymus is an economically important genus belonging to the tribe Triticeae, within the grass family, Poaceae. In China it is mainly found at altitudes of 2000-5200 m. Most species in this genus have potential as forage grasses, as they have a high feeding value. Some species show wide adaptability and excellent abiotic stress tolerance, including salt tolerance, drought resistance, and cold resistance, among others. Elymus also has a rich genetic diversity. Therefore, members of this genus are not only important species for ecological restoration, but can also provide excellent genetic resources for improvement of other grass and cereal crop species. Worldwide, there are over 30 species of Elymus, of which thirteen species are distributed in China, including Elymus sibiricus, Elymus nutans, Elymus dahuricus, Elymus breviaristatus, Elymus cylindricus, and others. In the past few years, on account of increased abiotic stress caused by global change arising from human activities, more and more researches have focused on the resistance to abiotic stresses of Elymus, including salt tolerance, drought tolerance, low temperature tolerance, resistance to heavy metals and multiple stress tolerance. Most of this research on abiotic stress tolerance of Elymus species has been carried out by Chinese researchers, and has involved a comparison between different species, and/or different varieties or germplasm lines from Elymus or related species. There is also a suite of commonly investigated physiological indicators, such as electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, accumulation of proline and other osmoregulatory substances, and activities of antioxidase, and related enzymes. These studies have employed a variety of analysis methods and evaluation systems, which has led to conflicting results in some cases. In addition, there has been little research into the mechanisms conferring tolerance to environmental stresses, apart from some exploration of chilling tolerance in E. nutans. This review summarizes the research progress in the last few years into abiotic stress tolerance of Elymus, and identifies the existing gaps in knowledge and the direction for future research. In this way it is hoped to lay the foundation for further extraction and utilization of the diverse genetic resources of Elymus.
引文
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