致密砂岩储层多尺度裂缝分级建模方法——以红河油田92井区长8储层为例
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摘要
天然裂缝是致密砂岩储层的重要储集空间和渗流通道,具有明显的多尺度特征,建立多尺度裂缝三维地质模型对提高该类油藏开发效率具有重要的实际意义。但是,目前多尺度裂缝建模方法缺少系统深入的研究,尤其是小尺度裂缝建模约束条件单一,随机性强,可靠性低。因此,本文以红河油田92井区长8储层为例,首先利用野外露头、岩心、测井、地震等资料,将天然裂缝主要分为3种规模类型:大尺度裂缝、中尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝。在此基础上,提出了多尺度裂缝分级建模思路:(1)用人工地震解释的确定性方法建立大尺度裂缝模型;(2)用蚂蚁体追踪的确定性方法建立中尺度裂缝模型;(3)在建立三维脆性指数模型和地震属性融合体的基础上,利用多元线性回归方法融合岩石脆性指数模型、到断层距离属性体、地震属性融合体建立井间裂缝发育概率体,并以此为软数据约束建立裂缝密度模型,然后在裂缝几何形态和裂缝密度模型的约束下,用基于目标的示性点过程模拟方法建立小尺度裂缝模型。最后,将大尺度裂缝、中尺度裂缝和小尺度裂缝离散网络模型融合成综合离散裂缝网络模型,并通过粗化得到裂缝属性模型。经验证,建立的裂缝模型与地质认识和生产动态数据均吻合较好,为油藏数值模拟提供了地质依据。
Natural fractures are an important storage space and major flow channels in tight sandstones, and have obvious multi-scale features. Thus the establishment of three-dimensional multi-scale fracture geological models has important practical significance for improving the development efficiency of this kind of reservoir. However, multi-scale fracture modeling methods lack systematic and detailed research. Especially the small scale fracture model generally has strong randomness and low reliability due to a single constraint condition. Therefore, taking the eighth member of the Yanchang Formation in wellblock 92 of the Honghe oilfield as an example, based on outcrop, core, logging and seismic data, this paper divides natural fractures into three types, namely large scale fractures, mesoscale fractures and small scale fractures. On this basis, a hierarchical modeling approach to multi-scale fractures is proposed:(1)The large scale fracture model is built by using the deterministic method of manual seismic interpretation;(2) the mesoscale fracture model is set up by using the deterministic method of ant tracking;(3) on the basis of establishing a 3 D brittle index model and a seismic attribute fusion body, the multiple linear regression method is used to combine the rock brittleness index model, the fault distance property body and the seismic attribute fusion body to obtain the inter-well fracture development probability body, which is used as secondary data to establish the fracture density model. Next, under the constraint of fracture geometry and the fracture density model, the small fracture model is constructed by an object-based marked point processes simulation. Finally, a comprehensive discrete fracture network model is built by integrating the large scale, mesoscale and small scale fracture models and fracture properties models are established by upscaling. It is proved that fracture models established are in good agreement with the geological understanding and production data, which provide the geological foundation for the numerical reservoir simulation.
Natural fractures are an important storage space and major flow channels in tight sandstones, and have obvious multi-scale features. Thus the establishment of three-dimensional multi-scale fracture geological models has important practical significance for improving the development efficiency of this kind of reservoir. However, multi-scale fracture modeling methods lack systematic and detailed research. Especially the small scale fracture model generally has strong randomness and low reliability due to a single constraint condition. Therefore, taking the eighth member of the Yanchang Formation in wellblock 92 of the Honghe oilfield as an example, based on outcrop, core, logging and seismic data, this paper divides natural fractures into three types, namely large scale fractures, mesoscale fractures and small scale fractures. On this basis, a hierarchical modeling approach to multi-scale fractures is proposed:(1)The large scale fracture model is built by using the deterministic method of manual seismic interpretation;(2) the mesoscale fracture model is set up by using the deterministic method of ant tracking;(3) on the basis of establishing a 3 D brittle index model and a seismic attribute fusion body, the multiple linear regression method is used to combine the rock brittleness index model, the fault distance property body and the seismic attribute fusion body to obtain the inter-well fracture development probability body, which is used as secondary data to establish the fracture density model. Next, under the constraint of fracture geometry and the fracture density model, the small fracture model is constructed by an object-based marked point processes simulation. Finally, a comprehensive discrete fracture network model is built by integrating the large scale, mesoscale and small scale fracture models and fracture properties models are established by upscaling. It is proved that fracture models established are in good agreement with the geological understanding and production data, which provide the geological foundation for the numerical reservoir simulation.
引文
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[3]STRIJKER G,BERTOTTI G,LUTHI S M.Multi-scale fracture network analysis from an outcrop analogue:A case study from the Cambro-Ordovician clastic succession in Petra,Jordan[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2012,38(1):104-116.
[4]OLSON J E,LAUBACH S E,LANDER R H.Natural fracture characterization in tight gas sandstones:Integrating mechanics and diagenesis[J].AAPG Bulletin MEMOIR 107,2009,93(11):1535-1549.
[5]LAW B E,SPENCER C W.The Pinedale gas field:A sweet spot in a regionally pervasive basin-centered gas accumulation,Green River and Hoback Basins,Wyoming[J].AAPG Memoir 107,2014:37-59.
[6]NELSON R A,MOLDOVANYI E P,MATCEK C C,et al.Production characteristics of the fractured rservoirs of the La Paz Field,Maracaibo Basin,Venezuela[J].AAPE Bulletin,2000,84(11):1791-1809.
[7]刘建军,吴明洋,宋睿,等.低渗透油藏储层多尺度裂缝的建模方法研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,39(4):90-103.[LIU J J,WU M Y,SONG R,et al.Study on simulation method of multi-scale fractures in low permeability reservoirs[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University,2017,39(4):90-103.]
[8]郎晓玲,郭召杰.基于DFN离散裂缝网络模型的裂缝性储层建模方法[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2013,49(6):964-972.[LANG X L,GUO Z J.Fractured reservoir modeling method based on discrete fracture network model[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2013,49(6):964-972.]
[9]王建华.DFN模型裂缝建模新技术[J].断块油气田,2008,15(6):55-58.[WANG J H.DFN model:A new modelling technology for fracture[J].Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,2008,15(6):55-58.]
[10]DERSHOWITZ B,LAPOINTE P,EIBEN T,et al.Integration of discrete feature network methods with conventional simulator approaches[J].SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,1998,3(2):165-170.
[11]SABATHIER J C,BOURBIAUX B J,CACAS M C,et al.A new approach of fractured reservoirs[C]//International petroleum conference and exhibition of Mexico.MEXICO:Society of Petroleum Engineers,1998.
[12]李阳,侯加根,李永强.碳酸盐岩缝洞型储集体特征及分类分级地质建模[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(4):600-606.[LI Y,HOU J G,LI Y Q.Features and classified hierarchical modeling of carbonate fracture-cavity reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration&Development,2016,43(4):600-606.]
[13]侯加根,马晓强,刘钰铭,等.缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多类多尺度建模方法研究:以塔河油田四区奥陶系油藏为例[J].地学前缘,2012,19(2):59-66.[HOU J G,MA X Q,LIU Y M,et al.Modeling of carbonate fracture-vuggy reservoir:A case study of Ordovician reservoir of 4th block in Tahe Oilfield[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(2):59-66.]
[14]薛艳梅,夏东领,苏宗富,等.多信息融合分级裂缝建模[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(2):57-63.[XUE Y M,XIA D L,SU Z F,et al.Fracture modeling at different scales based on convergent multi-source information[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University,2014,36(2):57-63.]
[15]王乐之,刘红磊,张纪喜,等.普光大湾地区断裂系统自动识别及裂缝建模研究[J].科学技术与工程,2013,13(18):5304-5307.[WANG L Z,LIU H L,ZHANG J X,et al.Study on the automatic recognition of fault-system and fracture modeling in Dawan area of Puguang gasfield[J].Science Technology&Engineering,2013,13(18):5304-5307.]
[16]KADLEC B J,DORN G A,TUFO H M,et al.Interactive 3-D computation of fault surfaces using level sets[J].Visual Geosciences,2008,13(1):133-138.
[17]张欣.蚂蚁追踪在断层自动解释中的应用--以平湖油田放鹤亭构造为例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(2):278-281.[ZHANG X.Application of ant tracing algorithm in fault automatic interpretation:A case study on Fangheting structure in Pinghu Oilfield[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2010,45(2):278-281.]
[18]孙乐,王志章,李汉林,等.基于蚂蚁算法的断裂追踪技术在乌夏地区的应用[J].断块油气田,2014,21(6):716-721.[SUN L,WANG Z Z,LI H L,et al.Application of fault tracking technology based on ant colony algorithm in Wuxia Area[J].Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,2014,21(6):716-721.]
[19]吕文雅.致密砂岩储层多尺度裂缝主控因素及对产能的贡献--以鄂南地区长8储层为例[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2017.
[20]刘岩.低渗储层裂缝特征及其对油气富集的控制作用[D].成都:成都理工大学,2013.
[21]赵彬,侯加根,刘钰铭,等.基于示点性过程模拟的碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层建模方法[J].科技导报,2011,29(3):39-43.[ZHAOB,HOU J G,LIU Y M,et al.Modeling of carbonate fractured reservoirs based on marked point process simulation[J].Science&Technology Review,2011,29(3):39-43.]
[22]胡向阳,李阳,权莲顺,等.碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏三维地质建模方法--以塔河油田四区奥陶系油藏为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2013,34(3):383-387.[HU X Y,LI Y,QUAN L S,et al.Three-dimensional geological modeling of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs:A case from the Ordovician reservoirs in Tahe-IV block,Tahe oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2013,34(3):383-387.]
[23]吕文雅,曾联波,刘静,等.致密低渗透储层裂缝研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2016(4):74-83.[LV W Y,ZENG L B,LIU J,et al.Fracture research progress in low permeability tight reservoirs[J].Geological Science&Technology Information,2016(4):74-83.]
[24]张矿生,刘顺,蒋建方,等.长7致密油藏脆性指数计算方法及现场应用[J].油气井测试,2014,23(5):29-32.[ZHANG K S,LIUS,JIANG J F,et al.Calculation method about brittleness index in Chang 7 dense reservoir and its field application[J].Well Testing,2014,23(5):29-32.]
[25]石道涵,张兵,何举涛,等.鄂尔多斯长7致密砂岩储层体积压裂可行性评价[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,29(1):52-55.[SHI D H,ZHANG B,HE J T,et al.Feasibility evaluation of volume fracturing of Chang-7 tight sandstone reservoir in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Xian Shiyou University,2014,29(1):52-55.]
[26]GRIESER W V,BRAY J M.Identification of production potential in unconventional reservoirs[C]//Production and Operations Symposium.Oklahoma:Society of Petroleum Engineers,2007.
[27]赵向原,曾联波,祖克威,等.致密储层脆性特征及对天然裂缝的控制作用--以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7致密储层为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(1):62-71.[ZHAO X Y,ZENG L B,ZU K W,et al.Brittleness characteristics and its control on natural fractures in tight reservoirs:A case study from Chang 7 tight reservoir in Longdong area of the Ordos Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(1):62-71.]
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