障壁坝砂体储层特征与成岩孔隙定量演化模式——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区本溪组为例
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摘要
为明确海陆变迁背景下障壁坝砂体成岩孔隙演化规律,运用岩石薄片、扫描电镜及配套能谱、阴极发光等资料,对延长探区石炭系本溪组障壁成因砂体储集特征与成岩作用进行综合分析,并结合砂岩初始孔隙度恢复模型与薄片孔隙定量分析技术,开展基于埋藏热演化历程的储层孔隙演化参数定量评价,建立该区本溪组障壁坝砂岩孔隙定量演化模式。结果表明:储层砂岩以石英砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩及岩屑砂岩为主;孔隙度、渗透率平均值分别为4.72%和1.22×10~(-3 )μm~2;储集空间以溶蚀扩大孔、粒内孔、晶间孔为主;现今储层主体已达到晚成岩阶段;砂岩初始孔隙度平均值为38.1%,埋藏至今共经历了四个典型的成岩增/减孔阶段,即P_1～T_2(285～208 Ma)"低地温、快埋藏"的大幅减孔阶段(-30.7%)、T_2～J_3(208～153 Ma)"高地温、缓沉降"的溶蚀增孔阶段(+3.9%)、J_3～K_1(153～96 Ma)"高地温、稳埋深"的减孔定型阶段(-6.6%)、K_1至今(96 Ma～)"低地温、晚隆升"的弱改造阶段。
The Carboniferous Benxi Formation is rich in barrier bar sandstone reservoirs, and is one of the main production layers for tight gas in the Yanchang exploration block, Ordos Basin. To understand the physical properties of the reservoirs and how the porosity evolved, detailed analyses were conducted using thin sections, SEM combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), cathodoluminescence(CL) microscopy and other techniques. Also, an integrated approach using an empirical formula for initial sandstone porosity combined with quantitative calculation of porosity enabled porosity evolution modes to be established for the whole geodynamic history of these materials. The results indicate that the reservoir lithology consists predominantly of moderately-to well-sorted quartzarenite, sublitharenite and litharenite. The mean porosity is 4.72% and the permeability is 1.22×10~(-3 )μm~2. The reservoirs contain a variety of pore types, mainly dissolved enlarged pores, intraparticle pores and intercrystal pores. Quantitative evaluation of the increase/decrease of porosity caused by different diagenetic conditions reveals that the sandstone(initial average porosity 38.1%) typically underwent four porosity evolution stages:(1) marked porosity loss(-30.7%) in conditions of low geothermal gradient and rapid burial(P_1-T_2, 285-208 Ma);(2) a slight porosity increase due to dissolution(+3.9%) in conditions of high geothermal gradient and slow burial(T_2-J_3, 208-153 Ma);(3) a stereotyping stage of the tight sandstone reservoir(-6.6%) in conditions of continuously high geothermal gradient and slow burial(J_3-K_1, 153-96 Ma); and(4) a weak reworking of the tight sandstone reservoir in conditions of low geothermal gradient and overall uplift characterized by fractures, from the Lower Cretaceous to the present time(K_1～, 96 Ma～).
The Carboniferous Benxi Formation is rich in barrier bar sandstone reservoirs, and is one of the main production layers for tight gas in the Yanchang exploration block, Ordos Basin. To understand the physical properties of the reservoirs and how the porosity evolved, detailed analyses were conducted using thin sections, SEM combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), cathodoluminescence(CL) microscopy and other techniques. Also, an integrated approach using an empirical formula for initial sandstone porosity combined with quantitative calculation of porosity enabled porosity evolution modes to be established for the whole geodynamic history of these materials. The results indicate that the reservoir lithology consists predominantly of moderately-to well-sorted quartzarenite, sublitharenite and litharenite. The mean porosity is 4.72% and the permeability is 1.22×10~(-3 )μm~2. The reservoirs contain a variety of pore types, mainly dissolved enlarged pores, intraparticle pores and intercrystal pores. Quantitative evaluation of the increase/decrease of porosity caused by different diagenetic conditions reveals that the sandstone(initial average porosity 38.1%) typically underwent four porosity evolution stages:(1) marked porosity loss(-30.7%) in conditions of low geothermal gradient and rapid burial(P_1-T_2, 285-208 Ma);(2) a slight porosity increase due to dissolution(+3.9%) in conditions of high geothermal gradient and slow burial(T_2-J_3, 208-153 Ma);(3) a stereotyping stage of the tight sandstone reservoir(-6.6%) in conditions of continuously high geothermal gradient and slow burial(J_3-K_1, 153-96 Ma); and(4) a weak reworking of the tight sandstone reservoir in conditions of low geothermal gradient and overall uplift characterized by fractures, from the Lower Cretaceous to the present time(K_1～, 96 Ma～).
引文
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[2] Slatt R M. Nondeltaic, shallow marine deposits and reservoirs[J]. Developments in Petroleum Science, 2013, 61: 441-473.
[3] 庄振业,李从先. 山东半岛滨外坝沙体沉积特征[J]. 海洋学报,1989,11(4):470-480. [Zhuang Zhenye, Li Congxian. Sedimentary characteristics of offshore bars in Shandong Peninsula[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 1989, 11(4): 470-480.]
[4] 朱筱敏,王贵文,谢庆宾. 塔里木盆地东河塘石炭系障壁岛后冲溢扇研究[J]. 沉积学报,1997,15(1):43-47. [Zhu Xiaomin, Wang Guiwen, Xie Qingbin. Study on the Carboniferous washover fan behind barrier island in Donghetang of Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1997, 15(1): 43-47.]
[5] 郭英海,李壮福,张德高,等. 海南岛万宁小海的障壁海岸沉积[J]. 中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(5):461-464. [Guo Yinghai, Li Zhuangfu, Zhang Degao, et al. Barrier coast deposition in Wanning Xiaohai of Hainan island[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 1999, 28(5): 461-464.]
[6] 杨华,刘新社,闫小雄. 鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代以来构造—沉积演化与致密砂岩气成藏[J]. 地学前缘,2015,22(3):174-183. [Yang Hua, Liu Xinshe, Yan Xiaoxiong. The relationship between tectonic-sedimentary evolution and tight sandstone gas reservoir since the Late Paleozoic in Ordos Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2015, 22(3): 174-183.]
[7] 张金山. 鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化及含油气展望[J]. 石油与天然气地质,1982,3(4):304-315. [Zhang Jinshan. Tectonic evolution of Ordos Basin and its oil and gas potential[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 1982, 3(4): 304-315.]
[8] 肖红平,刘锐娥,李文厚,等. 鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界碎屑岩相对高渗储集层成因及分布[J]. 古地理学报,2012,14(4):543-552. [Xiao Hongping, Liu Rui'e, Li Wenhou, et al. Origin and distribution of higher permeable reservoir of the Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2012, 14(4): 543-552.]
[9] 付金华,魏新善,南珺祥,等. 鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩气田储集层特征与成因[J]. 古地理学报,2013,15(4):529-538. [Fu Jinhua, Wei Xinshan, Nan Junxiang, et al. Characteristics and origin of reservoirs of gas fields in the Upper Paleozoic tight sandstone, Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2013, 15(4): 529-538.]
[10] 解习农,李思田,高东升,等. 江西丰城矿区障壁坝砂体内部构成及沉积模式[J]. 岩相古地理,1994,14(4):1-10. [Xie Xinong, Li Sitian, Gao Dongsheng, et al. Architectural elements and sedimentary model for barrier sandbodies in the Fengcheng mining district, Jiangxi[J]. Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography, 1994, 14(4): 1-10.]
[11] 国家石油和化学工业局. SY/T 5368—2000 岩石薄片鉴定[S]. 北京:石油工业出版社,2000:3-4. [National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Bureau. SY/T 5368-2000 thin section examination of rock[S]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2000: 3-4.]
[12] 郭晨. 黔西比德—三塘盆地独立叠置含煤层气系统垂向分布与煤储层吸附—渗流特征[J]. 天然气地球科学,2015,26(1):168-179. [Guo Chen. Independent superposed CBM-bearing systems vertical distribution and coal reservoir adsorption & seepage characteristics in Bide-Santang Basin, wertern Guizhou[J] Natural Gas Geoscience, 2015, 26(1): 168-179.]
[13] 肖建新,孙粉锦,何乃祥,等. 鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系山西组及下石盒子组盒8段南北物源沉积汇水区与古地理[J]. 古地理学报,2008,10(4):341-354. [Xiao Jianxin, Sun Fenjin, He Naixiang, et al. Permian Shanxi Formation and member 8 of Xiashihezi Formation in Ordos Basin: Palaeogeography and catchment area for sediments derived from north and south provenances[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2008, 10(4): 341-354.]
[14] 黄思静,黄可可,冯文立,等. 成岩过程中长石、高岭石、伊利石之间的物质交换与次生孔隙的形成:来自鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界和川西凹陷三叠系须家河组的研究[J]. 地球化学,2009,38(5):498-506. [Huang Sijing, Huang Keke, Feng Wenli, et al. Mass exchanges among feldspar, kaolinite and illite and their influences on secondary porosity formation in clastic diagenesis: A case study on the Upper Paleozoic, Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan depression[J]. Geochimica, 2009, 38(5): 498-506.]
[15] 王伟庆,张守鹏,谢忠怀,等. 示烃成岩矿物与油气成藏的关系:以东营凹陷为例[J]. 油气地质与采收率,2008,15(1):14-17. [Wang Weiqing, Zhang Shoupeng, Xie Zhonghuai, et al. Discussion on the relationship between hydrocarbon-traced diagenetic minerals and reservoirs formation: Case study in Dongying depression[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2008, 15(1): 14-17.]
[16] 万永平,王根厚,归榕,等. 陕北斜坡上古生界构造裂缝及其天然气成藏意义[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2013,43(1):28-38. [Wan Yongping, Wang Genhou, Gui Rong, et al. Fractures of the upper Paleozoic in northern Shaanxi Slope and its natural gas accumulation significance[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2013, 43(1): 28-38.]
[17] 曾联波. 低渗透砂岩油气储层裂缝及其渗流特征[J]. 地质科学,2004,39(1):11-17. [Zeng Lianbo. Fissure and its seepage characteristics in low-permeable sandstone reservoir[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 2004, 39(1): 11-17.]
[18] Burley S D, Kantorowicz J D, Waugh B. Clastic diagenesis[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1985, 18: 189-226.
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