Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the jaws: Report of two cases and a literature review
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摘要
BACKGROUND Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma(GCOC) is a rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor with features of benign calcifying odontogenic cysts. Herein, we report two new cases of GCOC and systematically review the previous literature.CASE SUMMARY In case 1, a 46-year-old man complained of painless swelling of the right maxilla for 3 years, with a 1-mo history of hemorrhinia in the right nasal cavity. In case 2,a 72-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of painful swelling of the right mandible. Initially, the preliminary diagnoses were ameloblastomas. Thus, the two patients underwent resection of the tumor under general anesthesia. Finally, immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of GCOC. The patient in case 1 was followed for 2 years, with no evidence of recurrence. However, the patient in case 2 was lost to follow-up.CONCLUSION GCOC is a rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor with high recurrence.Local extensive resection is necessary for the definitive treatment of GCOC.
BACKGROUND Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma(GCOC) is a rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor with features of benign calcifying odontogenic cysts. Herein, we report two new cases of GCOC and systematically review the previous literature.CASE SUMMARY In case 1, a 46-year-old man complained of painless swelling of the right maxilla for 3 years, with a 1-mo history of hemorrhinia in the right nasal cavity. In case 2,a 72-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of painful swelling of the right mandible. Initially, the preliminary diagnoses were ameloblastomas. Thus, the two patients underwent resection of the tumor under general anesthesia. Finally, immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of GCOC. The patient in case 1 was followed for 2 years, with no evidence of recurrence. However, the patient in case 2 was lost to follow-up.CONCLUSION GCOC is a rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor with high recurrence.Local extensive resection is necessary for the definitive treatment of GCOC.
BACKGROUND Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma(GCOC) is a rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor with features of benign calcifying odontogenic cysts. Herein, we report two new cases of GCOC and systematically review the previous literature.CASE SUMMARY In case 1, a 46-year-old man complained of painless swelling of the right maxilla for 3 years, with a 1-mo history of hemorrhinia in the right nasal cavity. In case 2,a 72-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of painful swelling of the right mandible. Initially, the preliminary diagnoses were ameloblastomas. Thus, the two patients underwent resection of the tumor under general anesthesia. Finally, immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of GCOC. The patient in case 1 was followed for 2 years, with no evidence of recurrence. However, the patient in case 2 was lost to follow-up.CONCLUSION GCOC is a rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor with high recurrence.Local extensive resection is necessary for the definitive treatment of GCOC.
引文
1 Gorlin RJ,Pindborg JJ,Odont,Clausen FP,Vickers RA.The calcifying odontogenic cyst--a possible analogue of the cutaneous calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe.An analysis of fifteen cases.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1962;15:1235-1243[PMID:13949298 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(62)90159-7]
2 Ledesma-Montes C,Gorlin RJ,Shear M,Prae Torius F,Mosqueda-Taylor A,Altini M,Unni K,Paes de Almeida O,Carlos-Bregni R,Romero de León E,Phillips V,Delgado-Aza?ero W,Meneses-García A.International collaborative study on ghost cell odontogenic tumours:calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour,dentinogenic ghost cell tumour and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma.J Oral Pathol Med 2008;37:302-308[PMID:18221328 DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00623.x]
3 Arashiyama T,Kodama Y,Kobayashi T,Hoshina H,Takagi R,Hayashi T,Cheng J,Saku T.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma arising in the background of a benign calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor of the mandible.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;114:e35-e40[PMID:22862988 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.01.018]
4 Ikemura K,Horie A,Tashiro H,Nandate M.Simultaneous occurrence of a calcifying odontogenic cyst and its malignant transformation.Cancer 1985;56:2861-2864[PMID:4052957 DOI:10.1002/1097-0142(19851215)56:123.0.co;2-l]
5 Goldenberg D,Sciubba J,Tufano RP.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma.Head Neck 2004;26:378-381[PMID:15054742 DOI:10.1002/hed.10376]
6 Sun ZJ,Zhao YF,Zhang L,Li ZB,Chen XM,Zhang WF.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma in the maxilla:a case report and literature review.J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:1820-1824[PMID:17719405 DOI:10.1016/j.joms.2006.06.289]
7 Levy BA.Ghost cells and odontomas.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:851-855[PMID:4134020 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(73)90337-X]
8 Ellis GL,Shmookler BM.Aggressive(malignant?)epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumor.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986;61:471-478[PMID:3459124 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(86)90390-7]
9 Martos-Fernández M,Alberola-Ferranti M,Hueto-Madrid JA,Bescós-Atín C.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma:A rare case report and review of literature.J Clin Exp Dent 2014;6:e602-e606[PMID:25674335 DOI:10.4317/jced.51809]
10 Gomes JP,Costa AL,Chone CT,Altemani AM,Altemani JM,Lima CS.Three-dimensional volumetric analysis of ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma using 3-D reconstruction software:a case report.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017;123:e170-e175[PMID:28407991 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2017.01.012]
11 Kamijo R,Miyaoka K,Tachikawa T,Nagumo M.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:report of a case.JOral Maxillofac Surg 1999;57:1266-1270[PMID:10513878 DOI:10.1016/S0278-2391(99)90502-5]
12 Castle JT,Arendt DM.Aggressive(malignant)epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumor.Ann Diagn Pathol1999;3:243-248[PMID:10459050 DOI:10.1053/ADPA00300243]
13 Grodjesk JE,Dolinsky HB,Schneider LC,Dolinsky EH,Doyle JL.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987;63:576-581[PMID:2438624 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(87)90231-3]
14 Scott J,Wood GD.Aggressive calcifying odontogenic cyst--a possible variant of ameloblastoma.Br JOral Maxillofac Surg 1989;27:53-59[PMID:2920164 DOI:10.1016/0266-4356(89)90127-7]
15 McCoy BP,O Carroll MK,Hall JM.Carcinoma arising in a dentinogenic ghost cell tumor.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;74:371-378[PMID:1408002 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(92)90078-5]
16 Dubiel-Bigaj M,Olszewski E,Stachura J.The malignant form of calcifying odontogenic cyst.A case report.Patol Pol 1993;44:39-41[PMID:8488081]
17 Siar CH,Ng KH.Aggressive(malignant?)epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumour of the maxilla.JLaryngol Otol 1994;108:269-271[PMID:8169519 DOI:10.1017/S0022215100126507]
18 Alcalde RE,Sasaki A,Misaki M,Matsumura T.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:report of a case and review of the literature.J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;54:108-111[PMID:8530988 DOI:10.1016/s0278-2391(96)90317-1]
19 Kim HJ,Choi SK,Lee CJ,Suh CH.Aggressive epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumor in the mandible:CT and MR imaging findings.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:175-179[PMID:11158905 DOI:10.1002/0470846453.ch77]
20 Li TJ,Yu SF.Clinicopathologic spectrum of the so-called calcifying odontogenic cysts:a study of 21intraosseous cases with reconsideration of the terminology and classification.Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:372-384[PMID:12604894 DOI:10.1097/00000478-200303000-00011]
21 Cheng Y,Long X,Li X,Bian Z,Chen X,Yang X.Clinical and radiological features of odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:review of the literature and report of four new cases.Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2004;33:152-157[PMID:15371314 DOI:10.1259/dmfr/67909783]
22 Pindborg JJ,Kramer IRH,Torloni H.WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors:Histological Typing of Odontogenic Tumors,Jaw Cysts and Allied Lesions.Geneva,Switzerland:Springer 1971;18
23 Nazaretian SP,Schenberg ME,Simpson I,Slootweg PJ.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36:455-458[PMID:17141471 DOI:10.1016/j.ijom.2006.10.007]
24 Roh GS,Jeon BT,Park BW,Kim DR,Hah YS,Kim JH,Byun JH.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the mandible:a case report demonstrating expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)and vitronectin receptor.J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008;36:419-423[PMID:18674923 DOI:10.1016/j.jcms.2008.06.001]
25 Li BB,Gao Y.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma transformed from a dentinogenic ghost cell tumor of maxilla after multiple recurrences.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:691-695[PMID:19272810 DOI:10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.01.008]
26 Motosugi U,Ogawa I,Yoda T,Abe T,Sugasawa M,Murata S,Yasuda M,Sakurai T,Shimizu Y,Shimizu M.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma arising in calcifying odontogenic cyst.Ann Diagn Pathol2009;13:394-397[PMID:19917476 DOI:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2009.02.008]
27 Folpe AL,Tsue T,Rogerson L,Weymuller E,Oda D,True LD.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:a case report with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization.J Oral Pathol Med 1998;27:185-189[PMID:9563575 DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1998.tb01938.x]
28 Lu Y,Mock D,Takata T,Jordan RC.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:report of four new cases and review of the literature.J Oral Pathol Med 1999;28:323-329[PMID:10432199 DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02048.x]
29 Slama A,Boujelbène N,Ben Yacoub L,Trabelsi A,Khochtali H,Sriha B.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the mandible.Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 2010;111:158-161[PMID:20416915 DOI:10.1016/j.stomax.2010.02.003]
30 Li BH,Cho YA,Kim SM,Kim MJ,Hong SP,Lee JH.Recurrent odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma(OGCC)at a reconstructed fibular flap:a case report with immunohistochemical findings.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011;16:e651-e656[PMID:20729798 DOI:10.4317/medoral.17207]
31 Minatani R,Tabuchi K,Nakayama M,Nishimura B,Ashizawa K,Hara A.A Case of Odontogenic Ghost Cell Carcinoma of the Maxilla.Pract Otol 2012;105:1181-1186[DOI:10.5631/jibirin.105.1181]
32 Zhu ZY,Chu ZG,Chen Y,Zhang WP,Lv D,Geng N,Yang MZ.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma arising from calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor:a case report.Korean J Pathol 2012;46:478-482[PMID:23136575 DOI:10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.478]
33 Gomes da Silva W,Ribeiro Bartholomeu Dos Santos TC,Cabral MG,Azevedo RS,Pires FR.Clinicopathologic analysis and syndecan-1 and Ki-67 expression in calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors,dentinogenic ghost cell tumor,and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014;117:626-633[PMID:24534622 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2014.01.021]
34 Ahmed SK,Watanabe M,deMello DE,Daniels TB.Pediatric Metastatic Odontogenic Ghost Cell Carcinoma:A Multimodal Treatment Approach.Rare Tumors 2015;7:5855[PMID:26266014 DOI:10.4081/rt.2015.5855]
35 Ali EA,Ali karrar M,El-Siddig AA,Gafer N,Abdel satir A.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the maxilla:a case report with a literature review.Pan Afr Med J 2015;21:260[PMID:26523195 DOI:10.11604/pamj.2015.21.260.5139]
36 Del Corso G,Tardio ML,Gissi DB,Marchetti C,Montebugnoli L,Tarsitano A.Ki-67 and p53 expression in ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma:a case report and literature review.Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;19:85-89[PMID:25216652 DOI:10.1007/s10006-014-0465-2]
37 Fitzpatrick SG,Hirsch SA,Listinsky CM,Lyu DJ,Baur DA.Ameloblastic carcinoma with features of ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma in a patient with suspected Gardner syndrome.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119:e241-e245[PMID:25434693 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2014.09.028]
38 Ismerim AB,Fernandes AG,Loyola AM,Dos Santos JN.Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma in the Anterior Mandible:Case Report.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;120:e46[DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2015.02.182]
39 Rappaport MJ,Showell DL,Edenfield WJ.Metastatic Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma:Description of a Case and Search for Actionable Targets.Rare Tumors 2015;7:5813[PMID:26500725 DOI:10.4081/rt.2015.5813]
40 Miwako S,Hiroto I,Takahumi N,Junichi H,Tadahide N,Yoshinori J,Yoshiyuki M.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma transformed from dentinogenic ghost cell tumor of the maxilla after recurrences.JOral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol 2017;In press
41 Namana M,Majumdar S,Uppala D,Avv A,Rao AK.Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma Arising Denovo with Distant Metastasis:A Case Report and Review of Literature.J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:ZD01-ZD03[PMID:28969291 DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2017/28143.10445]
42 Qin Y,Lu Y,Zheng L,Liu H.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma with suspected cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus in a patient treated with combined modality therapy:A case report and the review of literature.Medicine(Baltimore)2018;97:e9816[PMID:29443742 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009816]
43 Remya K,Sudha S,Nair RG,Jyothi H.An unusual presentation of ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma:Acase report with review of literature.Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:238-243[PMID:29652021 DOI:10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_442_17]
44 Alberola M,Diaz S,Ferrer B,Martos M,Hueto JA,Siurana S,Bescos S,Cajal SRY.Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma.A Case Report and Review of the Literature.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119:e125[DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.101]
45 Kim J,Lee EH,Yook JI,Han JY,Yoon JH,Ellis GL.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:a case report with reference to the relation between apoptosis and ghost cells.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:630-635[PMID:11077388 DOI:10.1067/moe.2000.109016]
46 Barnes L,Eveson JW,Reichart P,editors.World Health Organization Classification of Tumours:Pathology and Genetics of Head and neck Tumours.Lyon:IARC Press 2005;283-327,342-344
2 Ledesma-Montes C,Gorlin RJ,Shear M,Prae Torius F,Mosqueda-Taylor A,Altini M,Unni K,Paes de Almeida O,Carlos-Bregni R,Romero de León E,Phillips V,Delgado-Aza?ero W,Meneses-García A.International collaborative study on ghost cell odontogenic tumours:calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour,dentinogenic ghost cell tumour and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma.J Oral Pathol Med 2008;37:302-308[PMID:18221328 DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00623.x]
3 Arashiyama T,Kodama Y,Kobayashi T,Hoshina H,Takagi R,Hayashi T,Cheng J,Saku T.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma arising in the background of a benign calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor of the mandible.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;114:e35-e40[PMID:22862988 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.01.018]
4 Ikemura K,Horie A,Tashiro H,Nandate M.Simultaneous occurrence of a calcifying odontogenic cyst and its malignant transformation.Cancer 1985;56:2861-2864[PMID:4052957 DOI:10.1002/1097-0142(19851215)56:123.0.co;2-l]
5 Goldenberg D,Sciubba J,Tufano RP.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma.Head Neck 2004;26:378-381[PMID:15054742 DOI:10.1002/hed.10376]
6 Sun ZJ,Zhao YF,Zhang L,Li ZB,Chen XM,Zhang WF.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma in the maxilla:a case report and literature review.J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:1820-1824[PMID:17719405 DOI:10.1016/j.joms.2006.06.289]
7 Levy BA.Ghost cells and odontomas.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;36:851-855[PMID:4134020 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(73)90337-X]
8 Ellis GL,Shmookler BM.Aggressive(malignant?)epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumor.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986;61:471-478[PMID:3459124 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(86)90390-7]
9 Martos-Fernández M,Alberola-Ferranti M,Hueto-Madrid JA,Bescós-Atín C.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma:A rare case report and review of literature.J Clin Exp Dent 2014;6:e602-e606[PMID:25674335 DOI:10.4317/jced.51809]
10 Gomes JP,Costa AL,Chone CT,Altemani AM,Altemani JM,Lima CS.Three-dimensional volumetric analysis of ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma using 3-D reconstruction software:a case report.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017;123:e170-e175[PMID:28407991 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2017.01.012]
11 Kamijo R,Miyaoka K,Tachikawa T,Nagumo M.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:report of a case.JOral Maxillofac Surg 1999;57:1266-1270[PMID:10513878 DOI:10.1016/S0278-2391(99)90502-5]
12 Castle JT,Arendt DM.Aggressive(malignant)epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumor.Ann Diagn Pathol1999;3:243-248[PMID:10459050 DOI:10.1053/ADPA00300243]
13 Grodjesk JE,Dolinsky HB,Schneider LC,Dolinsky EH,Doyle JL.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987;63:576-581[PMID:2438624 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(87)90231-3]
14 Scott J,Wood GD.Aggressive calcifying odontogenic cyst--a possible variant of ameloblastoma.Br JOral Maxillofac Surg 1989;27:53-59[PMID:2920164 DOI:10.1016/0266-4356(89)90127-7]
15 McCoy BP,O Carroll MK,Hall JM.Carcinoma arising in a dentinogenic ghost cell tumor.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;74:371-378[PMID:1408002 DOI:10.1016/0030-4220(92)90078-5]
16 Dubiel-Bigaj M,Olszewski E,Stachura J.The malignant form of calcifying odontogenic cyst.A case report.Patol Pol 1993;44:39-41[PMID:8488081]
17 Siar CH,Ng KH.Aggressive(malignant?)epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumour of the maxilla.JLaryngol Otol 1994;108:269-271[PMID:8169519 DOI:10.1017/S0022215100126507]
18 Alcalde RE,Sasaki A,Misaki M,Matsumura T.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:report of a case and review of the literature.J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;54:108-111[PMID:8530988 DOI:10.1016/s0278-2391(96)90317-1]
19 Kim HJ,Choi SK,Lee CJ,Suh CH.Aggressive epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumor in the mandible:CT and MR imaging findings.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:175-179[PMID:11158905 DOI:10.1002/0470846453.ch77]
20 Li TJ,Yu SF.Clinicopathologic spectrum of the so-called calcifying odontogenic cysts:a study of 21intraosseous cases with reconsideration of the terminology and classification.Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:372-384[PMID:12604894 DOI:10.1097/00000478-200303000-00011]
21 Cheng Y,Long X,Li X,Bian Z,Chen X,Yang X.Clinical and radiological features of odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:review of the literature and report of four new cases.Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2004;33:152-157[PMID:15371314 DOI:10.1259/dmfr/67909783]
22 Pindborg JJ,Kramer IRH,Torloni H.WHO International Histological Classification of Tumors:Histological Typing of Odontogenic Tumors,Jaw Cysts and Allied Lesions.Geneva,Switzerland:Springer 1971;18
23 Nazaretian SP,Schenberg ME,Simpson I,Slootweg PJ.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36:455-458[PMID:17141471 DOI:10.1016/j.ijom.2006.10.007]
24 Roh GS,Jeon BT,Park BW,Kim DR,Hah YS,Kim JH,Byun JH.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the mandible:a case report demonstrating expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)and vitronectin receptor.J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008;36:419-423[PMID:18674923 DOI:10.1016/j.jcms.2008.06.001]
25 Li BB,Gao Y.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma transformed from a dentinogenic ghost cell tumor of maxilla after multiple recurrences.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:691-695[PMID:19272810 DOI:10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.01.008]
26 Motosugi U,Ogawa I,Yoda T,Abe T,Sugasawa M,Murata S,Yasuda M,Sakurai T,Shimizu Y,Shimizu M.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma arising in calcifying odontogenic cyst.Ann Diagn Pathol2009;13:394-397[PMID:19917476 DOI:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2009.02.008]
27 Folpe AL,Tsue T,Rogerson L,Weymuller E,Oda D,True LD.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:a case report with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization.J Oral Pathol Med 1998;27:185-189[PMID:9563575 DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1998.tb01938.x]
28 Lu Y,Mock D,Takata T,Jordan RC.Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma:report of four new cases and review of the literature.J Oral Pathol Med 1999;28:323-329[PMID:10432199 DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02048.x]
29 Slama A,Boujelbène N,Ben Yacoub L,Trabelsi A,Khochtali H,Sriha B.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the mandible.Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 2010;111:158-161[PMID:20416915 DOI:10.1016/j.stomax.2010.02.003]
30 Li BH,Cho YA,Kim SM,Kim MJ,Hong SP,Lee JH.Recurrent odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma(OGCC)at a reconstructed fibular flap:a case report with immunohistochemical findings.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011;16:e651-e656[PMID:20729798 DOI:10.4317/medoral.17207]
31 Minatani R,Tabuchi K,Nakayama M,Nishimura B,Ashizawa K,Hara A.A Case of Odontogenic Ghost Cell Carcinoma of the Maxilla.Pract Otol 2012;105:1181-1186[DOI:10.5631/jibirin.105.1181]
32 Zhu ZY,Chu ZG,Chen Y,Zhang WP,Lv D,Geng N,Yang MZ.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma arising from calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor:a case report.Korean J Pathol 2012;46:478-482[PMID:23136575 DOI:10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.478]
33 Gomes da Silva W,Ribeiro Bartholomeu Dos Santos TC,Cabral MG,Azevedo RS,Pires FR.Clinicopathologic analysis and syndecan-1 and Ki-67 expression in calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors,dentinogenic ghost cell tumor,and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014;117:626-633[PMID:24534622 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2014.01.021]
34 Ahmed SK,Watanabe M,deMello DE,Daniels TB.Pediatric Metastatic Odontogenic Ghost Cell Carcinoma:A Multimodal Treatment Approach.Rare Tumors 2015;7:5855[PMID:26266014 DOI:10.4081/rt.2015.5855]
35 Ali EA,Ali karrar M,El-Siddig AA,Gafer N,Abdel satir A.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma of the maxilla:a case report with a literature review.Pan Afr Med J 2015;21:260[PMID:26523195 DOI:10.11604/pamj.2015.21.260.5139]
36 Del Corso G,Tardio ML,Gissi DB,Marchetti C,Montebugnoli L,Tarsitano A.Ki-67 and p53 expression in ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma:a case report and literature review.Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;19:85-89[PMID:25216652 DOI:10.1007/s10006-014-0465-2]
37 Fitzpatrick SG,Hirsch SA,Listinsky CM,Lyu DJ,Baur DA.Ameloblastic carcinoma with features of ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma in a patient with suspected Gardner syndrome.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119:e241-e245[PMID:25434693 DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2014.09.028]
38 Ismerim AB,Fernandes AG,Loyola AM,Dos Santos JN.Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma in the Anterior Mandible:Case Report.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;120:e46[DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2015.02.182]
39 Rappaport MJ,Showell DL,Edenfield WJ.Metastatic Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma:Description of a Case and Search for Actionable Targets.Rare Tumors 2015;7:5813[PMID:26500725 DOI:10.4081/rt.2015.5813]
40 Miwako S,Hiroto I,Takahumi N,Junichi H,Tadahide N,Yoshinori J,Yoshiyuki M.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma transformed from dentinogenic ghost cell tumor of the maxilla after recurrences.JOral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol 2017;In press
41 Namana M,Majumdar S,Uppala D,Avv A,Rao AK.Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma Arising Denovo with Distant Metastasis:A Case Report and Review of Literature.J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:ZD01-ZD03[PMID:28969291 DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2017/28143.10445]
42 Qin Y,Lu Y,Zheng L,Liu H.Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma with suspected cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus in a patient treated with combined modality therapy:A case report and the review of literature.Medicine(Baltimore)2018;97:e9816[PMID:29443742 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009816]
43 Remya K,Sudha S,Nair RG,Jyothi H.An unusual presentation of ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma:Acase report with review of literature.Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:238-243[PMID:29652021 DOI:10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_442_17]
44 Alberola M,Diaz S,Ferrer B,Martos M,Hueto JA,Siurana S,Bescos S,Cajal SRY.Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma.A Case Report and Review of the Literature.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119:e125[DOI:10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.101]
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