鲁中地区一次超级单体风暴的雷达观测分析
|
摘要
利用济南、滨州和潍坊多普勒天气雷达及常规观测资料,对2016年6月14日下午到晚间发生在鲁中地区的超级单体回波演变和结构特征进行了分析。结果表明,该超级单体风暴产生在较大的对流有效位能和有利的风垂直切变条件下。其演变分为经典超级单体和强降水超级单体两个阶段。经典超级单体由普通单体迅速演变而来,其特征十分明显。强降水超级单体由经典超级单体风暴与其后侧下沉气流触发的普通单体风暴合并形成。合并过程造成风暴旋转强度增强,并产生类似龙卷的小尺度涡旋,导致了地面大风和大冰雹的出现。
The evolution and structure of a supercell,which occurred from afternoon till night on 14 June2016 in central Shandong Province, is analyzed based on the Doppler weather radar data and conventional observation data in Jinan,Binzhou,and Weifang. The main results are as follows. The supercell storm occurred in a favorable environment of high convective available potential energy( CAPE)and strong vertical wind shear. Its evolution can be divided into two phases,the classic supercell phase and high-precipitation( HP) supercell phase. The classic supercell,with distinct features,evolved rapidly from the initial ordinary cells. The HP supercell formed through the mergers of the previous classic supercell and smaller ordinary cells originated from its rear-flank downdrafts. During the mergers,the rotation is intensified and tornado-like small-scale vortices are generated,leading to gales on the ground and large hailstones.
The evolution and structure of a supercell,which occurred from afternoon till night on 14 June2016 in central Shandong Province, is analyzed based on the Doppler weather radar data and conventional observation data in Jinan,Binzhou,and Weifang. The main results are as follows. The supercell storm occurred in a favorable environment of high convective available potential energy( CAPE)and strong vertical wind shear. Its evolution can be divided into two phases,the classic supercell phase and high-precipitation( HP) supercell phase. The classic supercell,with distinct features,evolved rapidly from the initial ordinary cells. The HP supercell formed through the mergers of the previous classic supercell and smaller ordinary cells originated from its rear-flank downdrafts. During the mergers,the rotation is intensified and tornado-like small-scale vortices are generated,leading to gales on the ground and large hailstones.
引文
[1]MARKOWSKI P,RICHARDSON Y.Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes[M].New Jersy:WileyBlackwell,2010.
[2]BROWNING K A,LUDLAM F H.Airflow in convective storms[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,1962,88(376):117-135.
[3]DONALDSON R J JR.Vortex signature recognition by a Doppler radar[J].J Appl Meteor,1970,9(4):661-670.
[4]BROWN R A,BURGESS D W,CRAWFORD K C.Twin tornado cyclones within a severe thunderstorm:Single Doppler radar observations[J].Weatherwise,1973,26(2):63-71.
[5]FUJITA T T.Analytical meso-meteorology:A review,severe local storms[J].Meteor Monogr,Amer Meteor Soc,1963,5(27):77-125.
[6]LEMON R L,DOSWELL C AⅢ.Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis[J].Mon Wea Rev,1979,107(9):1184-1197.
[7]MOLLER A R,DOSWELL C AⅢ,PRZYBYLINSKI R.High-precipitation supercells:A conceptual model and documentation,16th Conf on Severe Local Storms.Kananaskis Park,AB,Canada[C].Preprints,Boston,MA,AMS,1990:52-57.
[8]MOLLER A R,DOSWELL C AⅢ,FOSTER M P,et al.The operational recognition of supercell thunderstorm environments and storm structures[J].Wea Forecasting,1994,9(3):327-347.
[9]刁秀广,杨传凤,李静,等.济南地区超级单体强度和流场结构分析[J].高原气象,2011,30(2):489-497.
[10]俞小鼎,郑媛媛,廖玉芳,等.一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):508-522.
[11]王福侠,裴宇杰,杨晓亮,等.“090723”强降水超级单体风暴特征及强风原因分析[J].高原气象,2011,30(6):1690-1700.
[12]吴芳芳,俞小鼎,王慧,等.一次强降水超级单体风暴多普勒天气雷达特征[J].大气科学学报,2010,33(3):285-298.
[13]胡雯,黄勇,汪腊宝.夏季江淮区域对流云合并的基本特征及影响[J].高原气象,2010,29(1):206-213.
[14]FINLEY C A,COTTON W R,PIELKE R A SR.Numerical simulation of tornadogenesis in a highprecipitation supercell.Part I:Storm evolution and transition into a bow Eecho[J].J Atmos Sci,2001,58(13):1597-1629.
[15]CAREY L D,PETERSEN W A,RUTLEDGE S A.Evolution of cloud-to-ground lightning and storm structure in the Spencer,South Dakota,tornadic supercell of 30May 1998[J].Mon Wea Rev,2003,131(8):1811-1831.
[16]LEE B D,JEWETT B F,WILHEMSON R B.The 19April 1996 Illinois tornado outbreak.Part II:Cell mergers and associated tornado incidence[J].Wea Forecasting,2006,21(4):449-464.
[17]王俊,龚佃利,刁秀广,等.一次弓状回波、强对流风暴及合并过程研究I:以单多普勒雷达资料为主的综合分析[J].高原气象,2011,30(4):1067-1077.
[18]朱江山,刘娟,边智,等.一次龙卷生成中风暴单体合并和涡旋特征的雷达观测研究[J].气象,2015,41(2):182-191.
[19]张婷婷,王培涛,王凤娇.一次长寿命超级单体风暴雷达回波特征分析[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(1):98-103.
[20]张琴,孟伟,朱敏,等.2016年6月13-14日山东强对流天气过程的中尺度特征及成因分析[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(4):101-112.
[21]吴志彦,闵锦忠,赵海军.冷涡背景下一次强对流过程的卫星水汽图像特征[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(3):54-61.
[22]俞小鼎.关于冰雹的融化层高度[J].气象,2014,40(6):649-654.
[23]俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
[24]MARKOWSKI P M.Hook echoes and rear-flank downdrafts:A review[J].Mon Wea Rev,2002,130(4):852-876.
[25]LEMON L R.The flanking line,a severe thunderstorm intensification source[J].J Atmos Sci,1976,33(4):686-694.
[26]KOGAN Y L,SHAPIRO A.The simulation of a convective cloud in a 3D model with explicit microphysics.Part II:Dynamical and microphysical aspects of cloud merger[J].J Atmos Sci,1996,53(17):2525-2545.
[2]BROWNING K A,LUDLAM F H.Airflow in convective storms[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,1962,88(376):117-135.
[3]DONALDSON R J JR.Vortex signature recognition by a Doppler radar[J].J Appl Meteor,1970,9(4):661-670.
[4]BROWN R A,BURGESS D W,CRAWFORD K C.Twin tornado cyclones within a severe thunderstorm:Single Doppler radar observations[J].Weatherwise,1973,26(2):63-71.
[5]FUJITA T T.Analytical meso-meteorology:A review,severe local storms[J].Meteor Monogr,Amer Meteor Soc,1963,5(27):77-125.
[6]LEMON R L,DOSWELL C AⅢ.Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis[J].Mon Wea Rev,1979,107(9):1184-1197.
[7]MOLLER A R,DOSWELL C AⅢ,PRZYBYLINSKI R.High-precipitation supercells:A conceptual model and documentation,16th Conf on Severe Local Storms.Kananaskis Park,AB,Canada[C].Preprints,Boston,MA,AMS,1990:52-57.
[8]MOLLER A R,DOSWELL C AⅢ,FOSTER M P,et al.The operational recognition of supercell thunderstorm environments and storm structures[J].Wea Forecasting,1994,9(3):327-347.
[9]刁秀广,杨传凤,李静,等.济南地区超级单体强度和流场结构分析[J].高原气象,2011,30(2):489-497.
[10]俞小鼎,郑媛媛,廖玉芳,等.一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究[J].大气科学,2008,32(3):508-522.
[11]王福侠,裴宇杰,杨晓亮,等.“090723”强降水超级单体风暴特征及强风原因分析[J].高原气象,2011,30(6):1690-1700.
[12]吴芳芳,俞小鼎,王慧,等.一次强降水超级单体风暴多普勒天气雷达特征[J].大气科学学报,2010,33(3):285-298.
[13]胡雯,黄勇,汪腊宝.夏季江淮区域对流云合并的基本特征及影响[J].高原气象,2010,29(1):206-213.
[14]FINLEY C A,COTTON W R,PIELKE R A SR.Numerical simulation of tornadogenesis in a highprecipitation supercell.Part I:Storm evolution and transition into a bow Eecho[J].J Atmos Sci,2001,58(13):1597-1629.
[15]CAREY L D,PETERSEN W A,RUTLEDGE S A.Evolution of cloud-to-ground lightning and storm structure in the Spencer,South Dakota,tornadic supercell of 30May 1998[J].Mon Wea Rev,2003,131(8):1811-1831.
[16]LEE B D,JEWETT B F,WILHEMSON R B.The 19April 1996 Illinois tornado outbreak.Part II:Cell mergers and associated tornado incidence[J].Wea Forecasting,2006,21(4):449-464.
[17]王俊,龚佃利,刁秀广,等.一次弓状回波、强对流风暴及合并过程研究I:以单多普勒雷达资料为主的综合分析[J].高原气象,2011,30(4):1067-1077.
[18]朱江山,刘娟,边智,等.一次龙卷生成中风暴单体合并和涡旋特征的雷达观测研究[J].气象,2015,41(2):182-191.
[19]张婷婷,王培涛,王凤娇.一次长寿命超级单体风暴雷达回波特征分析[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(1):98-103.
[20]张琴,孟伟,朱敏,等.2016年6月13-14日山东强对流天气过程的中尺度特征及成因分析[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(4):101-112.
[21]吴志彦,闵锦忠,赵海军.冷涡背景下一次强对流过程的卫星水汽图像特征[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(3):54-61.
[22]俞小鼎.关于冰雹的融化层高度[J].气象,2014,40(6):649-654.
[23]俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
[24]MARKOWSKI P M.Hook echoes and rear-flank downdrafts:A review[J].Mon Wea Rev,2002,130(4):852-876.
[25]LEMON L R.The flanking line,a severe thunderstorm intensification source[J].J Atmos Sci,1976,33(4):686-694.
[26]KOGAN Y L,SHAPIRO A.The simulation of a convective cloud in a 3D model with explicit microphysics.Part II:Dynamical and microphysical aspects of cloud merger[J].J Atmos Sci,1996,53(17):2525-2545.