国家公园环境解说服务对引导公众行为的影响
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摘要
国家公园环境解说服务是有效促进环境教育功能、引导公众规范行为的重要途径,但是国内相关实证研究较为缺乏。基于技术接受模型(TAM)和理性行为理论(TRA),本研究尝试揭示国家公园环境解说服务的媒介使用程度、内容学习程度对引导公众环境态度及环境行为的影响机理,在云南普达措国家公园展开问卷调查和实地观察,运用SPSS21.0统计软件,通过层次回归分析法对387份有效问卷进行分析,验证了环境解说媒介有用度对公众学习解说内容有显著的影响,易用度对科学知识内容学习的影响不显著,但对行为规范及行为后果的内容学习有显著影响;公众使用易用度越高的环境解说服务,越有助于增加对环境解说内容的学习效果,更有益于对环境态度和行为意向产生显著影响。本研究探讨了以往单纯以公众满意度为解说服务标准的不合理性,提出了引导公众环境行为的必要性,为其他类型自然保护地环境解说服务工作提供了有益的实践参考。
The environmental interpretation service of national park is an important approach in promoting the environmental education function effectively and guiding the visitors' environmental behaviors, but there is a shortage of relevant empirical study in China. Based on Technology of Acceptance Model and Theory of Reasoned Action, 387 survey questionnaires were conducted in Pudacuo National Park of Yunnan Province, China. The results showed that the usefulness of environmental interpretation media was significant to public understanding. Usability of environmental interpretation media has no significant effect on the content of scientific knowledge but has a significant effect on the content of behavioral norms and consequences. The effectively environmental interpretation service will help to increase the public's learning outcome and has a significant impact on environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions. From the perspective of theoretical enlightenment, this study reveals the influence mechanism of media use and content learning on guiding public environmental attitudes and behaviors, explores to supplement the theoretical system of environmental interpretation in China's national parks. From the perspective of practical enlightenment, the environmental interpretation of national parks is conducive to guiding the public to achieve the most stringent environmental protection objectives. The content of environmental interpretation should be based on scientific knowledge and popular conciseness. The media allocation should be based on public demand and meet local conditions. The study provides a useful reference for other protected areas.
The environmental interpretation service of national park is an important approach in promoting the environmental education function effectively and guiding the visitors' environmental behaviors, but there is a shortage of relevant empirical study in China. Based on Technology of Acceptance Model and Theory of Reasoned Action, 387 survey questionnaires were conducted in Pudacuo National Park of Yunnan Province, China. The results showed that the usefulness of environmental interpretation media was significant to public understanding. Usability of environmental interpretation media has no significant effect on the content of scientific knowledge but has a significant effect on the content of behavioral norms and consequences. The effectively environmental interpretation service will help to increase the public's learning outcome and has a significant impact on environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions. From the perspective of theoretical enlightenment, this study reveals the influence mechanism of media use and content learning on guiding public environmental attitudes and behaviors, explores to supplement the theoretical system of environmental interpretation in China's national parks. From the perspective of practical enlightenment, the environmental interpretation of national parks is conducive to guiding the public to achieve the most stringent environmental protection objectives. The content of environmental interpretation should be based on scientific knowledge and popular conciseness. The media allocation should be based on public demand and meet local conditions. The study provides a useful reference for other protected areas.
引文
[1] 肖练练,钟林生,周睿,等.近30年来国外国家公园研究进展与启示[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(2):244-255.
[2] 张婧雅,张玉钧.论国家公园建设的公众参与[J].生物多样性,2017,25(1):80-87.
[3] 郑涵中.北京市森林公园环境解说系统现状、问题及对策研究[J].北京园林,2016(4):3-11.
[4] 王婧,钟林生,陈田.国内外旅游解说研究进展[J].人文地理,2015,30(1):33-39.
[5] 赵敏燕,叶文,董锁成,等.中西生态旅游解说系统差异化研究进展及本土化路径[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(6):691-701.
[6] Ham S H. Interpretation: Making a Difference on Purpose[M]. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 2013.
[7] CHO K J. Developing an interpretive planning model for a national park system: a stakeholder-based needs assessment study for Korea[D]. Ohio: Ohio State University, 2005.
[8] LAI I K W. Traveler acceptance of an App-based mobile tour guide[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 2015, 39(3): 401-432.
[9] 赵明.基于行为意向的环境解说系统使用机制研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2010.
[10] 朱亮,张建萍.自然保护区环境解说系统评估体系的构建-以北京汉石桥湿地自然保护区为例[J].社会科学家,2012(4):81-84,89.
[11] 左冰,周东营.基于SEM的黄埔军校旧址纪念馆旅游解说效果评价[J].热带地理,2014,34(2):209-216.
[12] 黄涛,刘晶岚.长城国家公园游客环境友好行为意愿的影响研究[J]. 中南林业科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2017,11(5):76-81.
[13] Xu H G, Cui Q M, Ballantyne R, et al. Effective environmental interpretation at Chinese natural attractions: the need for an aesthetic approach[J]. Journal of Sustainable, 2013, 21(1): 117-133.
[14] Dunlap R E, Van Liere K D. The’new environmental paradigm’: a proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results[J]. Journal of Environmental Education, 1978(9): 10-19.
[15] Poortinga W,Stegl L,Vlek C.Values, environmental concern, and environmental behavior: a study into house-hold energy use[J]. Environment and Behavior, 2004, 36(1): 70-93.
[16] Stern P C. Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior[J]. Journal of Social Issues, 2000, 56(3): 407-424.
[17] Hines J M, Hungerford H R, Tomera A N. Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: a meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Environmental Education, 1986, 18(2): 1-8.
[18] Kaiser F G, W?fing S, Fuhere U. Environmental attitude and ecological behavior[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1999, 19: 1-19.
[19] Sharpe G W. Interpretation the Environment[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons,1982: 630-642.
[20] Knudson D M,Cable T T,Beck L.Interpretation of Cultural and Natural Resources[M].Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing, 1995.
[21] Guagnano G A, Stern P C, Dietz T. Influences on attitude behavior relationships: a natural experiment with curbside recycling[J]. Environment and Behavior, 1995, 27: 699-718.
[22] Kinslow A T, Sadler T D, Hai T N. Socio-scientific reasoning and environmental literacy in a field-based ecology class[J]. Environmental Education Research, 2018(2): 1-23.
[23] 于亢亢,赵华,钱程,等.环境态度及其与环境行为关系的文献评述与元分析[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(6):1000-1009.
[24] 彭福伟.国家公园体制改革的进展与展望[J].中国机构改革与管理,2018(2):46-49.
[25] 唐芳林,王梦君,黎国强.国家公园功能分区探讨[J].林业建设,2017(6):1-7.
[26] Zhao M Y, Dong S C, Wu H C, Li Y, Su T W, Xia B, Zheng J, Guo X. Key impact factors of visitors’environmentally responsible behaviour: personality traits or interpretive services? A case study of Beijing's Yuyuantan Urban Park, China[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2018,23(8): 792-805.
[27] Kang M, Gretzel U. Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park[J]. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(2): 440-455.
[28] Katherine N, Tubb. An evaluation of the effectiveness of interpretation within Dart Moor national Park in reaching the goals of sustainable tourism development[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2003, 11(6): 476-499.
[2] 张婧雅,张玉钧.论国家公园建设的公众参与[J].生物多样性,2017,25(1):80-87.
[3] 郑涵中.北京市森林公园环境解说系统现状、问题及对策研究[J].北京园林,2016(4):3-11.
[4] 王婧,钟林生,陈田.国内外旅游解说研究进展[J].人文地理,2015,30(1):33-39.
[5] 赵敏燕,叶文,董锁成,等.中西生态旅游解说系统差异化研究进展及本土化路径[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(6):691-701.
[6] Ham S H. Interpretation: Making a Difference on Purpose[M]. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 2013.
[7] CHO K J. Developing an interpretive planning model for a national park system: a stakeholder-based needs assessment study for Korea[D]. Ohio: Ohio State University, 2005.
[8] LAI I K W. Traveler acceptance of an App-based mobile tour guide[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 2015, 39(3): 401-432.
[9] 赵明.基于行为意向的环境解说系统使用机制研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2010.
[10] 朱亮,张建萍.自然保护区环境解说系统评估体系的构建-以北京汉石桥湿地自然保护区为例[J].社会科学家,2012(4):81-84,89.
[11] 左冰,周东营.基于SEM的黄埔军校旧址纪念馆旅游解说效果评价[J].热带地理,2014,34(2):209-216.
[12] 黄涛,刘晶岚.长城国家公园游客环境友好行为意愿的影响研究[J]. 中南林业科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2017,11(5):76-81.
[13] Xu H G, Cui Q M, Ballantyne R, et al. Effective environmental interpretation at Chinese natural attractions: the need for an aesthetic approach[J]. Journal of Sustainable, 2013, 21(1): 117-133.
[14] Dunlap R E, Van Liere K D. The’new environmental paradigm’: a proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results[J]. Journal of Environmental Education, 1978(9): 10-19.
[15] Poortinga W,Stegl L,Vlek C.Values, environmental concern, and environmental behavior: a study into house-hold energy use[J]. Environment and Behavior, 2004, 36(1): 70-93.
[16] Stern P C. Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior[J]. Journal of Social Issues, 2000, 56(3): 407-424.
[17] Hines J M, Hungerford H R, Tomera A N. Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: a meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Environmental Education, 1986, 18(2): 1-8.
[18] Kaiser F G, W?fing S, Fuhere U. Environmental attitude and ecological behavior[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1999, 19: 1-19.
[19] Sharpe G W. Interpretation the Environment[M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons,1982: 630-642.
[20] Knudson D M,Cable T T,Beck L.Interpretation of Cultural and Natural Resources[M].Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing, 1995.
[21] Guagnano G A, Stern P C, Dietz T. Influences on attitude behavior relationships: a natural experiment with curbside recycling[J]. Environment and Behavior, 1995, 27: 699-718.
[22] Kinslow A T, Sadler T D, Hai T N. Socio-scientific reasoning and environmental literacy in a field-based ecology class[J]. Environmental Education Research, 2018(2): 1-23.
[23] 于亢亢,赵华,钱程,等.环境态度及其与环境行为关系的文献评述与元分析[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(6):1000-1009.
[24] 彭福伟.国家公园体制改革的进展与展望[J].中国机构改革与管理,2018(2):46-49.
[25] 唐芳林,王梦君,黎国强.国家公园功能分区探讨[J].林业建设,2017(6):1-7.
[26] Zhao M Y, Dong S C, Wu H C, Li Y, Su T W, Xia B, Zheng J, Guo X. Key impact factors of visitors’environmentally responsible behaviour: personality traits or interpretive services? A case study of Beijing's Yuyuantan Urban Park, China[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2018,23(8): 792-805.
[27] Kang M, Gretzel U. Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park[J]. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(2): 440-455.
[28] Katherine N, Tubb. An evaluation of the effectiveness of interpretation within Dart Moor national Park in reaching the goals of sustainable tourism development[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2003, 11(6): 476-499.