殷商中原地区蝗灾探析
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摘要
甲骨文中有关殷商时期蝗灾的记载较多,可补传世文献记载所缺。殷商时期中原地区的蝗灾多发生在公历7月至11月之间,跨后世的夏、秋、冬三个季节。殷商时期中原地区的蝗虫有的年份可发生三代,这可能与殷商时期较为温暖湿润有关。商人对蝗灾发生的时间,及其与旱灾、阴雨的关系都有了一定的认识。殷商农作物种植结构是商人有意或无意选择的结果,客观上有减少蝗灾危害的作用。当蝗灾发生时,商人不仅求助于神灵以禳灾,而且已知道利用烟火驱杀蝗虫。
A large number of plagues of locusts are recorded in the Shang dynasty Oracle Bones. During this period, such plagues in the Central Plains occurred between July and November. In some years, three generations of locusts are recorded, which may be related to the climate at the time being warmer and more humid than today. At that time people had a certain understanding of locust occurrence times, and their relationship with drought and rain. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, they adopted a crop planting system that could mitigate against locust plagues. When the plagues occurred, people not only turned to gods and spirits to prevent disaster, they also knew how to make use of smoke and fire to combat the locusts.
A large number of plagues of locusts are recorded in the Shang dynasty Oracle Bones. During this period, such plagues in the Central Plains occurred between July and November. In some years, three generations of locusts are recorded, which may be related to the climate at the time being warmer and more humid than today. At that time people had a certain understanding of locust occurrence times, and their relationship with drought and rain. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, they adopted a crop planting system that could mitigate against locust plagues. When the plagues occurred, people not only turned to gods and spirits to prevent disaster, they also knew how to make use of smoke and fire to combat the locusts.
引文
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7吕国强,刘金良.河南蝗虫灾害史[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2014.
8彭邦炯.商人卜螽说---兼说甲骨文的秋字[J].农业考古,1983,(2):309~314.
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11常玉芝.殷商历法研究[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,1998.338~422.
12王晖.殷历岁首新论[J].陕西师大学报(哲学社会科学版),1994(2):48~55.
13郭郛,陈永林,卢宝廉.中国飞蝗生物学[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社,1991.59.
14郑云飞.中国历史上的蝗灾分析[J].中国农史,1990,(4):40~41.
15陆人骥.中国历代蝗灾的初步研究[J].农业考古,1986,(1):311~316.
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17徐中舒.甲骨文字典[M].成都:四川辞书出版社,2003.1113~1114.
18陈奇猷.吕氏春秋新校释[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2002.485.
19杨伯峻.春秋左传注(修订本)[M].北京:中华书局,1990.390.
20董恺忱,范楚玉.中国科学技术史·农学卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.47.
21陈文华.中国农业通史·夏商西周春秋卷[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007.22~34.
22彭邦炯.甲骨文农业资料考辨与研究[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,1997.563.
(1)商代气候较现代温暖湿润的史实已被多数学者所接受,可参见竺可桢:《中国近五千年来气象变迁的初步研究》,《考古学报》,1972年第1期,第15～38页;葛全胜等:《中国历朝气候变化》,科学出版社,2011年,第25～30页。
(2)甲骨文的分组分类及断代依据黄天树的《殷墟王卜辞的分类及断代》(科学出版社,2007年)。
2周尧.中国昆虫学史[M].北京:昆虫分类学报社,1980.
3邹树文.中国昆虫学史[M].北京:科学出版社,1981.
4倪根金.中国历史上的蝗灾及治蝗[J].历史教学,1998,(6):48~51.
5游修龄.中国蝗灾历史和治蝗观[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(2):94~100.
6章义和.中国蝗灾史[M].合肥:安徽人民出版社,2008.
7吕国强,刘金良.河南蝗虫灾害史[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2014.
8彭邦炯.商人卜螽说---兼说甲骨文的秋字[J].农业考古,1983,(2):309~314.
9范毓周.殷代的蝗灾[J].农业考古,1983,(2):314~317.
10于省吾.甲骨文字诂林[M].北京:中华书局,1996.1829~1836.
11常玉芝.殷商历法研究[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,1998.338~422.
12王晖.殷历岁首新论[J].陕西师大学报(哲学社会科学版),1994(2):48~55.
13郭郛,陈永林,卢宝廉.中国飞蝗生物学[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社,1991.59.
14郑云飞.中国历史上的蝗灾分析[J].中国农史,1990,(4):40~41.
15陆人骥.中国历代蝗灾的初步研究[J].农业考古,1986,(1):311~316.
16吕国强,邱强,张云霞.河南省黄河流域历史上蝗灾发生与旱涝关系的初步分析[J].植保技术与推广,1993(4):40,45.
17徐中舒.甲骨文字典[M].成都:四川辞书出版社,2003.1113~1114.
18陈奇猷.吕氏春秋新校释[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2002.485.
19杨伯峻.春秋左传注(修订本)[M].北京:中华书局,1990.390.
20董恺忱,范楚玉.中国科学技术史·农学卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.47.
21陈文华.中国农业通史·夏商西周春秋卷[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007.22~34.
22彭邦炯.甲骨文农业资料考辨与研究[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,1997.563.
(1)商代气候较现代温暖湿润的史实已被多数学者所接受,可参见竺可桢:《中国近五千年来气象变迁的初步研究》,《考古学报》,1972年第1期,第15～38页;葛全胜等:《中国历朝气候变化》,科学出版社,2011年,第25～30页。
(2)甲骨文的分组分类及断代依据黄天树的《殷墟王卜辞的分类及断代》(科学出版社,2007年)。