不同土壤容重条件下水分亏缺对作物生长和水分利用的影响
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摘要
为探究不同土壤容重和不同程度水分亏缺条件下冬小麦-夏玉米生长指标及产量的变化。采用桶栽土培法,分别设置3种土壤容重(1.2,1.4,1.6 g/cm~3)和3个土壤水分控制下限(低水分50%田间持水量、中水分60%田间持水量和高水分70%田间持水量),研究不同土壤容重和水分亏缺对冬小麦—夏玉米根系、生长指标、耗水量、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:随水分亏缺程度的加剧,冬小麦和夏玉米生长指标、生物量、耗水量和产量均呈降低趋势。随土壤容重增加,冬小麦生物量和产量呈先升高再降低的趋势,冬小麦耗水量和水分利用效率呈降低趋势;而夏玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率均呈降低趋势。试验中,1.4,1.2 g/cm~3分别为冬小麦和夏玉米生长的最适土壤容重。土壤容重与水分处理互作对夏玉米株高、耗水量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,而对冬小麦和夏玉米生物量及产量无显著影响。研究结果可为黄淮海地区作物绿色增产增效及水土资源高效利用提供理论参考。
In order to study the changes of growth index and yield of winter wheat and summer maize under different soil bulk densities and different degrees of water deficit, a bucket-planting experiment was conducted. Three soil bulk densities were set up: 1.2 g/cm~3, 1.4 g/cm~3, 1.6 g/cm~3, and three lower limits of soil moisture control: 50%, 60% and 70% of field water-holding capacity, respectively. The root system, growth index, water consumption, yields and water use of winter wheat-summer maize were studied. The results showed that with the increases of water deficit, the growth index, biomass, water consumption and yield of winter wheat and summer maize decreased. With the increases of soil bulk densities, the biomass and yield of winter wheat increased first and then decreased, and the water consumption and water use efficiency of winter wheat decreased; the yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of summer maize decreased. In the experiment, 1.4 g/cm~3 and 1.2 g/cm~3 were the optimum soil bulk densities for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively. The interaction between soil bulk density and water treatment had a significant effect on plant height, water consumption and water use efficiency of summer maize, but there was no significant effect on biomass and yield of winter wheat and summer maize. These results could provide a theoretical reference for increasing yield and increasing efficiency of crops and efficient utilization of soil and water resources in Huanghuai area.
In order to study the changes of growth index and yield of winter wheat and summer maize under different soil bulk densities and different degrees of water deficit, a bucket-planting experiment was conducted. Three soil bulk densities were set up: 1.2 g/cm~3, 1.4 g/cm~3, 1.6 g/cm~3, and three lower limits of soil moisture control: 50%, 60% and 70% of field water-holding capacity, respectively. The root system, growth index, water consumption, yields and water use of winter wheat-summer maize were studied. The results showed that with the increases of water deficit, the growth index, biomass, water consumption and yield of winter wheat and summer maize decreased. With the increases of soil bulk densities, the biomass and yield of winter wheat increased first and then decreased, and the water consumption and water use efficiency of winter wheat decreased; the yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of summer maize decreased. In the experiment, 1.4 g/cm~3 and 1.2 g/cm~3 were the optimum soil bulk densities for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively. The interaction between soil bulk density and water treatment had a significant effect on plant height, water consumption and water use efficiency of summer maize, but there was no significant effect on biomass and yield of winter wheat and summer maize. These results could provide a theoretical reference for increasing yield and increasing efficiency of crops and efficient utilization of soil and water resources in Huanghuai area.
引文
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[15] 黄细喜.土壤紧实度及层次对小麦生长的影响[J].土壤学报,1988,25(1):59-65.
[16] 蔡红涛,汤一卒,刁品春,等.棉花花铃期土壤持续干旱胁迫对产量形成的调节效应[J].棉花学报,2008,20(4):300-305.
[17] Wu J, Liu M, Lü A, et al. The variation of the water deficit during the winter wheat growing season and its impact on crop yield in the North China Plain[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2014,58(9):1951-1960.
[18] 高阳,黄玲,李新强,等.开花后水分胁迫对冬小麦旗叶光合作用和保护酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(4):201-206.
[19] 盛钰,赵成义,贾宏涛.水分胁迫对冬小麦光合及生物学特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(1):193-196.
[20] 周伟,徐宝山.不同水分处理对玉米生理生长指标及产量的影响[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2016,52(3):11-14.
[21] 吕殿青,邵明安,潘云.容重变化与土壤水分特征的依赖关系研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):209-216.
[2] 刘宁,李新举,郭斌,等.机械压实过程中复垦土壤紧实度影响因素的模拟分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(1):183-190.
[3] 周李磊,朱华忠,钟华平,等.新疆伊犁地区草地土壤容重空间格局分析[J].2016,25(1):64-75.
[4] Motavalli P P, Anderson S H, Pengthamkeerati P. Surface compaction and poultry litter effects on corn growth, nitrogen availability, and physical proper-ties of a claypan soil[J].Field Crops Reseatch,2003,84:303-318.
[5] Alvaro F J, Lampurlanes J, Cantero M C. Alternative crop rotations under mediterranean no-tillage conditions: Biomass, grain yield, and water-use efficiency[J].Agronomy Journal,2009,101:1227-1233.
[6] Soane B D, Ball B C, Arvidsson J, et al. No-till in northern, western and south-western Europe: A review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment[J].Soil Tillage Research,2012,118:66-87.
[7] 王群,李潮海,李全忠,等.紧实胁迫对不同类型土壤玉米根系时空分布及活力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(10):2039-2050.
[8] Ashraf T, Virginie G R, Sylvain P, et al. Effect of soil compaction on photosynthesis and carbon partitioning within a maize-soil system[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2003,71(2):151-161.
[9] Benigno S M, Cawthray G R, Dixon K W, et al. Soil physical strength rather than excess ethylene reduces root elongation of eucalyptus seedlings in mechanically impeded sandy soils[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2012,68(2):261-270.
[10] Morell F J, Cantero-Martinez C, Alvaro-Fuentes J, et al. Root growth of barley as affected by tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization in a semiarid mediterranean agroecosystem[J].Agronomy Journal,2011,103:1270-1275.
[11] Arvidsson J, H?kansson I. Response of different crops to soil compaction-short-term effects in Swedish field experiments[J].Soil Tillage Research,2014,138:56-63.
[12] H?kansson I, Lipiec J. A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction[J].Soil Tillage Research,2000,53:71-85.
[13] Liu X B, Zhang X Y, Wang Y X, et al. Soil degradation: A problem threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China[J]. Plant Soil Environment,2010,56:87-97.
[14] 韩成卫,孔晓民,宋春林,等.山东省褐土土壤容重对玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(6):143-148.
[15] 黄细喜.土壤紧实度及层次对小麦生长的影响[J].土壤学报,1988,25(1):59-65.
[16] 蔡红涛,汤一卒,刁品春,等.棉花花铃期土壤持续干旱胁迫对产量形成的调节效应[J].棉花学报,2008,20(4):300-305.
[17] Wu J, Liu M, Lü A, et al. The variation of the water deficit during the winter wheat growing season and its impact on crop yield in the North China Plain[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2014,58(9):1951-1960.
[18] 高阳,黄玲,李新强,等.开花后水分胁迫对冬小麦旗叶光合作用和保护酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(4):201-206.
[19] 盛钰,赵成义,贾宏涛.水分胁迫对冬小麦光合及生物学特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(1):193-196.
[20] 周伟,徐宝山.不同水分处理对玉米生理生长指标及产量的影响[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2016,52(3):11-14.
[21] 吕殿青,邵明安,潘云.容重变化与土壤水分特征的依赖关系研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):209-216.