广西龙胜红瑶传统药用植物的民族植物学知识
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摘要
瑶族是一个拥有悠久历史和灿烂文化的民族,红瑶是其中一个分支,因妇女服饰上的花纹图案以大红色为主而得名,其生活习俗饱含民族特色,对植物尤其是药用植物的利用方式,与其他民族不同。该研究采用经典的民族植物学理论和方法,访问调查了广西龙胜红瑶传统药用植物种类,根据植物拉丁名、中文名、当地名、用途、用法及药用部位,对其进行民族植物学编目,并与《中国药典》作了比较。结果表明:共记录到药用植物95种,隶属于57科83属,其中蔷薇科、百合科种类最多,分别含有7种,显示龙胜红瑶传统药用植物资源的多样性;全株入药的植物种类41种,占总数的43.16%;根入药的种类为23种,占总数的24.21%;叶入药的种类为13种,占总数的13.68%。药用植物的药用部位以全株、根及叶为主;治疗风湿类疾病的药物比重最大,为23.47%,推测与其生活的环境有关;与《中国药典》比较,发现71种植物未被其收录,另有17种虽被收录但主治功效不同,有7种被收录且主治功效大致相同,为新型中药的研发提供了借鉴。同时,还探讨了龙胜红瑶传统药用植物的药用价值、资源现状及文化传承的问题。
Yao nationality has a long history and splendid culture,which is distributed in provinces and regions such as Guangxi,Hunan,Guizhou,Yunnan Provinces. Hong-Yao is a branch of the Yao nationality,named for many bright red patterns on women clothing. Its distinctive natural cognition enriches our traditional cultural knowledge base. Their living customs are full of national characteristics,and their use of plants,especially medicinal plants,is different from those of other nationalities. An classical ethnobotanical investigation on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants was implemented among Hong-Yao communities in Longsheng,Guangxi. The inventory was given based on their scientific name,Chinese name,local name,usage and using parts. And traditional medicinal plants were compared with that in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The results showed that a total of 95 medicinal plant species belonging to 83 genera and 57 families are recorded. Rosaceae and Liliaceae are the most species,which contain seven species respectively. That reveals the diversity of traditional medicinal plants. There are 41 plants belong to the whole herb medicine,accounting for43.16% of the total. Twenty-three species are the root medicine,accounting for 24.21% of the total,and 13 plants are leaf medicine,accounting for 13.68%. Part used is given priority to with whole plants and roots. Rheumatic drugs are the largest proportion,up to 23.47%. This may be related to their living environment. Compared with Chinese Pharmacopoeia,there are 71 plant species which not be included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and 17 species are included but have different effects,seven species are included and have similar effects. This provides a reference for the research and development of new Chinese Medicine. The discussion on medicinal value,resource situation and cultural heritage about traditional medicinal plants is shown at the end.
Yao nationality has a long history and splendid culture,which is distributed in provinces and regions such as Guangxi,Hunan,Guizhou,Yunnan Provinces. Hong-Yao is a branch of the Yao nationality,named for many bright red patterns on women clothing. Its distinctive natural cognition enriches our traditional cultural knowledge base. Their living customs are full of national characteristics,and their use of plants,especially medicinal plants,is different from those of other nationalities. An classical ethnobotanical investigation on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants was implemented among Hong-Yao communities in Longsheng,Guangxi. The inventory was given based on their scientific name,Chinese name,local name,usage and using parts. And traditional medicinal plants were compared with that in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The results showed that a total of 95 medicinal plant species belonging to 83 genera and 57 families are recorded. Rosaceae and Liliaceae are the most species,which contain seven species respectively. That reveals the diversity of traditional medicinal plants. There are 41 plants belong to the whole herb medicine,accounting for43.16% of the total. Twenty-three species are the root medicine,accounting for 24.21% of the total,and 13 plants are leaf medicine,accounting for 13.68%. Part used is given priority to with whole plants and roots. Rheumatic drugs are the largest proportion,up to 23.47%. This may be related to their living environment. Compared with Chinese Pharmacopoeia,there are 71 plant species which not be included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and 17 species are included but have different effects,seven species are included and have similar effects. This provides a reference for the research and development of new Chinese Medicine. The discussion on medicinal value,resource situation and cultural heritage about traditional medicinal plants is shown at the end.
引文
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FARRUKH H,IlYAS I,MUFAKHIRAH JD,2006.Ethnobotany of ghalegay,District Swat,Pakistan[J].Acta Bot Yunnan,28(3):305-314.
FEI XT,WANG TH,1988.Hualanyao social organization[M].Nanjing:Jiangsu People’s Publishing House.[费孝通,王同惠,1988.花篮瑶社会组织[M].南京:江苏人民出版社.]
LI SK,2012.Longsheng Hong-Yao[M].Nanning:Guangxi Nationalities Publshing House:4.[李粟坤,2012.龙胜红瑶[M].南宁:广西民族出版社:4.]
LONG CL,2013.Modern ethnobotany:An introduction[J].Plant Divers Res,35(4):438-442.[龙春林,2013.现代民族植物学引论[J].植物分类与资源学报,35(4):438-442.]
LUO JY,QIN XY,LIU YJ,et al.,1985.Investigation of Yao medicine in Guangxi[J].Guangxi Med J,7(3):132-134.[罗金裕,覃显玉,刘杨建,等,1985.广西瑶族医药调查研究[J].广西医学,7(3):132-134.]
LUO JY,QIN XY,LIU YJ,1991.Investigation of Yao medicine in GuangxiⅡ[J].Guangxi Med J,13(2):90-91.[罗金裕,覃显玉,刘杨建,1991.广西瑶族医药调查研究二[J].广西医学,13(2):90-91.]
National Pharmacopoeia Commission,2015.Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of ChinaⅠ[M].Beijing:China Medical Science Press.[国家药典委员会,2015.中华人民共和国药典(一部)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社.]
PEI SJ,HUAI HY,2007.Ethnobotany[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers:146.[裴盛基,淮虎银,2007.民族植物学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社:146.]
RUI W,CEN YZ,XING YY,et al.,2005.Research on the antihepatitis herbal medicine of Yao Nationality[J].Guangdong Chem Ind,(3):65-68.[芮雯,岑颖洲,邢莹莹,等,2005.抗肝炎类瑶族药的研究现状[J].广东化工,(3):65-68.]
SU WH,2008,History and culture of the Hong-Yao[M].Beijing:National Publishing House:2.[粟卫宏,2008.红瑶历史与文化[M].北京:民族出版社:2.]
XI SL,CAO M,CAO LM,et al.,2011.A ethnobotanical study on mangrove forest ecosystems in Beihai,Guangxi[J].J Inn Mongolia Norm Univ(Nat Sci Ed),40(1):63-67.[席世丽,曹明,曹利民,等,2011.广西北海红树林生态系统的民族植物学调查[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,40(1):63-67.]
WANG JR,LONG CL,1995.Ethnobotanical study of traditional edible plants of Jinuo Nationality[J].Acta Bot Yunnan,17(2):161-168.[王洁如,龙春林,1995.基诺族传统食用植物的民族植物学研究[J].云南植物研究,17(2):161-168.]
ZHAO BQ,ZHANG W,ZHOU Y,et al.,2006.The research of the medicinal herb baishouwu[J].Lishizhen Med Mat Med Res,17(12):2396-2340.[赵冰清,张为,周源,等,2006.瑶族药白首乌的研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,17(12):2396-2340.]
CAO M,CAO XY,CAO LM,et al.,2012.Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants at periodic markets of Autonomous County of Gongcheng Yao in Guangxi[J].Plant Divers Resour,34(1):93-100.[曹明,曹小燕,曹利民,等,2012.广西恭城瑶族集市药用植物的民族植物学调查[J].植物分类与资源学报,34(1):93-100.]
CAO M,SU LY,MING X,et al.,2016.Ethnobotanical survey on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants among Yao Communities in Nanping,Guangxi[J].J Inn Mongolia Norm Univ(Nat Sci Ed),45(2):218-223.[曹明,苏礼英,明新,等,2016.广西上思南屏瑶族传统药用植物知识的民族植物学调查[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,45(2):218-223.]
CHEN T,CHANG HT,1994.Thefloristic geography of Nanling Mountain Range,ChinaⅠ.floristic composition and characteristics[J].J Trop Subtrop Bot,2(1):10-23.[陈涛,张宏达,1994.南岭植物区系地理学研究1.植物区系的组成和特点[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2(1):10-23.]
DU Q,WEI WM,MI DQ,2016.Knowledge and existing status of medicinal ethnobotany of mangrove among Jing People in Guangxi[J].Guihaia,36(4):405-412.[杜钦,韦文猛,米东清,2016.京族药用红树林民族植物学知识及现状[J].广西植物,36(4):405-412.]
FAN XY,WANG S,ZHOU XL,et al.,2015.Quality characteristics of Mappianthus iodoides[J].Chin J Exp Trad Med Form,21(4):55-58.[樊溪源,王硕,周小雷,等,2015.瑶族药铜钻药材质量标准[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,21(4):55-58.]
FARRUKH H,IlYAS I,MUFAKHIRAH JD,2006.Ethnobotany of ghalegay,District Swat,Pakistan[J].Acta Bot Yunnan,28(3):305-314.
FEI XT,WANG TH,1988.Hualanyao social organization[M].Nanjing:Jiangsu People’s Publishing House.[费孝通,王同惠,1988.花篮瑶社会组织[M].南京:江苏人民出版社.]
LI SK,2012.Longsheng Hong-Yao[M].Nanning:Guangxi Nationalities Publshing House:4.[李粟坤,2012.龙胜红瑶[M].南宁:广西民族出版社:4.]
LONG CL,2013.Modern ethnobotany:An introduction[J].Plant Divers Res,35(4):438-442.[龙春林,2013.现代民族植物学引论[J].植物分类与资源学报,35(4):438-442.]
LUO JY,QIN XY,LIU YJ,et al.,1985.Investigation of Yao medicine in Guangxi[J].Guangxi Med J,7(3):132-134.[罗金裕,覃显玉,刘杨建,等,1985.广西瑶族医药调查研究[J].广西医学,7(3):132-134.]
LUO JY,QIN XY,LIU YJ,1991.Investigation of Yao medicine in GuangxiⅡ[J].Guangxi Med J,13(2):90-91.[罗金裕,覃显玉,刘杨建,1991.广西瑶族医药调查研究二[J].广西医学,13(2):90-91.]
National Pharmacopoeia Commission,2015.Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of ChinaⅠ[M].Beijing:China Medical Science Press.[国家药典委员会,2015.中华人民共和国药典(一部)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社.]
PEI SJ,HUAI HY,2007.Ethnobotany[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers:146.[裴盛基,淮虎银,2007.民族植物学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社:146.]
RUI W,CEN YZ,XING YY,et al.,2005.Research on the antihepatitis herbal medicine of Yao Nationality[J].Guangdong Chem Ind,(3):65-68.[芮雯,岑颖洲,邢莹莹,等,2005.抗肝炎类瑶族药的研究现状[J].广东化工,(3):65-68.]
SU WH,2008,History and culture of the Hong-Yao[M].Beijing:National Publishing House:2.[粟卫宏,2008.红瑶历史与文化[M].北京:民族出版社:2.]
XI SL,CAO M,CAO LM,et al.,2011.A ethnobotanical study on mangrove forest ecosystems in Beihai,Guangxi[J].J Inn Mongolia Norm Univ(Nat Sci Ed),40(1):63-67.[席世丽,曹明,曹利民,等,2011.广西北海红树林生态系统的民族植物学调查[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,40(1):63-67.]
WANG JR,LONG CL,1995.Ethnobotanical study of traditional edible plants of Jinuo Nationality[J].Acta Bot Yunnan,17(2):161-168.[王洁如,龙春林,1995.基诺族传统食用植物的民族植物学研究[J].云南植物研究,17(2):161-168.]
ZHAO BQ,ZHANG W,ZHOU Y,et al.,2006.The research of the medicinal herb baishouwu[J].Lishizhen Med Mat Med Res,17(12):2396-2340.[赵冰清,张为,周源,等,2006.瑶族药白首乌的研究进展[J].时珍国医国药,17(12):2396-2340.]