亨利·詹姆斯与现代主义
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摘要
亨利·詹姆斯是英美现代主义文学的重要奠基人,他的文学成就和理论贡献在西方文学史上具有里程碑意义。本文应用现代主义理论和现代叙事学原理,以詹姆斯的《梅茜所知》、《贵妇画像》、《黛丝·米勒》和《华盛顿广场》为素材,从人物内心世界的刻画、作品的戏剧化表现手法、内倾性、象征性、含混性等方面对詹姆斯小说中的现代主义特征进行深入探讨。研究发现詹姆斯的作品具有鲜明的现代主义特征,他的有限视角和系列场景等戏剧化手法开创了现代小说的先河,他创立的"意识中心"写作方法催生了"心理现实主义",他用象征手法寓意深刻地刻画了人物的生存状态和性格特征,其作品中特有的模糊性塑造了栩栩如生的人物形象。
Henry James is an important founder of British and American modernist literature,whose literary achievements and theoretical contribution possess the milestone significance in the history of Western literature. By taking James' s What Maisie Knew,The Portrait of a Lady,Daisy Miller and Washington Square as research material,this paper applies modernistic theory and modern narrative principle to make an in-depth study of the modernistic properties: the description of characters' inside world,dramatically manifesting technique,introversion,symbolic characteristics and ambiguity in James' s novels. Studies have found that James' s works are typical of the distinctive characteristics of modernism. James' s preferred visual angle,serial scenes and dramatized writing tactics created a precedent of modern novels. The writing method of "Center of Consciousness"he created spawned"psychological realism". He used symbolic technique to depict characters' existence and characters' traits morally and profoundly. The specific ambiguity in his works portrayed characters as vivid as life. He laid the groundwork for the emergence of modernism.
Henry James is an important founder of British and American modernist literature,whose literary achievements and theoretical contribution possess the milestone significance in the history of Western literature. By taking James' s What Maisie Knew,The Portrait of a Lady,Daisy Miller and Washington Square as research material,this paper applies modernistic theory and modern narrative principle to make an in-depth study of the modernistic properties: the description of characters' inside world,dramatically manifesting technique,introversion,symbolic characteristics and ambiguity in James' s novels. Studies have found that James' s works are typical of the distinctive characteristics of modernism. James' s preferred visual angle,serial scenes and dramatized writing tactics created a precedent of modern novels. The writing method of "Center of Consciousness"he created spawned"psychological realism". He used symbolic technique to depict characters' existence and characters' traits morally and profoundly. The specific ambiguity in his works portrayed characters as vivid as life. He laid the groundwork for the emergence of modernism.
引文
[1]Armstrong,P. The Phenomenology of Henry James[M]. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1983.
[2]Beach,J. W. American Fiction:1920—1940[M]. New York:Macmillan Company,1941.
[3]Bradbury,M.&J. Mc Farland. Modernism:1890—1930[M]. New York:Penguin Books,1976.
[4]Cox,C. B.&A. E. Dyson. The Twentieth Century Mind:History,Ideas,and Literature in Britain(Vol. 1)[M]. London:Oxford University Press,1972.
[5]Drew,E. The Modern Novel:Some Aspects of Contemporary Fiction[M]. New York:Harcourt,Brace&Company,1926.
[6]James,H. Letter to the Honorary Robert S. Rantoul[A]. In Leon Edel(eds.). The American Essays of Henry James[C]. New York:Vintage,1956:24-31.
[7]Elliot,T. S. On Henry James[A]. In Graham Clark(eds.). Henry James:Critical Assessments[C]. Mountfield:Helm Information Ltd.,1991. 704-708.
[8]Emmott,L. Frames of reference contextual monitoring and the interpretation of narrative discourse[A]. In M. Coulthard(eds.). Advances in Written Text Analysis[C]. London:Routledge,1994:157.
[9]Feldman,J. R. Victorian Modernism[M]. London:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[10]Fogel,D. M. Covert Relations:James Joyce,Virginia Woolf,and Henry James[M]. Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,1992.
[11]Freedman,J. The Cambridge Companion to Henry James[M]. London:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[12]Gargano,J. W. Washington Square:A study in the growth of an inner self[J]. Studies in Short Fiction:1976(3):355-362.
[13]Howells,W. D. On James as the Modernist Novelist[A]. In Gard,Roger(eds.). Henry James:The Critical Heritage[C]. London:Routledge&Kegan Paul Limited,1968.
[14]James,H. London notes[A]. In James E. Miller,Jr.(eds.). Theory of Fiction:Henry James[C]. Lincoln and London:University of Nebraska,1972:180.
[15]James,H. The art of the novel[A]. In R. P. Blackmure(eds.). Critical Prefaces[C]. Boston:Northeastern University Press,1984:110,158.
[16]James,H. Literary Criticism:Essays of Literature,American Writers,English Writers[M]. The Library of America,1984.
[17]James,H. What Maisie Knew[M]. London:Wordsworth Edition Limited,2000.
[18]Jervis,J. Exploring the Modern[M]. London:Blackwell,1998.
[19]Lukacs,P. Unambiguous ambiguity:The international theme of“Daisy Miller”[J]. Studies in American Fiction,1988(2):209-216.
[20]Miller,J. E. Theory of Fiction:Henry James[M]. Nebraska:University of Nebraska Press,1972.
[21]Müller,T. Review essay:Henry James and Transatlantic Modernism[J]. The Henry James Review,2017(1):101-107.
[22]Monteiro,G. The bordereau of The Aspern Paper[J]. A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles,Notes and Reviews:2009(1):33-35.
[23]Moon,H. Is The Sacred Fount a symbolist novel?[J]. Comparative Literature,1987(4):306-326.
[24]Pickett,J. P. The American Heritage College Dictionary(4th Edition)[Z]. Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,2007.
[25]Stevenson,R. Modernistic Fiction:An Introduction[M]. Lexington:University Press of Kentucky,1992.
[26]Tintner,A. Henry James and the symbolist movement in art[J]. Journal of Modern Literature,1979(3):397-415.
[27]Vargish,T.&Mook,Delo E. Inside Modernism:Relativity Theory,Cubism,Narrative[M]. London:Yale University Press,1999.
[28]程锡麟,王晓路.当代美国小说理论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.
[29]亨利·詹姆斯.华盛顿广场[M].侯维瑞,译.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1982.
[30]黄宝富.含混、朦胧,或歧义——燕卜荪“复义理论”研究[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版),2004(4):12-15.
[31]黑格尔.美学(第二卷)[M].朱光潜,译.北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[32]亚瑟西·蒙斯.印象与评论:法国作家[A].黄晋凯,张秉真,杨恒达.象征主义·意象派[C].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1989:97.
[33]侯维瑞.现代英国小说史[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1985.
[34]李维屏.英国小说艺术史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
[35]李准.“现代孤独感”和社会主义文艺[N].光明日报,1987-06-30(3).
[36]毛荣贵,范武邱.模糊语言的审美特征[J].外语教学,2005(6):6-13.
[37]申丹,韩加明,王丽亚.英美小说叙事理论研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005.
[38]托马斯·厄内斯特·休姆.论浪漫主义和古典主义[A].戴维·洛奇.二十世纪文学评论[C].葛林,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1992:289.
[39]王跃洪.亨利·詹姆斯作品象征意象的现代主义解读[J].外语与外语教学,2012(6):86-89.
[40]王跃洪,马俊.亨利·詹姆斯《华盛顿广场》人物形象的含混性[J].外语教学,2010(4):88-91.
[41]袁可嘉.欧美现代派文学概论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1993.
[42]郑克鲁.外国文学史(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[43]朱刚.新编美国文学史(第二卷)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[2]Beach,J. W. American Fiction:1920—1940[M]. New York:Macmillan Company,1941.
[3]Bradbury,M.&J. Mc Farland. Modernism:1890—1930[M]. New York:Penguin Books,1976.
[4]Cox,C. B.&A. E. Dyson. The Twentieth Century Mind:History,Ideas,and Literature in Britain(Vol. 1)[M]. London:Oxford University Press,1972.
[5]Drew,E. The Modern Novel:Some Aspects of Contemporary Fiction[M]. New York:Harcourt,Brace&Company,1926.
[6]James,H. Letter to the Honorary Robert S. Rantoul[A]. In Leon Edel(eds.). The American Essays of Henry James[C]. New York:Vintage,1956:24-31.
[7]Elliot,T. S. On Henry James[A]. In Graham Clark(eds.). Henry James:Critical Assessments[C]. Mountfield:Helm Information Ltd.,1991. 704-708.
[8]Emmott,L. Frames of reference contextual monitoring and the interpretation of narrative discourse[A]. In M. Coulthard(eds.). Advances in Written Text Analysis[C]. London:Routledge,1994:157.
[9]Feldman,J. R. Victorian Modernism[M]. London:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[10]Fogel,D. M. Covert Relations:James Joyce,Virginia Woolf,and Henry James[M]. Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,1992.
[11]Freedman,J. The Cambridge Companion to Henry James[M]. London:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[12]Gargano,J. W. Washington Square:A study in the growth of an inner self[J]. Studies in Short Fiction:1976(3):355-362.
[13]Howells,W. D. On James as the Modernist Novelist[A]. In Gard,Roger(eds.). Henry James:The Critical Heritage[C]. London:Routledge&Kegan Paul Limited,1968.
[14]James,H. London notes[A]. In James E. Miller,Jr.(eds.). Theory of Fiction:Henry James[C]. Lincoln and London:University of Nebraska,1972:180.
[15]James,H. The art of the novel[A]. In R. P. Blackmure(eds.). Critical Prefaces[C]. Boston:Northeastern University Press,1984:110,158.
[16]James,H. Literary Criticism:Essays of Literature,American Writers,English Writers[M]. The Library of America,1984.
[17]James,H. What Maisie Knew[M]. London:Wordsworth Edition Limited,2000.
[18]Jervis,J. Exploring the Modern[M]. London:Blackwell,1998.
[19]Lukacs,P. Unambiguous ambiguity:The international theme of“Daisy Miller”[J]. Studies in American Fiction,1988(2):209-216.
[20]Miller,J. E. Theory of Fiction:Henry James[M]. Nebraska:University of Nebraska Press,1972.
[21]Müller,T. Review essay:Henry James and Transatlantic Modernism[J]. The Henry James Review,2017(1):101-107.
[22]Monteiro,G. The bordereau of The Aspern Paper[J]. A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles,Notes and Reviews:2009(1):33-35.
[23]Moon,H. Is The Sacred Fount a symbolist novel?[J]. Comparative Literature,1987(4):306-326.
[24]Pickett,J. P. The American Heritage College Dictionary(4th Edition)[Z]. Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,2007.
[25]Stevenson,R. Modernistic Fiction:An Introduction[M]. Lexington:University Press of Kentucky,1992.
[26]Tintner,A. Henry James and the symbolist movement in art[J]. Journal of Modern Literature,1979(3):397-415.
[27]Vargish,T.&Mook,Delo E. Inside Modernism:Relativity Theory,Cubism,Narrative[M]. London:Yale University Press,1999.
[28]程锡麟,王晓路.当代美国小说理论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.
[29]亨利·詹姆斯.华盛顿广场[M].侯维瑞,译.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1982.
[30]黄宝富.含混、朦胧,或歧义——燕卜荪“复义理论”研究[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版),2004(4):12-15.
[31]黑格尔.美学(第二卷)[M].朱光潜,译.北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[32]亚瑟西·蒙斯.印象与评论:法国作家[A].黄晋凯,张秉真,杨恒达.象征主义·意象派[C].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1989:97.
[33]侯维瑞.现代英国小说史[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1985.
[34]李维屏.英国小说艺术史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
[35]李准.“现代孤独感”和社会主义文艺[N].光明日报,1987-06-30(3).
[36]毛荣贵,范武邱.模糊语言的审美特征[J].外语教学,2005(6):6-13.
[37]申丹,韩加明,王丽亚.英美小说叙事理论研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005.
[38]托马斯·厄内斯特·休姆.论浪漫主义和古典主义[A].戴维·洛奇.二十世纪文学评论[C].葛林,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1992:289.
[39]王跃洪.亨利·詹姆斯作品象征意象的现代主义解读[J].外语与外语教学,2012(6):86-89.
[40]王跃洪,马俊.亨利·詹姆斯《华盛顿广场》人物形象的含混性[J].外语教学,2010(4):88-91.
[41]袁可嘉.欧美现代派文学概论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1993.
[42]郑克鲁.外国文学史(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[43]朱刚.新编美国文学史(第二卷)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.