“墨西哥城政策”的存废对国际计划生育/生殖健康发展的影响分析及相关思考
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摘要
2017年1月23日,特朗普签署总统备忘录,恢复"墨西哥城政策",禁止美国联邦政府资助实施堕胎或积极宣扬堕胎的外国非政府组织;4月3日,美国特朗普政府以联合国人口基金支持中国强制性的计划生育为由,宣布取消2017财年对联合国人口基金的3250万美元资金援助。人口和计划生育问题一直以来都是美国等西方国家攻击我国人权的焦点之一,这与其政治背景和宗教影响等方面的社会原因密切相关。本文旨在剖析由于"墨西哥城政策"的存废导致全球最大的计划生育和生殖健康捐助者——美国计划生育援助资金的变动情况,及其对于国际计划生育/生殖健康发展造成的影响,为中国计划生育/生殖健康发展和应对提供借鉴和参考。
On January 23,2017,president Donald Trump signed an executive order to reinstate the Mexico City Policy,also known as the global gag rule,which required nongovernmental organizations to agree as a condition of receiving any federal funding that they"would neither perform nor actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations".Further,the US administration informed the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee of its intention to cut $32.5 million from the budget to United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA)on April 3.UNFPA is accused of involvement in enacting coercive family planning measures put in place by the Chinese government.The issue of population and family planning in China has always been criticized in the fields of human rights by the United States and other western countries.This is not only determined by the views on human rights,but also other social factors such as political and religious background.Based on review of the development of the Mexico City Policy and analysis of its impact on global family planning/reproductive health,this paper discusses the development prospects of international family planning/reproductive health,and tries to provide references for China.
On January 23,2017,president Donald Trump signed an executive order to reinstate the Mexico City Policy,also known as the global gag rule,which required nongovernmental organizations to agree as a condition of receiving any federal funding that they"would neither perform nor actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations".Further,the US administration informed the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee of its intention to cut $32.5 million from the budget to United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA)on April 3.UNFPA is accused of involvement in enacting coercive family planning measures put in place by the Chinese government.The issue of population and family planning in China has always been criticized in the fields of human rights by the United States and other western countries.This is not only determined by the views on human rights,but also other social factors such as political and religious background.Based on review of the development of the Mexico City Policy and analysis of its impact on global family planning/reproductive health,this paper discusses the development prospects of international family planning/reproductive health,and tries to provide references for China.
引文
[1]美借口“中国堕胎”停援联合国人口基金会遭驳[Z/OL].[2017-04-05].http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2017-04/10424887.html,
[2]White House.Presidential Memorandum Regarding the Mexico City Policy[Z/OL].[2017-01-23].https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/23/presidentialmemorandum-regarding-mexico-city-policy.
[3]Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation.The Mexico City Policy:An Explainer[EB/OL].[2018-5-15].http://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/mexico-city-policy-explainer/.
[4]The human cost of the Global Gag Rule[Z/OL].[2017-02-09].https://www.ippf.org/news/human-cost-global-gag-rule.
[5]Henry Kaiser Family Foundation.UNFPA Funding&KempKasten:An Explainer[EB/OL].[2018-5-14].https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/unfpa-funding-kempkasten-an-explainer/
[6]Trump’s‘Mexico City Policy’or‘Global Gag Rule’[EB/OL].[2018-02-14].https://www.hrw.org.
[7]‘Global gag rule’impact already being felt,family planning advocates warn[Z/OL].[2017-03-08].https://www.devex.com/news/global-gag-rule-impact-already-being-felt-familyplanning-advocates-warn-89790.
[8]Lo NC,Barry M.The Perils of Trumping Science in Global Health-The Mexico City Policy and Beyond[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2017,376(15),1399-1401.
[9]郝林娜.由美国拒绝向联合国人口基金捐款引发的思考[J].人口研究,2003(1):16-19.
[10]历史性的一刻:阿根廷众议院通过堕胎合法化议案[Z/OL].[2018-06-14].http://www.argchina.com/index-index-content-id-20256.html.
[11]联合国发布2012世界人口状况报告称计划生育是基本人权[Z/OL].[2012-11-15].http://news.cri.cn/gb/27824/2012/11/15/2225s3926125.htm.
[12]The power of choice-Reproductive rights and the demographic transition[M/OL].[2018-10-21].https://www.unfpa.org/swop-2018
[2]White House.Presidential Memorandum Regarding the Mexico City Policy[Z/OL].[2017-01-23].https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/23/presidentialmemorandum-regarding-mexico-city-policy.
[3]Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation.The Mexico City Policy:An Explainer[EB/OL].[2018-5-15].http://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/mexico-city-policy-explainer/.
[4]The human cost of the Global Gag Rule[Z/OL].[2017-02-09].https://www.ippf.org/news/human-cost-global-gag-rule.
[5]Henry Kaiser Family Foundation.UNFPA Funding&KempKasten:An Explainer[EB/OL].[2018-5-14].https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/unfpa-funding-kempkasten-an-explainer/
[6]Trump’s‘Mexico City Policy’or‘Global Gag Rule’[EB/OL].[2018-02-14].https://www.hrw.org.
[7]‘Global gag rule’impact already being felt,family planning advocates warn[Z/OL].[2017-03-08].https://www.devex.com/news/global-gag-rule-impact-already-being-felt-familyplanning-advocates-warn-89790.
[8]Lo NC,Barry M.The Perils of Trumping Science in Global Health-The Mexico City Policy and Beyond[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2017,376(15),1399-1401.
[9]郝林娜.由美国拒绝向联合国人口基金捐款引发的思考[J].人口研究,2003(1):16-19.
[10]历史性的一刻:阿根廷众议院通过堕胎合法化议案[Z/OL].[2018-06-14].http://www.argchina.com/index-index-content-id-20256.html.
[11]联合国发布2012世界人口状况报告称计划生育是基本人权[Z/OL].[2012-11-15].http://news.cri.cn/gb/27824/2012/11/15/2225s3926125.htm.
[12]The power of choice-Reproductive rights and the demographic transition[M/OL].[2018-10-21].https://www.unfpa.org/swop-2018