互利的不对等原理及其对生物入侵的启示
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摘要
通过定义植物与动物的互利性及其不对等原理,阐释了外来物种危害互利性的机制和过程,分析了因生物入侵导致的互利性减弱或缺失所导致的入侵结果。认为植物和动物虽然互利但并不对等,植物的贡献起着主导作用,属于矛盾的主要方面,植物为了吸引动物为其种群更新提供便利而产生对动物有益的化学成分和形态结构,在很大程度上决定了动物的各种行为和生命周期。不同区域植物生物多样性不同,若入侵生物原产地生物多样性较为贫瘠,其入侵危害更为严重;反之,若入侵生物原产地生物多样性较为丰富,其入侵危害相对较小。该研究从动植物互利性不对等的角度预测了不同的入侵动态和结果,对于生物入侵的研究和防控具有一定的参考价值。
The present study defined the mutual benefits between animals and plants, and elucidated the possible mechanisms and processes of wrecking mutual benefits including the consequences of the reduction and lack of mutual benefits on the invasive dynamics. The mutual benefits were considered to be unequal between animals and plants. To attract the arrival of animals during the reproductive stage of plants, plants dominantly furnished more benefits for animals and largely affected the activities and life span for many animals. Plant communities in different geographical areas varied with spatial scale increasing. The invasive species from the areas with poorer biodiversity might result in a larger wreck by transferring K-selection or r-selection to a moderate or stronger r-selection;whereas the exotic species from the areas with more abundant biodiversity might lead to a weaker damage because of a transformation from r-selection or K-selection to a moderate or stronger K-selection. This study predicted the invasive dynamics and consequences based on the inequality of mutual benefits between animals and plants, which was surely valuable for future investigation of the theories and control of biological invasions.
The present study defined the mutual benefits between animals and plants, and elucidated the possible mechanisms and processes of wrecking mutual benefits including the consequences of the reduction and lack of mutual benefits on the invasive dynamics. The mutual benefits were considered to be unequal between animals and plants. To attract the arrival of animals during the reproductive stage of plants, plants dominantly furnished more benefits for animals and largely affected the activities and life span for many animals. Plant communities in different geographical areas varied with spatial scale increasing. The invasive species from the areas with poorer biodiversity might result in a larger wreck by transferring K-selection or r-selection to a moderate or stronger r-selection;whereas the exotic species from the areas with more abundant biodiversity might lead to a weaker damage because of a transformation from r-selection or K-selection to a moderate or stronger K-selection. This study predicted the invasive dynamics and consequences based on the inequality of mutual benefits between animals and plants, which was surely valuable for future investigation of the theories and control of biological invasions.
引文
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[32] SIMBERLOFF D.Non-native species do threaten the natural environment![J].J Agric Environ Ethics,2005,18(6):595-607.
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[35] HADDAD N M,CRUTSINGER G M,GROSS K,et al.Plant species loss decreases arthropod diversity and shifts trophic structure[J].Ecol Lett,2009,12(10):1029-1039.
[36] DEUTSCH C A,TEWKSBURY J J,HUEY R B.Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(18):6668-6672.
[37] SHI P J,REDDY G V P,CHEN L,et al.Comparison of thermal performance equations in describing temperature-dependent developmental rates of insects:(I)Empirical models[J].Ann Entomol Soc Am,2016,109(2):211-215.
[38] 凡美玲,方水元,陈磊,等.温度与昆虫内禀增长率关系模型的比较[J].植物保护学报,2017,44(4):544-550.
[39] TURNER I M.Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest:A review of the evidence[J].J Appl Ecol,1996,33(2):200-209.
[2] JANSSON R.Global patterns in endemism explained by past climatic changes[J].Proc Roy Soc B:Biol Sci,2003,270(1515):583-590.
[3] MéDAIL F,DIADEMA K.Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin[J].J Biogeogr,2009,36(7):1333-1345.
[4] GADGIL M,SOLBRIG O T.The concept of r-and K-selection:Evidence from wild flowers and some theoretical considerations[J].Am Nat,1972,106(947):14-31.
[5] PARRY G D.The meanings of r-and K-selection[J].Oecologia,1981,48(2):260-264.
[6] HARPER J L,CLATWORTHY J N,MCNAUGHTON I H,et al.The evolution and ecology of closely related species living in the same area[J].Evolution,1961,15(2):209-227.
[7] CRIST T O,GUERTIN D S,WIENS J A,et al.Animal movement in heterogeneous landscapes:An experiment with Eleodes beetles in shortgrass prairie[J].Funct Ecol,1992,6(5):536-544.
[8] WUNDERLE J M,JR.The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forestregeneration on degraded tropical lands[J].For Ecol Manag,1997,99(1/2):223-235.
[9] BELSKY A J.Does herbivory benefit plants?A review of the evidence[J].Am Nat,1986,127(6):870-892.
[10] OWEN D F.How plants may benefit from the animals that eat them[J].Oikos,1980,35:230-235.
[11] JORDANO P,BASCOMPTE J,OLESEN J M.Invariant properties in coevolutionary networks of plant-animal interactions[J].Ecol Lett,2003,6(1):69-81.
[12] STRAUSS S Y,IRWIN R E.Ecological and evolutionary consequences of multispecies plant-animal interactions[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst,2004,21(35):435-466.
[13] JARNE P,CHARLESWORTH D.The evolution of the selfing rate in functionally hermaphrodite plants and animals[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst,1993,24(1):441-466.
[14] BELSKY A J,CARSON W P,JENSEN C L,et al.Overcompensation by plants:Herbivore optimization or red herring?[J] Evol Ecol,1993,7(1):109-121.
[15] REAL L.Pollination biology[M].Orlando:Academic Press,1983.
[16] LEE J,PARK B J,TSUNETSUGU Y,et al.Effect of forest bathing on physiological and psychological responses in young Japanese male subjects[J].Pub Heal,2011,125(2):93-100.
[17] BASCOMPTE J,JORDANO P.Plant-animal mutualistic networks:The architecture of biodiversity[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst,2007,38:567-593.
[18] HEYMAN J,KUMPF R P,DE VEYLDER L.A quiescent path to plant longevity[J].Trends Cell Biol,2014,24(8):443-448.
[19] JANZEN D H.Why bamboos wait so long to flower[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst,1976,7:347-391.
[20] OLSHANSKY S J,CARNES B A,CASSEL C.In search of Methuselah:Estimating the upper limits to human longevity[J].Science,1990,250(4981):634-640.
[21] POPE G G.Bamboo and human evolution[J].Nat Hist,1989,98(10):48-57.
[22] HARPER J L.Population Biology of Plants[M].London:Academic Press,1977.
[23] LIN S Y,SHAO L J,HUI C,et al.The effect of temperature on the developmental rates of seedling emergence and leaf-unfolding in two dwarf bamboo species[J].Trees,2018,32(3):751-763.
[24] LAUGHLIN D C,ABELLA S R.Abiotic and biotic factors explain independent gradients of plant community composition in ponderosa pine forests[J].Ecol Model,2007,205(1/2):231-240.
[25] KOFFEL T,BOUDSOCQ S,LOEUILLE N,et al.Facilitation vs.competition-driven succession:The key role of resource-ratio[J].Ecol Lett,2018,21(7):1010-1021.
[26] BURTON O J,PHILLIPS B L,TRAVIS J M J.Trade-offs and the evolution of life-histories during range expansion[J].Ecol Lett,2010,13(10):1210-1220.
[27] HUI C,RICHARDSON D M.Invasion dynamics[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017.
[28] HARVEY P H,RAMBAUT A.Comparative analyses for adaptive radiations[J].Phil Trans Roy Soc B:Biol Sci,2000,355(1403):1599-1605.
[29] 时培建,戈峰,王建国,等.外来物种入侵后的多物种竞争共存的集合种群模型[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1241-1250.
[30] BROENNIMANN O,TREIER U A,MüLLER-SCH?RER H,et al.Evidence of climatic niche shift during biological invasion[J].Ecol Lett,2007,10(8):701-709.
[31] HERN W M.Is human culture carcinogenic for uncontrolled population growth and ecological destruction?[J].Bioscience,1993,43(11):768-773.
[32] SIMBERLOFF D.Non-native species do threaten the natural environment![J].J Agric Environ Ethics,2005,18(6):595-607.
[33] LEP? J.What do the biodiversity experiments tell us about consequences of plant species loss in the real world?[J].Basic Appl Ecol,2004,5(6):529-534.
[34] BARNOSKY A D,MATZKE N,TOMIYA S,et al.Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?[J].Nature,2011,471(7336):51-57.
[35] HADDAD N M,CRUTSINGER G M,GROSS K,et al.Plant species loss decreases arthropod diversity and shifts trophic structure[J].Ecol Lett,2009,12(10):1029-1039.
[36] DEUTSCH C A,TEWKSBURY J J,HUEY R B.Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(18):6668-6672.
[37] SHI P J,REDDY G V P,CHEN L,et al.Comparison of thermal performance equations in describing temperature-dependent developmental rates of insects:(I)Empirical models[J].Ann Entomol Soc Am,2016,109(2):211-215.
[38] 凡美玲,方水元,陈磊,等.温度与昆虫内禀增长率关系模型的比较[J].植物保护学报,2017,44(4):544-550.
[39] TURNER I M.Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest:A review of the evidence[J].J Appl Ecol,1996,33(2):200-209.