“超前治理”:城市管理的范式革命——评《“花园城市”的“管”与“治”─新加坡城市管理的理念与实践》
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摘要
现代科学技术尤其是信息技术在城市管理中扮演着越来越重要的角色,在某种程度上甚至决定着城市管理的水平和效率。尽管数字化城市管理在我国方兴未艾,但是从严格意义上说只是将信息系统纳入现行的城市管理轨道,既没有实现管理理念重构,也没有创新管理机制与流程。新加坡50年来的城市管理实践大大颠覆了城市管理是对城市居民需求的滞后性回应的固定思维。新加坡通过充分利用现代管理技术和信息技术,预判未来城市社会经济发展态势对城市公共服务的诉求及其变化趋势,从而提前规划和布局城市的软硬件公共服务供给,实现了城市的"超前治理"。
Modern science and technology,especially information technology,play a more and more important role in urban management,which to some extent determines the degree and efficiency of urban management. Although the digital urban management arises in China,in strict sense,the government just brought information system into its current management track,in which neither the management concepts reformulation nor the mechanism and process innovation have been achieved. Singapore's practice of urban management in recent 50 years,has subverted the inherent thinking that urban management is a lagging response to urban residents' needs. The paper has introduced the practice of Singapore government that the government plans ahead and arranges public service supply of hardware and software to accomplish the goals of advanced governance,by making full use of modern management and information technology to predict the appeals of urban public service and the future socio-economic development trends.
Modern science and technology,especially information technology,play a more and more important role in urban management,which to some extent determines the degree and efficiency of urban management. Although the digital urban management arises in China,in strict sense,the government just brought information system into its current management track,in which neither the management concepts reformulation nor the mechanism and process innovation have been achieved. Singapore's practice of urban management in recent 50 years,has subverted the inherent thinking that urban management is a lagging response to urban residents' needs. The paper has introduced the practice of Singapore government that the government plans ahead and arranges public service supply of hardware and software to accomplish the goals of advanced governance,by making full use of modern management and information technology to predict the appeals of urban public service and the future socio-economic development trends.
引文
[1][美]简·E·芳汀.构建虚拟政府-信息技术与制度创新[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2010:18.
[2][3]徐林,卢昱杰.城市治理研究的问题域与方法论--历史流变与研究展望[J].理论与改革,2016,(4):11-20.
[4][5][6][7][8][9]徐林.“花园城市”的“管”与“治”─新加坡城市管理的理念与实践[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016:55,161-162,174-179,77,208,124.
[10]Achillas C.,Vlachokostas C.&MoussiopoulosΝ.,2011,Prioritize Strategies to Confront Environmental Deterioration in Urban Areas:Multicriteria Assessment of Public Opinion and Experts’Views,Cities,Vol.28(5):414-423.
[11]Ba Clija I.,(2011).Urban Management in a European context,Urbaniizziv,22(2):137-146.
[12]Baud I.&Dhanalakshmi R.,2007,Governance in Urban Environmental Management:Comparing Accountability and Performance in Multi-stakeholder Arrangements in South India,Cities,Vol.24(2):133–147.
[13]Baud I.,Scott D.,Pfeffer K.,Sydenstricker-Neto J.&Denis E.,2014,Digital and Spatial Knowledge Management in Urban Governance:Emerging Issues in India,Brazil,South Africa,and Peru,Habitat International,Vol.44,October:501-509.
[14]Chakrabarty B.K.,1998,Urban Management and Optimizing Urban Development models,Habitat,International,Vol.22(4):503-522.
[15]Dulal H.B.,Brodnig G.&Onoriose C.G.,2011,Climate Change Mitigation in the Transport Sector through Urban Planning:A Review,Habitat International,Vol.35(3):494-500.
[16]Kapucu N.,2012,Disaster and Emergency Management Systems in Urban Areas,Cities,Vol.(29):s41-s49.
[17]Mart1'nez J.,2009,The Use of GIS and Indicators to Monitor Intra-Urban Inequalities:A Case Study in Rosario,Argentina,Habitat International,Vol.33(4):387-396.
[18]Mc Gill R.,2001,Urban Management Checklist,Cities,Vol.18(5):347-354.
[19]Meijer M.,Adriaens F.&van der L.,2011,A Next Step for Sustainable Urban Design in the Netherlands,Cities,Vol.28(6):536-544.
[20]Minnery J.,Argo T.,Winarso H.,Hau D.,Veneracion C.C.,Forbes D.&Childs I.,2013,Slum Upgrading and Urban Governance:Case Studies in Three South East Asian Cities,Habitat International,Vol.39,July:162-169.
[21]Njoh A.J.,2012,Implications of Spatial and Physical Structures for ICT as a Tool of Urban Management and Development in Cameroon,Habitat International,Vol.36(3):343-351.
[22]Obeng-Odoom F.,2012,On the Origin,Meaning,and Evaluation of Urban Governance,Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography,Vol.66(4):204-212.
[23]Rakodi C.,2003,Politics and Performance:The Implications of Emerging Governance Arrangements for Urban Management Approaches and Information Systems,Habitat International,Vol.27(4):523-547.
[24]Roman'czyk K.M.,2015,Towards Urban Governance:Twenty Years of Neighbourhood Contracts in the Brussels-capital Region,Cities,Vol.44(April):1-8.
[25]Romero-Lankao P.,Schweizer V.J.&Bee B.A.,2014,Scale,Urban Risk and Adaptation Capacity in Neighborhoods of Latin American Cities,Habitat International,Vol.42(April):224-235.
[26]Scott P.,Cotton A.&Khan M.S.,2013,Tenure Security and Household Investment Decisions for Urban Sanitation:The Case of Dakar,Senegal,Habitat International,Vol.40(October):58-64.
[27]Sutriadi R.&Wulandari A.,2014,Towards A Communicative City:Enhancing Urban Planning Coordination by the Support of Information and Communication Technology,Case Study Bandung Metropolitan Area,Indonesia,Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,Vol.(135):76-81.
[28]Van Winden,W.,Berg W.,Van Den L.&Peter P.,2007,European Cities in the Knowledge Economy,Urban Studies,Vol.44(3):525–549.
[29]Werna E.,1995,The Management of Urban Development,or the Development of Urban Management?Problems and Premises of an Elusive Concept,Cities,Vol.12(5):353–359.
[30]Yigitcanlar T.,O’Connor K.&Westerman C.,2008,The Making of Knowledge Cities:Melbourne’s Knowledge-based Urban Development Experience,Cities,Vol.25(2):63-72
[31]Zhai B.&Ng M.K.,2013,Urban Regeneration and Social Capital in China:A Case Study of the Drum Tower Muslim District in Xi’an,Cities,35:14-25.
(1)根据《建设部办公厅关于加快推进数字化城市管理试点工作的通知(建办城函[2007]42号)》文件,这一管理模式2008年开始在全国范围推广。
(1)合理布局城市的共同空间有助于减少城市的通勤量,在很大程度上缓解城市的交通拥堵,相关研究参见:Dulal et al(2011)。
(2)早在20世纪末,Chakrabarty(1998)就强调了技术和工程质量在基础设施的建设与运行过程中起着非常重要的作用。
(1)IBM公司的报告:《智慧城市在中国》的白皮书,2013年4月23日。
(1)所谓“一联通”就是一种直接下载到手机终端的应用软件,用户登记姓名、手机号码和电子邮箱等信息之后就可以建立一个属于自己的“一联通”账户。具体参见:徐林.新加坡“花园城市”.217-219.
[2][3]徐林,卢昱杰.城市治理研究的问题域与方法论--历史流变与研究展望[J].理论与改革,2016,(4):11-20.
[4][5][6][7][8][9]徐林.“花园城市”的“管”与“治”─新加坡城市管理的理念与实践[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016:55,161-162,174-179,77,208,124.
[10]Achillas C.,Vlachokostas C.&MoussiopoulosΝ.,2011,Prioritize Strategies to Confront Environmental Deterioration in Urban Areas:Multicriteria Assessment of Public Opinion and Experts’Views,Cities,Vol.28(5):414-423.
[11]Ba Clija I.,(2011).Urban Management in a European context,Urbaniizziv,22(2):137-146.
[12]Baud I.&Dhanalakshmi R.,2007,Governance in Urban Environmental Management:Comparing Accountability and Performance in Multi-stakeholder Arrangements in South India,Cities,Vol.24(2):133–147.
[13]Baud I.,Scott D.,Pfeffer K.,Sydenstricker-Neto J.&Denis E.,2014,Digital and Spatial Knowledge Management in Urban Governance:Emerging Issues in India,Brazil,South Africa,and Peru,Habitat International,Vol.44,October:501-509.
[14]Chakrabarty B.K.,1998,Urban Management and Optimizing Urban Development models,Habitat,International,Vol.22(4):503-522.
[15]Dulal H.B.,Brodnig G.&Onoriose C.G.,2011,Climate Change Mitigation in the Transport Sector through Urban Planning:A Review,Habitat International,Vol.35(3):494-500.
[16]Kapucu N.,2012,Disaster and Emergency Management Systems in Urban Areas,Cities,Vol.(29):s41-s49.
[17]Mart1'nez J.,2009,The Use of GIS and Indicators to Monitor Intra-Urban Inequalities:A Case Study in Rosario,Argentina,Habitat International,Vol.33(4):387-396.
[18]Mc Gill R.,2001,Urban Management Checklist,Cities,Vol.18(5):347-354.
[19]Meijer M.,Adriaens F.&van der L.,2011,A Next Step for Sustainable Urban Design in the Netherlands,Cities,Vol.28(6):536-544.
[20]Minnery J.,Argo T.,Winarso H.,Hau D.,Veneracion C.C.,Forbes D.&Childs I.,2013,Slum Upgrading and Urban Governance:Case Studies in Three South East Asian Cities,Habitat International,Vol.39,July:162-169.
[21]Njoh A.J.,2012,Implications of Spatial and Physical Structures for ICT as a Tool of Urban Management and Development in Cameroon,Habitat International,Vol.36(3):343-351.
[22]Obeng-Odoom F.,2012,On the Origin,Meaning,and Evaluation of Urban Governance,Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography,Vol.66(4):204-212.
[23]Rakodi C.,2003,Politics and Performance:The Implications of Emerging Governance Arrangements for Urban Management Approaches and Information Systems,Habitat International,Vol.27(4):523-547.
[24]Roman'czyk K.M.,2015,Towards Urban Governance:Twenty Years of Neighbourhood Contracts in the Brussels-capital Region,Cities,Vol.44(April):1-8.
[25]Romero-Lankao P.,Schweizer V.J.&Bee B.A.,2014,Scale,Urban Risk and Adaptation Capacity in Neighborhoods of Latin American Cities,Habitat International,Vol.42(April):224-235.
[26]Scott P.,Cotton A.&Khan M.S.,2013,Tenure Security and Household Investment Decisions for Urban Sanitation:The Case of Dakar,Senegal,Habitat International,Vol.40(October):58-64.
[27]Sutriadi R.&Wulandari A.,2014,Towards A Communicative City:Enhancing Urban Planning Coordination by the Support of Information and Communication Technology,Case Study Bandung Metropolitan Area,Indonesia,Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,Vol.(135):76-81.
[28]Van Winden,W.,Berg W.,Van Den L.&Peter P.,2007,European Cities in the Knowledge Economy,Urban Studies,Vol.44(3):525–549.
[29]Werna E.,1995,The Management of Urban Development,or the Development of Urban Management?Problems and Premises of an Elusive Concept,Cities,Vol.12(5):353–359.
[30]Yigitcanlar T.,O’Connor K.&Westerman C.,2008,The Making of Knowledge Cities:Melbourne’s Knowledge-based Urban Development Experience,Cities,Vol.25(2):63-72
[31]Zhai B.&Ng M.K.,2013,Urban Regeneration and Social Capital in China:A Case Study of the Drum Tower Muslim District in Xi’an,Cities,35:14-25.
(1)根据《建设部办公厅关于加快推进数字化城市管理试点工作的通知(建办城函[2007]42号)》文件,这一管理模式2008年开始在全国范围推广。
(1)合理布局城市的共同空间有助于减少城市的通勤量,在很大程度上缓解城市的交通拥堵,相关研究参见:Dulal et al(2011)。
(2)早在20世纪末,Chakrabarty(1998)就强调了技术和工程质量在基础设施的建设与运行过程中起着非常重要的作用。
(1)IBM公司的报告:《智慧城市在中国》的白皮书,2013年4月23日。
(1)所谓“一联通”就是一种直接下载到手机终端的应用软件,用户登记姓名、手机号码和电子邮箱等信息之后就可以建立一个属于自己的“一联通”账户。具体参见:徐林.新加坡“花园城市”.217-219.