在线沟通对青年人际关系的影响
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摘要
基于2013年"中国社会状况综合调查"数据,通过Heckman两阶段选择模型探讨在线沟通对青年人际关系的影响。检验了收发电子邮件、聊天交友以及博客/微博应用等在线沟通模式对人际关系影响的"替代假说""强化假说"以及"无影响假说"。研究发现,不同类型的在线沟通对青年人际关系的影响不同。收发电子邮件与领导及陌生人的关系之间呈正相关,聊天交友与同事关系呈负相关,博客/微博应用对强关系和弱关系都无显著影响;各种形式的在线沟通对与家人的关系均无显著影响,不能强化或者替代与家人的关系;在线沟通与人际关系之间的联系较弱,其影响小于职业类型、身体状况等因素。
Based on the survey data from "Chinese Social Survey 2013",this paper tries to explore the influence of online communication on youth's interpersonal relationship by Heckman's two-stage selection model. The pattern of online communication pattern includes receiving and sending emails,chatting and making friends,blog/weibo applications,and so on. This paper has examined "the displacement hypothesis","the reinforcement hypothesis"and"no impact hypothesis"regarding the influence of online communication pattern on youth's interpersonal relationship. According to the findings,different types of online communication have different influences on youth's interpersonal relationship: receiving and sending emails have positive correlations with the relationships with leaders and strangers; chatting and making friends have negative correlations with the relationship with colleagues; the blog/weibo applications have no significant influences on strong ties and weak ties. Each kind of online communication has no significant influence on the relationship with families. They couldn't reinforce or displace the relationship with families. There is weak relationship between interpersonal relationship and online communication,whose influence is less than factors such as occupational type and physical status.
Based on the survey data from "Chinese Social Survey 2013",this paper tries to explore the influence of online communication on youth's interpersonal relationship by Heckman's two-stage selection model. The pattern of online communication pattern includes receiving and sending emails,chatting and making friends,blog/weibo applications,and so on. This paper has examined "the displacement hypothesis","the reinforcement hypothesis"and"no impact hypothesis"regarding the influence of online communication pattern on youth's interpersonal relationship. According to the findings,different types of online communication have different influences on youth's interpersonal relationship: receiving and sending emails have positive correlations with the relationships with leaders and strangers; chatting and making friends have negative correlations with the relationship with colleagues; the blog/weibo applications have no significant influences on strong ties and weak ties. Each kind of online communication has no significant influence on the relationship with families. They couldn't reinforce or displace the relationship with families. There is weak relationship between interpersonal relationship and online communication,whose influence is less than factors such as occupational type and physical status.
引文
蔡骐、岳璐,2018,《网络虚拟社区人际关系建构的路径、模式与价值》,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》第9期。
陈世华、黄盛泉,2015,《近亲不如远邻:网络时代人际关系新范式》,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》第12期。
胡春阳,2017,《超人际传播:人际关系发展的未来形态》,《人民论坛·学术前沿》第23期。
胡春阳、周劲,2015,《经由微信的人际传播研究(一)》,《新闻大学》第6期。
黄少华,2002,《论网络空间的人际交往》,《社会科学研究》第4期。
李庆华、胡志伟,2016,《网络社会青年与陌生人的微信人际关系刍议》,《中国青年社会科学》第6期。
李桐、罗重一,2018,《互联网社交对传统人际交往秩序的影响及规范》,《学习与实践》第11期。
刘昊,2012,《微博对网络社会中人际关系的重构》,《新闻战线》第10期。
刘静、杨伯溆,2010,《校内网使用与大学生的互联网社会资本》,《青年研究》第04期。
宋巨盛,2003,《互联网对现代人际交往影响的社会学分析》,《江淮论坛》第5期。
张娜,2015,《熟悉的陌生人:青年群体网络人际关系的一种类型》,《中国青年研究》第4期。
郑荣双、严全治,1998,《当代人际交往的网络化方式与人格的多元化趋势》,《自然辩证法研究》第2期
中国互联网络信息中心,2014a,《2013年中国社交类应用用户行为研究报告》,5月26日(http://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-05/26/c_126547552.htm)。
——,2014b,《第33次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》,5月26日(http://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-05/26/c_126548822.htm)。
——,2016,《2015年中国青少年上网行为研究报告》,参见http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/qsnbg/201608/P020160812393489128332.pdf,2019年2月24日访问。
——,2018,《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》(第42次),参见http://www.cac.gov.cn/2018-08/20/c_1123296882.htm,2018年9月21日访问。
周大勇、孙红昶,2018,《互联网“圈子”传播:分层互动与关系的弥合》,《图书馆学研究》第17期。
Bargh, J. A. & K. Y. A. McKenna 2004,“The Internet and Social Life.” Annual Review of Psychology 55(11).
Baym, N.K., Y.B. Zhang & M.Lin 2004, “Social Interactions across Media: Interpersonal Communication on the Internet, Face-to-face,and the Telephone.” New Media & Society 6(3).
Boase, J. 2006,“America Online and Offline: The Relationship of Personal Networks to Email and Other Communication Media.” (PhD Thesis)Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Boase, J. 2008, “Personal Networks and the Personal Communication System.”Information, Communication and Society, 11.
Boneva, B.S., A., Quinn. R.Kraut & S. Kiesler, 2006, “Teenage Communication in the Instant Messaging Era.” In Robert E. Kraut et al.(eds.), Information Technology at Home. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chen, W. 2013, “Growth or decline: Changes in Americans' Social Capital.” In N.Lin, Y.C.Fu & C.J.Chen (Eds.) Social Capital and Its Institutional Contingency: A Study of the United States, China and Taiwan.London: Routledge.
Donath.J. & D. Boyd 2004,“Public Displays of Connection.” BT Technology Journal 22(5).
Ellison, NB., Lampe, C., Steinfield, C. 2010,“With a little Help from My Friends: Social Network Sites and Social Capital.”A Networked Self: Identity, Community and Culture on Social Network Sites.New York: Routledge.
Ellison, NB., Steinfield,C.& Lampe, C. 2007“The Benefits of Facebook ‘friends’: Exploring the Relationship between College Students Use of Online Social Networks and Social Capital.”Journal of Computer-mediated Communication 12.
Facebook Data Team, 2009,“Maintained Relationships on Facebook Memo.”(http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-data-team/maintained-relationships-on-facebook/55257228858).
Geiger, I. & J. Parlamis 2014,“Is There More to Email Negotiation than Email? The Role of Email Affinity.” Computers in Human Behavior 32.
Gergen, K.J. 2008, “Mobile Communication and the Transformation of the Democratic Process.” In James E. Katz (ed.), Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Gross, E. F. 2004, “Adolescent Internet Use: What We Expect, What Teens Report.”Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 25(6).
Gross, E. F., J. Juvonen & S. L. Gable 2002,“Internet Use and Well-being in Adolescence.” Journal of Social Issue 58(1).
Hamburger, Y.A. & E. Ben-Artzi 2000,“The Relationship between Extraversion and Neuroticism and the Different Uses of the Internet.” Computers in Human Behavior 16(4).
Hampton, K. N., L. F. Sessions & E. J. Her 2011, “Core Networks, Social Isolation, and New Media Information.” Communication & Society 14(1).
Hampton, K., L. S.Goulet, L. Rainie & K. Purcell, 2011, Social Networking Sites and Our Lives. Washington DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Haythornthwaite, C. 2002,“Strong, Weak, and Latent Ties and the Impact of New Media.”The Information Society 18(5).
Haythornthwaite,C.2005,“Social Networks and Internet Connectivity Effects.”Information, Communication & Society 8(2).
Horrigan, J. B., 2002, “Online Communities: Networks that Nurture Long-distance Relationships and Local Ties.”In Pew Internet and American Life Project (http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Communities_Report.pdf).
Howard, P. E. N., L. Rainie & S. Jones 2001,“Days and Nights on the Internet.”American Behavioral Scientist 45(3).
Ito, M., D. Okabe & M.Matsuda 2005, Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese life. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Joinson, A. N. 2001,“Self-disclosure in Computer-mediated Communication: The Role of Self-awareness and Visual Anonymity.”European Journal of Social Psychology 31.
Katz, J. E. & P. Aspden, 1997, “A Nation of Strangers?” Communications of the ACM 40(12).
Kennedy, T., A. Smith, A. T. Wells & B. Wellman 2008, “Networked Families.” Pew Internet & American Life Project 10.
Kraut, R. et al.1998,“Internet Paradox: A Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-being?” American Psychologist 53(9).
Kraut, R. et al.2002,“Internet Paradox Revisited.” Journal of Social Issues 58(17).
Lee, S.J. & Y.G. Chae 2007, “Children's Internet Use in a Family Context: Influence on Family Relationships and Parental Mediation.” Cyber Psychology & Behavior 10.
Ma, L.2013,“Electronic Word-of-mouth on Microblogs:A Cross-cultural Content Analysis of Twitter and Weibo.”Inercultural Communication Studies 3.
Mesch, G. & I. Talmud 2006, “The Quality of Online and Offline Relationships: The Role of Multiplexity and Duration of Social Relationships.” The Information Society 22(3).
Mesch, G. 2003,“The Family and the Internet.”Social Science Quarterly 84(4).
—— 2006,“Family Relations and the Internet: Exploring a Family Boundaries Approach.”Journal of Family Communication 6(2).
Nardi,B.A., D.J.Schiano & M. Gumbrecht 2004,“Blogging as Social Activity, or, would You Let 900 Million People Read Your Diary?”ACM Conference 6(3).
Nie, N. 2000,“Study of the Social Consequences of the Internet.” In Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society SIQSS (http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/internetStudy.html).
Nie,N. & D.S. Hillygus 2002,“Where does Internet Time Come from? A Reconnaissance.” IT & Society 1(2).
Pierce, J. 2009, “Family Time Decreasing with Internet Use.” (http://uscnews.usc.edu/digital_ media/family_time_decreases_with_internet_use.html.18).
Pollet, T. V., S. G. B. Roberts & R. I. M. Dunbar 2011, “Use of Social Network Sites and Instant Messaging does not Lead to Increased Offline Social Network Size, or to Emotionally Closer Relationships with Offline Net-work Members.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14(17).
Resnick, P. 2001, “Beyond Bowling Together: Sociotechnical Capital.” In J. Carroll (ed.), HCI in the New Millennium. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Shapiro, J. S. 1999,“Loneliness: Paradox or Artifact?” American Psychologist 54(9).
Stefanone, M.A.& C.Y.Jang 2008,“Writing for Friends and Family:The Interpersonal Nature of Blogs.”Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13.
Subrahmanyam, K. & P. Greenfield 2008, “Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships.” The future of children 18(1).
Tong, S. & J. B. Walther 2011, “Relational Maintenance and CMC.” In K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb (eds.),Computer-mediated Communication in Personal Relationships. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Turkle, S. 1996, “Virtuality and Its Discontents: Searching for Community in Cyberspace.” The American Prospect 24(2).
Valkenburg, P. & J. Peter 2009,“The Effects of Instant Messaging on the Quality of Adolescents' Existing Friendships: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Communication 59(1).
Wang, H. & B.Wellman 2010,“Social Connectivity in America: Changes in Adult Friendship Network Size from 2002 to 2007.” American Behavioral Scientist 53(3).
Wellman, B. et al. 2001, “Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital?” American Behavioral Scientist 45(3).
(1)虽然在千差万别的工作环境中,青年人与同事的关系也是远近不一,有关系亲密者,也有关系疏远者,但是由于在CSS2013调查中没有对关系强度展开测量,无法对同事关系的强弱进行区分。但是调查中被调查者与同事关系满意度的评价在8分以上,因此笔者将同事关系看作强关系。
陈世华、黄盛泉,2015,《近亲不如远邻:网络时代人际关系新范式》,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》第12期。
胡春阳,2017,《超人际传播:人际关系发展的未来形态》,《人民论坛·学术前沿》第23期。
胡春阳、周劲,2015,《经由微信的人际传播研究(一)》,《新闻大学》第6期。
黄少华,2002,《论网络空间的人际交往》,《社会科学研究》第4期。
李庆华、胡志伟,2016,《网络社会青年与陌生人的微信人际关系刍议》,《中国青年社会科学》第6期。
李桐、罗重一,2018,《互联网社交对传统人际交往秩序的影响及规范》,《学习与实践》第11期。
刘昊,2012,《微博对网络社会中人际关系的重构》,《新闻战线》第10期。
刘静、杨伯溆,2010,《校内网使用与大学生的互联网社会资本》,《青年研究》第04期。
宋巨盛,2003,《互联网对现代人际交往影响的社会学分析》,《江淮论坛》第5期。
张娜,2015,《熟悉的陌生人:青年群体网络人际关系的一种类型》,《中国青年研究》第4期。
郑荣双、严全治,1998,《当代人际交往的网络化方式与人格的多元化趋势》,《自然辩证法研究》第2期
中国互联网络信息中心,2014a,《2013年中国社交类应用用户行为研究报告》,5月26日(http://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-05/26/c_126547552.htm)。
——,2014b,《第33次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》,5月26日(http://www.cac.gov.cn/2014-05/26/c_126548822.htm)。
——,2016,《2015年中国青少年上网行为研究报告》,参见http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/qsnbg/201608/P020160812393489128332.pdf,2019年2月24日访问。
——,2018,《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》(第42次),参见http://www.cac.gov.cn/2018-08/20/c_1123296882.htm,2018年9月21日访问。
周大勇、孙红昶,2018,《互联网“圈子”传播:分层互动与关系的弥合》,《图书馆学研究》第17期。
Bargh, J. A. & K. Y. A. McKenna 2004,“The Internet and Social Life.” Annual Review of Psychology 55(11).
Baym, N.K., Y.B. Zhang & M.Lin 2004, “Social Interactions across Media: Interpersonal Communication on the Internet, Face-to-face,and the Telephone.” New Media & Society 6(3).
Boase, J. 2006,“America Online and Offline: The Relationship of Personal Networks to Email and Other Communication Media.” (PhD Thesis)Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Boase, J. 2008, “Personal Networks and the Personal Communication System.”Information, Communication and Society, 11.
Boneva, B.S., A., Quinn. R.Kraut & S. Kiesler, 2006, “Teenage Communication in the Instant Messaging Era.” In Robert E. Kraut et al.(eds.), Information Technology at Home. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chen, W. 2013, “Growth or decline: Changes in Americans' Social Capital.” In N.Lin, Y.C.Fu & C.J.Chen (Eds.) Social Capital and Its Institutional Contingency: A Study of the United States, China and Taiwan.London: Routledge.
Donath.J. & D. Boyd 2004,“Public Displays of Connection.” BT Technology Journal 22(5).
Ellison, NB., Lampe, C., Steinfield, C. 2010,“With a little Help from My Friends: Social Network Sites and Social Capital.”A Networked Self: Identity, Community and Culture on Social Network Sites.New York: Routledge.
Ellison, NB., Steinfield,C.& Lampe, C. 2007“The Benefits of Facebook ‘friends’: Exploring the Relationship between College Students Use of Online Social Networks and Social Capital.”Journal of Computer-mediated Communication 12.
Facebook Data Team, 2009,“Maintained Relationships on Facebook Memo.”(http://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-data-team/maintained-relationships-on-facebook/55257228858).
Geiger, I. & J. Parlamis 2014,“Is There More to Email Negotiation than Email? The Role of Email Affinity.” Computers in Human Behavior 32.
Gergen, K.J. 2008, “Mobile Communication and the Transformation of the Democratic Process.” In James E. Katz (ed.), Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Gross, E. F. 2004, “Adolescent Internet Use: What We Expect, What Teens Report.”Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 25(6).
Gross, E. F., J. Juvonen & S. L. Gable 2002,“Internet Use and Well-being in Adolescence.” Journal of Social Issue 58(1).
Hamburger, Y.A. & E. Ben-Artzi 2000,“The Relationship between Extraversion and Neuroticism and the Different Uses of the Internet.” Computers in Human Behavior 16(4).
Hampton, K. N., L. F. Sessions & E. J. Her 2011, “Core Networks, Social Isolation, and New Media Information.” Communication & Society 14(1).
Hampton, K., L. S.Goulet, L. Rainie & K. Purcell, 2011, Social Networking Sites and Our Lives. Washington DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Haythornthwaite, C. 2002,“Strong, Weak, and Latent Ties and the Impact of New Media.”The Information Society 18(5).
Haythornthwaite,C.2005,“Social Networks and Internet Connectivity Effects.”Information, Communication & Society 8(2).
Horrigan, J. B., 2002, “Online Communities: Networks that Nurture Long-distance Relationships and Local Ties.”In Pew Internet and American Life Project (http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Communities_Report.pdf).
Howard, P. E. N., L. Rainie & S. Jones 2001,“Days and Nights on the Internet.”American Behavioral Scientist 45(3).
Ito, M., D. Okabe & M.Matsuda 2005, Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese life. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Joinson, A. N. 2001,“Self-disclosure in Computer-mediated Communication: The Role of Self-awareness and Visual Anonymity.”European Journal of Social Psychology 31.
Katz, J. E. & P. Aspden, 1997, “A Nation of Strangers?” Communications of the ACM 40(12).
Kennedy, T., A. Smith, A. T. Wells & B. Wellman 2008, “Networked Families.” Pew Internet & American Life Project 10.
Kraut, R. et al.1998,“Internet Paradox: A Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-being?” American Psychologist 53(9).
Kraut, R. et al.2002,“Internet Paradox Revisited.” Journal of Social Issues 58(17).
Lee, S.J. & Y.G. Chae 2007, “Children's Internet Use in a Family Context: Influence on Family Relationships and Parental Mediation.” Cyber Psychology & Behavior 10.
Ma, L.2013,“Electronic Word-of-mouth on Microblogs:A Cross-cultural Content Analysis of Twitter and Weibo.”Inercultural Communication Studies 3.
Mesch, G. & I. Talmud 2006, “The Quality of Online and Offline Relationships: The Role of Multiplexity and Duration of Social Relationships.” The Information Society 22(3).
Mesch, G. 2003,“The Family and the Internet.”Social Science Quarterly 84(4).
—— 2006,“Family Relations and the Internet: Exploring a Family Boundaries Approach.”Journal of Family Communication 6(2).
Nardi,B.A., D.J.Schiano & M. Gumbrecht 2004,“Blogging as Social Activity, or, would You Let 900 Million People Read Your Diary?”ACM Conference 6(3).
Nie, N. 2000,“Study of the Social Consequences of the Internet.” In Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society SIQSS (http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/internetStudy.html).
Nie,N. & D.S. Hillygus 2002,“Where does Internet Time Come from? A Reconnaissance.” IT & Society 1(2).
Pierce, J. 2009, “Family Time Decreasing with Internet Use.” (http://uscnews.usc.edu/digital_ media/family_time_decreases_with_internet_use.html.18).
Pollet, T. V., S. G. B. Roberts & R. I. M. Dunbar 2011, “Use of Social Network Sites and Instant Messaging does not Lead to Increased Offline Social Network Size, or to Emotionally Closer Relationships with Offline Net-work Members.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14(17).
Resnick, P. 2001, “Beyond Bowling Together: Sociotechnical Capital.” In J. Carroll (ed.), HCI in the New Millennium. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Shapiro, J. S. 1999,“Loneliness: Paradox or Artifact?” American Psychologist 54(9).
Stefanone, M.A.& C.Y.Jang 2008,“Writing for Friends and Family:The Interpersonal Nature of Blogs.”Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13.
Subrahmanyam, K. & P. Greenfield 2008, “Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships.” The future of children 18(1).
Tong, S. & J. B. Walther 2011, “Relational Maintenance and CMC.” In K. B. Wright & L. M. Webb (eds.),Computer-mediated Communication in Personal Relationships. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Turkle, S. 1996, “Virtuality and Its Discontents: Searching for Community in Cyberspace.” The American Prospect 24(2).
Valkenburg, P. & J. Peter 2009,“The Effects of Instant Messaging on the Quality of Adolescents' Existing Friendships: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Communication 59(1).
Wang, H. & B.Wellman 2010,“Social Connectivity in America: Changes in Adult Friendship Network Size from 2002 to 2007.” American Behavioral Scientist 53(3).
Wellman, B. et al. 2001, “Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital?” American Behavioral Scientist 45(3).
(1)虽然在千差万别的工作环境中,青年人与同事的关系也是远近不一,有关系亲密者,也有关系疏远者,但是由于在CSS2013调查中没有对关系强度展开测量,无法对同事关系的强弱进行区分。但是调查中被调查者与同事关系满意度的评价在8分以上,因此笔者将同事关系看作强关系。