长江流域油-稻与麦-稻轮作体系周年养分收支差异
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摘要
【目的】评估1990—2017年长江流域不同轮作体系周年养分收支平衡,比较油-稻与麦-稻轮作体系养分收支差异,为提高周年养分利用效率、优化水旱轮作区域养分资源的合理分配提供依据。【方法】收集了长江流域[四川、重庆、贵州、湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、浙江和上海等省(市)] 513个试验的油-稻与麦-稻轮作体系各季作物施肥量、生物量(含秸秆和根茬及落叶归还)、养分含量、积累量,分析了油-稻与麦-稻轮作体系周年氮、磷、钾养分收支平衡,比较和评估了两种轮作体系氮的损失量(包含NH3挥发、N2O排放以及氮的径流和淋溶)。【结果】油-稻轮作周年平均化肥投入量为N 378.5 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 169.9 kg/hm~2和K_2O 225.7kg/hm~2,麦-稻轮作为N 394.4 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 172.5 kg/hm~2和K_2O 210.8 kg/hm~2,两种轮作方式施肥量未表现出明显差异。油-稻轮作还田生物量(18984 kg/hm~2)高于麦-稻轮作(18123 kg/hm~2)。油-稻轮作周年养分归还量为N142.5 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 46.4 kg/hm~2和K_2O 441.3 kg/hm~2,较麦-稻轮作分别高出9.7%、6.7%和27.4%。落叶是油菜季养分归还量的重要部分,其带入的氮、磷、钾养分分别占到油菜还田养分总量的29.3%、18.5%和16.3%,使得油菜季养分输入量明显高于小麦季;而小麦由于群体生物量大,两种轮作模式水稻季的养分输入以麦-稻轮作优势明显(钾素除外)。麦-稻轮作周年地上部养分带走量为N 333.9 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 125.8 kg/hm~2和K_2O 379.3kg/hm~2,分别较油-稻轮作高出14.6%、2.1%和-13.4%。油-稻与麦-稻轮作周年氮损失量分别为N 96.7和88.8kg/hm~2,占周年施氮量的22.5%～25.5%。油菜季氮损失量平均N 34.5 kg/hm~2,略高于小麦季的N 29.8 kg/hm~2。水稻季氮损失量明显高于旱季作物,两种轮作体系相差较小(N 59.0～62.2 kg/hm~2)。不同氮损失途径中,NH3挥发损失的氮所占比例最大,占各季施氮量的7.2%～18.4%;其次是氮的淋溶和径流损失,约为6.7%～12.7%;N2O排放所占比例最小(1.1%～2.1%)。秸秆不还田时,油-稻轮作体系氮素盈余N 37.3 kg/hm~2,麦-稻体系持平或略有亏缺(N-6.0 kg/hm~2),两种轮作体系P_2O_5盈余53.3～58.4 kg/hm~2、K_2O亏缺138.3～145.0 kg/hm~2。秸秆还田后,油-稻轮作体系周年养分收支平衡量为N 133.0 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 93.1 kg/hm~2和K_2O 229.0 kg/hm~2,分别较麦-稻轮作高出30.9%、3.2%和28.7%。【结论】水旱轮作体系在秸秆不还田时,油-稻体系氮盈余,麦-稻体系氮持平或略有亏缺,两个体系磷均有盈余而钾素处于亏缺状态。秸秆还田时,两种轮作体系氮、磷、钾均表现为盈余,说明秸秆还田能够增加养分输入,维持土壤养分的平衡。由于油菜落叶归还大量氮素,油-稻轮作较麦-稻轮作体系氮素盈余量高,因此,油-稻轮作可考虑降低氮肥的施用。
【Objectives】The differences of annual nutrient budgets were evaluated and compared between rapeseed-rice(R-R) and wheat-rice(W-R) rotations in the Yangtze River Basin during 1990 to 2017, aiming to provide basis for improving annual nutrient use efficiency and optimizing rational distribution of nutrient resources in paddy-upland rotation systems.【Methods】Total of 513 field experiments for R-R and W-R rotations were collected, covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu,Shanghai and Zhejiang provinces, China. The data included fertilizer rates, crop biomass, nutrient concentration,nutrient accumulation, nitrogen losses and so on, and the return of straw, stubble and litter loss were involved in crop biomass, and ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, nitrogen leaching and runoff were involved in nitrogen losses. Then annual nutrient budgets of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) were analyzed,and the nitrogen losses were calculated.【Results】There was no significant difference in fertilizer rates for the two rotation systems. The average annual N, P_2O_5, K_2O rates were 378.5 kg/hm~2, 169.9 kg/hm~2, 225.7 kg/hm~2 for the R-R rotation and 394.4 kg/hm~2, 172.5 kg/hm~2, 210.8 kg/hm~2 for the W-R rotation. The returning biomass of RR rotation was 18984 kg/hm~2, which was higher than that of 18123 kg/hm~2 in W-R rotation. The average annual N,P_2O_5 and K_2O returning for R-R rotation were 142.5 kg/hm~2, 46.4 kg/hm~2 and 441.3 kg/hm~2, which were 9.7%,6.7% and 27.4% higher than those of W-R rotation, respectively. The N, P_2O_5 and K_2O returning by litter loss accounted for 29.3%, 18.5% and 16.3% of the total nutrient returning of rapeseed, as a result, the nutrient inputs of rapeseed season were significantly higher than those of wheat season. For the rice season, nutrient inputs in the W-R rotation showed an obvious advantage(except for K) due to the large population of wheat biomass.Averaged annual N, P_2O_5 and K_2O uptake of W-R rotation were 333.9 kg/hm~2, 125.8 kg/hm~2 and 379.3 kg/hm~2,which were 14.6%, 2.1% and-13.4% higher than those of R-R rotation. Annual N loss from R-R and W-R rotations were respective N 96.7 and 88.8 kg/hm~2, accounting for 22.5%-25.5% of the annual fertilizer N input.The N loss in rapeseed season was 34.5 kg/hm~2, slightly higher than that of 29.8 kg/hm~2 in wheat season, and that in rice season was N 59.0-62.2 kg/hm~2, significantly higher than that in winter crops, so there was little difference between the two rotations. The highest N loss proportion(7.2%-18.4%) was from NH3 volatilization, then was from N runoff and leaching(6.7%-12.7%), and the lowest(1.1%-2.1%) was from N2 O emission. When there was no straw returned, there was N surplus of 37.3 kg/hm~2 in R-R rotation and-6.0 kg/hm~2 in W-R rotation, P surplus of P_2O_5 53.3-58.4 kg/hm~2 and K deficit of K_2O 138.3-145.0 kg/hm~2 in both the rotations. In case of straw returning to the field, the average annual nutrient budgets of R-R rotation were N 133.0 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 93.1 kg/hm~2 and K_2O 229.0 kg/hm~2, which were 30.9%, 3.2% and 28.7% higher than those of W-R rotation.【Conclusions】Without straw returning, N is surplus in rapeseed-rice rotation and keeps balanced or slightly deficit in wheat-rice rotation, P is surplus and K is deficient in both rotations. With straw returning, all the N, P and K nutrients are surplus in both the rotations. Straw returning is thus an important factor for annual nutrient balance in soil. As the large amount of N returning brought by high biomass of rapeseed, N fertilizer could be minimized to some extent in rapeseed-rice rotation.
【Objectives】The differences of annual nutrient budgets were evaluated and compared between rapeseed-rice(R-R) and wheat-rice(W-R) rotations in the Yangtze River Basin during 1990 to 2017, aiming to provide basis for improving annual nutrient use efficiency and optimizing rational distribution of nutrient resources in paddy-upland rotation systems.【Methods】Total of 513 field experiments for R-R and W-R rotations were collected, covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu,Shanghai and Zhejiang provinces, China. The data included fertilizer rates, crop biomass, nutrient concentration,nutrient accumulation, nitrogen losses and so on, and the return of straw, stubble and litter loss were involved in crop biomass, and ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, nitrogen leaching and runoff were involved in nitrogen losses. Then annual nutrient budgets of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) were analyzed,and the nitrogen losses were calculated.【Results】There was no significant difference in fertilizer rates for the two rotation systems. The average annual N, P_2O_5, K_2O rates were 378.5 kg/hm~2, 169.9 kg/hm~2, 225.7 kg/hm~2 for the R-R rotation and 394.4 kg/hm~2, 172.5 kg/hm~2, 210.8 kg/hm~2 for the W-R rotation. The returning biomass of RR rotation was 18984 kg/hm~2, which was higher than that of 18123 kg/hm~2 in W-R rotation. The average annual N,P_2O_5 and K_2O returning for R-R rotation were 142.5 kg/hm~2, 46.4 kg/hm~2 and 441.3 kg/hm~2, which were 9.7%,6.7% and 27.4% higher than those of W-R rotation, respectively. The N, P_2O_5 and K_2O returning by litter loss accounted for 29.3%, 18.5% and 16.3% of the total nutrient returning of rapeseed, as a result, the nutrient inputs of rapeseed season were significantly higher than those of wheat season. For the rice season, nutrient inputs in the W-R rotation showed an obvious advantage(except for K) due to the large population of wheat biomass.Averaged annual N, P_2O_5 and K_2O uptake of W-R rotation were 333.9 kg/hm~2, 125.8 kg/hm~2 and 379.3 kg/hm~2,which were 14.6%, 2.1% and-13.4% higher than those of R-R rotation. Annual N loss from R-R and W-R rotations were respective N 96.7 and 88.8 kg/hm~2, accounting for 22.5%-25.5% of the annual fertilizer N input.The N loss in rapeseed season was 34.5 kg/hm~2, slightly higher than that of 29.8 kg/hm~2 in wheat season, and that in rice season was N 59.0-62.2 kg/hm~2, significantly higher than that in winter crops, so there was little difference between the two rotations. The highest N loss proportion(7.2%-18.4%) was from NH3 volatilization, then was from N runoff and leaching(6.7%-12.7%), and the lowest(1.1%-2.1%) was from N2 O emission. When there was no straw returned, there was N surplus of 37.3 kg/hm~2 in R-R rotation and-6.0 kg/hm~2 in W-R rotation, P surplus of P_2O_5 53.3-58.4 kg/hm~2 and K deficit of K_2O 138.3-145.0 kg/hm~2 in both the rotations. In case of straw returning to the field, the average annual nutrient budgets of R-R rotation were N 133.0 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 93.1 kg/hm~2 and K_2O 229.0 kg/hm~2, which were 30.9%, 3.2% and 28.7% higher than those of W-R rotation.【Conclusions】Without straw returning, N is surplus in rapeseed-rice rotation and keeps balanced or slightly deficit in wheat-rice rotation, P is surplus and K is deficient in both rotations. With straw returning, all the N, P and K nutrients are surplus in both the rotations. Straw returning is thus an important factor for annual nutrient balance in soil. As the large amount of N returning brought by high biomass of rapeseed, N fertilizer could be minimized to some extent in rapeseed-rice rotation.
引文
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