基于新梢直径和果粒投影面积变化确定‘巨峰’葡萄果实发育期的灌溉阈值
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摘要
【目的】探讨‘巨峰’葡萄果实发育期适宜的灌溉阈值,为鲜食葡萄的精准灌溉提供试验依据。【方法】以8 a(年)生盆栽‘巨峰’葡萄植株为试材,通过器官的连续摄像测量、根域土壤水势的实时监测和叶片日光合速率(Pn)的测定,建模分析果实发育期新梢、果实生长以及叶片净光合速率与土壤水势下降之间的关系。【结果】在果实第一次快速膨大期和转色期,新梢日最大收缩量(MDS)显著增大时对应的土壤水势分别为-8.89 kPa和-9.21kPa。当土壤水势分别低于-17.34 kPa和-16.46 kPa时,新梢日最大值生长量(MXDG)和日最小值生长量(MNDG)均开始负增长。果粒随着土壤水势下降,其生长过程可分为急速膨大、快速膨大、缓慢膨大和收缩四个阶段。果实第一次快速膨大期各阶段对应的土壤水势范围依次为>-9.37 kPa、-9.37～-21.14 kPa、-21.14～-27.86 kPa和<-27.86 kPa;转色期则分别为>-10.31 kPa、-10.31～-22.05 kPa、-22.05～-32.83 kPa和<-32.83 kPa。叶片Pn日最大值在果实第一次快速膨大期土壤水势为0～-27.3 kPa无显著降低,而在转色期土壤水势降至-36.8kPa时显著降低。【结论】确定出既促进果实膨大、又防止新梢旺长且不会显著抑制叶片P_n的指导‘巨峰’葡萄果实第一次快速膨大期和转色期灌溉阈值为-12.83～-15.67kPa和-16.46～-22.05 kPa。
【Objective】Irrigation is an important management practice in viticulture. Currently available reports mainly focus on the selection of water status indicators and the impacts of different irrigation treatments on fruit trees. Studies about determining the suitable soil water potential ranges at different phenological periods based on the real-time response of plant organs to soil water potential have not been reported. In this study, we conducted the experiment to determine suitable soil water potential ranges for‘Kyoho'grape.【Methods】In the experiment, eight-year-old potted‘Kyoho'grapevines were used as the experimental materials. During the first rapid growth period and veraison, the relationships between shoot growth, berry expansion and leaf net photosynthetic rate and soil water potential were analyzed through the photogrammetry of plant organs, real-time monitoring of soil water potential and measurements of leaf photosynthetic traits. Besides, cubic spline interpolation based on MATLAB software and time series model were applied to selecting soil water potential thresholds for irrigation. They generated smooth function curves of berry expansion rate against soil water potential. Then changes in slope of the regressed curve were used to distinguish stages of berry development.【Results】During berry first rapid growth period and veraison, shoot diameter decreased in daytime and increased at night,forming an irregular serrated growth curve in this period. MDS increased significantly when ψsoil was-8.89 kPa during the first rapid growth period and-9.21 kPa at varaison. In addition, MXDG and MNDG of shoot showed a significant daily decrease when ψsoil was below-17.34 kPa during the first rapid growth period and-16.46 kPa at veraison. The daily changes in berry projected area under timely irrigation and under water withholding both presented a regular diurnal pattern of shrinking in the daytime and expanding at night. Berry projected area presented a spiral cyclical growth under timely water supply, while its increase slowed down and finally shrank under no water supply. With the decline of soil water potential, berry growth presented four phases, the high speed growth phase(HSGP), rapid growth phase(RGP), slow growth phase(SGP) and shrinking phase(SP). During the first rapid berry growth period, the soil water potential ranges of the above four stages were >-9.37 kPa,-9.37 kPa to-21.14 kPa,-21.14 kPa to-27.86 kPa and <-27.86 kPa, respectively, and the berry expansion rates in the corresponding stages were 0.10 mm2·h-1 to 0.31 mm2·h-1, 0.03 mm2·h-1 to 0.10 mm2·h-1, 0.00 mm2·h-1 to 0.03 mm2· h-1 and < 0.00 mm2· h-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the soil water potential ranges of the four stages at veraison were >-10.31 kPa,-10.31 kPa to-22.05 kPa,-22.05 kPa to-32.83 kPa and <-32.83 kPa, respectively, and the berry expansion rate was 0.11 mm2· h-1 to 0.26 mm2· h-1, 0.02 mm2· h-1 to0.11 mm2· h-1, 0.00 mm2· h-1 to 0.02 mm2· h-1 and < 0.00 mm2· h-1, respectively. Leaf Pnpresented diurnal variations. It increased rapidly after sunrise and generally peaked around 10:00 am, then decreased with a midday rest. In the afternoon, it recovered slightly and fell to zero after sundown. During the experiment, the diurnal variation pattern of Pnwas not significantly influenced by the decline of soil water potential, while the diurnal maximum of Pnshowed a trend of decline. During the first rapid growth period, the diurnal maximum of Pnwas not significantly influenced by soil water potential within a range of0 to-27.3 kPa. However, it decreased significantly when rooting-zone soil water potential declined to-36.8 kPa at veraison.【Conclusion】The reasonable soil water potential ranges for eight-year-old‘Kyoho'grapevine was determined based on the expansion of berries, the leaf net photosynthetic rate and the growth of shoots. The suitable irrigation thresholds for‘Kyoho'grape during berry first rapid growth period and at veraison are-12.83 kPa to-15.67 kPa and-16.46 kPa to-22.05 kPa, respectively.
【Objective】Irrigation is an important management practice in viticulture. Currently available reports mainly focus on the selection of water status indicators and the impacts of different irrigation treatments on fruit trees. Studies about determining the suitable soil water potential ranges at different phenological periods based on the real-time response of plant organs to soil water potential have not been reported. In this study, we conducted the experiment to determine suitable soil water potential ranges for‘Kyoho'grape.【Methods】In the experiment, eight-year-old potted‘Kyoho'grapevines were used as the experimental materials. During the first rapid growth period and veraison, the relationships between shoot growth, berry expansion and leaf net photosynthetic rate and soil water potential were analyzed through the photogrammetry of plant organs, real-time monitoring of soil water potential and measurements of leaf photosynthetic traits. Besides, cubic spline interpolation based on MATLAB software and time series model were applied to selecting soil water potential thresholds for irrigation. They generated smooth function curves of berry expansion rate against soil water potential. Then changes in slope of the regressed curve were used to distinguish stages of berry development.【Results】During berry first rapid growth period and veraison, shoot diameter decreased in daytime and increased at night,forming an irregular serrated growth curve in this period. MDS increased significantly when ψsoil was-8.89 kPa during the first rapid growth period and-9.21 kPa at varaison. In addition, MXDG and MNDG of shoot showed a significant daily decrease when ψsoil was below-17.34 kPa during the first rapid growth period and-16.46 kPa at veraison. The daily changes in berry projected area under timely irrigation and under water withholding both presented a regular diurnal pattern of shrinking in the daytime and expanding at night. Berry projected area presented a spiral cyclical growth under timely water supply, while its increase slowed down and finally shrank under no water supply. With the decline of soil water potential, berry growth presented four phases, the high speed growth phase(HSGP), rapid growth phase(RGP), slow growth phase(SGP) and shrinking phase(SP). During the first rapid berry growth period, the soil water potential ranges of the above four stages were >-9.37 kPa,-9.37 kPa to-21.14 kPa,-21.14 kPa to-27.86 kPa and <-27.86 kPa, respectively, and the berry expansion rates in the corresponding stages were 0.10 mm2·h-1 to 0.31 mm2·h-1, 0.03 mm2·h-1 to 0.10 mm2·h-1, 0.00 mm2·h-1 to 0.03 mm2· h-1 and < 0.00 mm2· h-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the soil water potential ranges of the four stages at veraison were >-10.31 kPa,-10.31 kPa to-22.05 kPa,-22.05 kPa to-32.83 kPa and <-32.83 kPa, respectively, and the berry expansion rate was 0.11 mm2· h-1 to 0.26 mm2· h-1, 0.02 mm2· h-1 to0.11 mm2· h-1, 0.00 mm2· h-1 to 0.02 mm2· h-1 and < 0.00 mm2· h-1, respectively. Leaf Pnpresented diurnal variations. It increased rapidly after sunrise and generally peaked around 10:00 am, then decreased with a midday rest. In the afternoon, it recovered slightly and fell to zero after sundown. During the experiment, the diurnal variation pattern of Pnwas not significantly influenced by the decline of soil water potential, while the diurnal maximum of Pnshowed a trend of decline. During the first rapid growth period, the diurnal maximum of Pnwas not significantly influenced by soil water potential within a range of0 to-27.3 kPa. However, it decreased significantly when rooting-zone soil water potential declined to-36.8 kPa at veraison.【Conclusion】The reasonable soil water potential ranges for eight-year-old‘Kyoho'grapevine was determined based on the expansion of berries, the leaf net photosynthetic rate and the growth of shoots. The suitable irrigation thresholds for‘Kyoho'grape during berry first rapid growth period and at veraison are-12.83 kPa to-15.67 kPa and-16.46 kPa to-22.05 kPa, respectively.
引文
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[18]ORTU O M F,ALARC N J J,NICOL S E,TORRECILLAS A.Comparison of continuously recorded plant-based water stress indicators for young lemon trees[J].Plant&Soil,2004,267(1/2):263-270.
[19]王晓森,孟兆江,段爱旺,刘祖贵.基于茎直径变化监测番茄水分状况的机理与方法[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(12):107-113.WANG Xiaosen,MENG Zhaojiang,DUAN Aiwang,LIU Zugui.Mechanism and methodology for monitoring tomato water content based on stem diameter variation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(12):107-113.
[20]林琭,汤昀,闫万丽,张纪涛,籍增顺.基于茎直径变化的精准灌溉技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):1-13.LIN Lu,TANG Yun,YAN Wangli,ZHANG Jitao,JI Zengshun.Overview of precise irrigation scheduling based on stem diameter variations[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(5):1-13.
[21]INTRIGLIOLO D,CASTEL J.Crop load affects maximum daily trunk shrinkage of plum trees[J].Tree Physiology,2007,27(1):89-96.
[22]MORIANA A,FERERES E.Establishing reference values of trunk diameter fluctuations and stem water potential for irrigation scheduling of olive trees[J].Acta Horticulturae,2004,664:407-412.
[23]LI S H,HUGUET J G,SCHOCH P G,ORLANDO P.Response of peach tree growth and cropping to soil water deficit at various phenological stages of fruit development[J].Journal of Horticultural Science,1989,64(5):541-552.
[24]GREGORY A S,BIRD N R A,WHALLEY W R,MATTHEWSG P,YONG I M.Deformation and shrinkage effects on the soil water release characteristic[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(4):1104-1112.
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[2]MCCARTHY M G.Developmental variation in sensitivity of Vitis vinifera L.(Shiraz)berries to soil water deficit[J].Australian Journal of Grape&Wine Research,2000,6(2):136-140.
[3]吴久赟,郭峰,杨承时,李海峰,龚照龙,吴斌.不同叶果比对葡萄果实生长的影响[J].北方园艺,2014(4):33-35.WU Jiuyun,GUO Feng,YANG Chengshi,LI Haifeng,GONGZhaolong,WU Bin.Study on the influence of different leaf-fruit ratio on growth of grape[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(4):33-35.
[4]BOTA J,STASYK O,FLEXAS J,MEDRANO H.Effect of water stress on partitioning of 14C-labelled photosynthates in Vitis vinifera[J].Functional Plant Biology,2004,31(7):697-708.
[5]PONI S,LAKSO A N,TURNER J R,MELIOUS R E.The effects of pre-and post-veraison water stress on growth and physiology of potted Pinot Noir grapevines at varying crop levels[J].Vitis,1993,32(4):207-214.
[6]娄玉穗,王世平,苗玉彬,吕中伟,王鹏,许广敏.不同灌溉阈值对‘巨峰’葡萄树体生长与果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2018,35(1):46-55.LOU Yusui,WANG Shiping,MIAO Yubin,LüZhongwei,WANG Peng,XU Guangmin.Effect of different irrigation thresholds on tree growth and fruit quality in‘Kyoho’grape[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2018,35(1):46-55.
[7]张平,汪有科,湛景武,张陆军.红枣开花坐果期水分信息诊断指标适宜性分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(3):94-97.ZHANG Ping,WANG Youke,ZHAN Jingwu,ZHANG Lujun.The suitability analysis of indicators diagnosing water information of jujube in flowering and fruit setting periods[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(3):94-97.
[8]DOLTRA J,ONCINS J A,BONANY J,COHEN M.Evaluation of plant-based water status indicators in mature apple trees under field conditions[J].Irrigation Science,2007,25(4):351-359.
[9]刘洪光,何新林,王雅琴,杨慧慧.调亏灌溉对滴灌葡萄耗水规律及产量的影响研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(6):109-111.LIU Hongguang,HE Xinlin,WANG Yaqin,YANG Huihui.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption and yield of grape[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(6):109-111.
[10]房玉林,孙伟,万力,惠竹梅,刘旭,张振文.调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(13):2730-2738.FANG Yulin,SUN Wei,WAN Li,XI Zhumei,LIU Xu,ZHANGZhenwen.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)on wine grape growth and fruit quality[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(13):2730-2738.
[11]GARCIATEJERO I,JIMENEZBOCANEGRA J A,MARTINEZG,ROMERO R,DURANZUAZO V H,MURIELFERNAN-DEZ J L.Positive impact of regulated deficit irrigation on yield and fruit quality in a commercial citrus orchard[Citrus sinensis(L.)Osbeck,cv.Salustiano][J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):614-622.
[12]WANG S,OKAMOTO G,HIRANO K,LU J,ZHANG C.Effects of restricted rooting volume on vine growth and berry development of Kyoho grapevines[J].American Journal of Enology&Viticulture,2001,52(3):248-253.
[13]LOU Y,MIAO Y,WANG Z,WANG L,LI J,ZHANG C,XUW,INOUE M,WANG S.Establishment of the soil water potential threshold to trigger irrigation of Kyoho grapevines based on berry expansion,photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic product allocation[J].Australian Journal of Grape&Wine Research,2016,22(2):316-323.
[14]ZENG Q,LIU C,MIAO Y,WANG S.Development of a novel system for accurate and continuous measurement of fruit diameter in agriculture and its applications to grapes[J].Journal of Electronic Imaging,2009,18(4):043005.
[15]陈毓瑾,娄玉穗,陈立,秦泽冠,邓博涵,苗玉彬,许文平,张才喜,王世平.三次样条插值法在确定“巨峰”葡萄结果期开始灌溉补水的土壤水势阈值中的应用研究[J].节水灌溉,2018(5):57-62.CHEN Yujin,LOU Yusui,CHEN Li,QIN Zeguan,DENG Bohan,MIAO Yubin,XU Wenping,ZHANG Caixi,WANG Shiping.Study on the selection of soil water potential threshold to start irrigating in the fruiting stage of‘Kyoho’grapevine based on cubic spline interpolation method[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2018(5):57-62.
[16]NADER K,TARDIEU F,BETHENOD O,QUETIN P.Behavior of maize stem diameter during drying cycles:comparison of two methods for detecting water stress[J].Crop Science,1994,34(1):165-169.
[17]刘春伟,康绍忠.基于茎干直径微变化制定苹果灌溉制度[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4754-4762.LIU Chunwei,KANG Shaozhong.Assessment of trunk diameter fluctuation for irrigation schedule in apple trees[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4754-4762.
[18]ORTU O M F,ALARC N J J,NICOL S E,TORRECILLAS A.Comparison of continuously recorded plant-based water stress indicators for young lemon trees[J].Plant&Soil,2004,267(1/2):263-270.
[19]王晓森,孟兆江,段爱旺,刘祖贵.基于茎直径变化监测番茄水分状况的机理与方法[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(12):107-113.WANG Xiaosen,MENG Zhaojiang,DUAN Aiwang,LIU Zugui.Mechanism and methodology for monitoring tomato water content based on stem diameter variation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(12):107-113.
[20]林琭,汤昀,闫万丽,张纪涛,籍增顺.基于茎直径变化的精准灌溉技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):1-13.LIN Lu,TANG Yun,YAN Wangli,ZHANG Jitao,JI Zengshun.Overview of precise irrigation scheduling based on stem diameter variations[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(5):1-13.
[21]INTRIGLIOLO D,CASTEL J.Crop load affects maximum daily trunk shrinkage of plum trees[J].Tree Physiology,2007,27(1):89-96.
[22]MORIANA A,FERERES E.Establishing reference values of trunk diameter fluctuations and stem water potential for irrigation scheduling of olive trees[J].Acta Horticulturae,2004,664:407-412.
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