朋友圈缘何而发:社会心理视阈下大学生微信自我呈现策略及影响因素研究
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摘要
自戈夫曼以来,人们在日常生活中如何利用各种语言及行为符号进行印象管理,进而建构自我身份的研究在社会学和传播学中都颇受关注。如今,社交媒体已成为人们,尤其是年轻大学生日常生活中普遍使用的交往媒介,本研究从中国大学生微信朋友圈使用入手,探究他们在朋友圈中自我呈现的策略样态以及影响因素。本研究利用以京沪大学生为主体的样本分析发现,大学生微信朋友圈中的自我呈现策略有三个基本维度:他人中心程度、自我中心程度以及前后台控制程度。在展现这三个基本维度的基础上,本研究提出了不同策略维度影响因素的阶层回归模型。该回归模型基于社会心理的理论视阈,将人口和社交媒介使用习惯作为控制变量,关注孤独感、社会支持与亲密关系对朋友圈自我呈现策略的影响。研究发现,孤独感越强的大学生,自我呈现愈以他人为中心,并严格地进行前后台控制。而社会支持与亲密关系中依恋焦虑感对自我呈现的三种策略均有较为显著的正向影响。这些研究结果说明年轻大学生的现实社会心理因素与朋友圈自我呈现策略的选用具有较强的联系,这提示我们可以通过大学生的线上自我呈现行为来反观他们现实社会心理与社会关系的状况。
引文
(1)[美]欧文·戈夫曼:《日常生活中的自我呈现》第5页,冯钢译,北京大学出版社2008年版
(2)Hogan,B.(2010).The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media:Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online.Bulletin of Science,Technology&Society,30(6),377-386.
(3)李明伟:《知媒者生存-媒介环境学纵论》第146页,北京大学出版社2010年版
(4)中国产业信息网:2018年中国微信登陆人数、微信公众号数量及微信小程序数量统计,2018年5月30日,链接自http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201805/645403.html
(5)孙玮:《微信:中国人的“在世存有”》,《学术月刊》2015年第12期
(6)[美]约书亚·梅罗维茨:《消失的地域:电子媒介对社会行为的影响》第298页,肖志军译,清华大学出版社2002年版
(7)Short,J.,Williams,E.,&Christie,B.(1976).The social psychology of telecommunications.London:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
(8)Walther,J.B.(1992).Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction:A Relational Perspective.Communication Research,19(1),52-90.
(9)Walther,J.B.(1996).Computer-mediated communication:Impersonal,interpersonal,and hyperpersonal interaction.Communication Research,23(1),3-43.
(10)Ruppel,E.K.,Gross,C.,Stoll,A.,Peck,B.S.,Allen,M.,&Kim,S.Y.(2017).Reflecting on Connecting:Meta-Analysis of Differences Between Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,22(1),18-34.9
(11)Sproull,L.,Subramani,M.,Kiesler,S.,Walker,J.,&Waters,K.(1996).When the Interface Is a Face.Human-Computer Interaction,11(2),97-124.
(12)Walther,J.B.(1992).Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction:A Relational Perspective.Communication Research,19(1),52-90.
(13)Ruppel,E.K.,Gross,C.,Stoll,A.,Peck,B.S.,Allen,M.,&Kim,S.Y.(2017).Reflecting on Connecting:Meta-Analysis of Differences Between Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,22(1),18-34.9
(14)Walther,J.B.(1992).Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction:A Relational Perspective.Communication Research,19(1),52-90.;Ruppel,E.K.,Gross,C.,Stoll,A.,Peck,B.S.,Allen,M.,&Kim,S.Y.(2017).Reflecting on Connecting:Meta-Analysis of Differences Between Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,22(1),18-34.9.
(15)[美]欧文·戈夫曼:《日常生活中的自我呈现》,冯钢译,北京大学出版社2008年版
(16)董晨宇、丁依然:《当戈夫曼遇到互联网》,《新闻与写作》2018年第1期
(17)Mendelson,A.,&Papacharissi,Z.(2010).Look at us:Collective narcissism in college student Facebook photo galleries.In Z.Papacharissi(Ed.),The networked self:Identity,community and culture on social network sites(pp.251-273).London,England:Routledge.
(18)Rueda-Ortiz R.,Giraldo D.(2016)Profile Image:Ways of Self-(re-)presentation on the Facebook Social Network.In:Walrave M.,Ponnet K.,Vanderhoven E.,Haers J.,Segaert B.(eds)Youth 2.0:Social Media and Adolescence.Springer,Cham.
(19)Weber,S.,&Mitchell,C.(2008).Imaging,keyboarding,and posting identities:Young people and new media technologies.In D.Buckingham(Ed.),Youth,identity,and digital media(pp.25-47).Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
(20)Michikyan,M.,Dennis,J.,&Subrahmanyam,K.(2015).Can you guess who I am?Real,ideal,and false self-presentation on Facebook among emerging adults.Emerging Adulthood,3(1),55-64.
(21)黄华、张旭东:《朋友圈里的“我”:青少年的经验》,《当代青年研究》2014年第6期
(22)李华伟:《青年群体在微信朋友圈的自我呈现》,《青年记者》2017年第23期
(23)Ernst,J.M.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(1999).Lonely hearts:Psychological perspectives on loneliness.Applied and Preventive Psychology,8(1),1-22.
(24)Shaw,L.H.,&Gant,L.M.(2002).In defense of the Internet:The relationship between Internet communication and depression,loneliness,self-esteem,and perceived social support.Cyberpsychology&Behavior,5(2),157-171.
(25)Hughes,D.J.,Rowe,M.,Batey,M.,&Lee,A.(2012).A tale of two sites:Twitter vs.Facebook and the personality predictors of social media usage.Computers in Human Behavior,28(2),561-569.
(26)谭海燕:《微信朋友圈自我表露与孤独感的关系研究》,《传播力研究》2017年第4期
(27)Caplan,S.E.(2007).Relations among loneliness,social anxiety,and problematic Internet use.CyberPsychology&Behavior,10(2),234-242.
(28)Correa,T.,Hinsley,A.W.,&Zuniga,H.G.de.(2010).Who interacts on the Web?:The intersection of users’personality and social media use.Computers in Human Behavior,26,247-253.
(29)Lin,N.,Dean,A.,&M.Ensel,W.(1986).Social support,life events,and depression.Orlando,Florida:Academic Press.
(30)Shaw,L.H.,&Gant,L.M.(2002).In defense of the Internet:The relationship between Internet communication and depression,loneliness,self-esteem,and perceived social support.CyberPsychology&Behavior,5(2),157-171.
(31)谢笑春、雷雳:《大学生微信使用强度与应对方式:社会支持和友谊满意度的中介作用》,《心理研究》2016年第5期
(32)Hazan,C.,&Shaver,P.(1987).Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,52(3),511-524.
(33)Ainsworth,M.D.S.(1989).Attachments beyond infancy.American Psychologist,44(4),709-716.
(34)Hazan C,Shaver P.Conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1987,52(3):511~524.
(35)Brennan K A,Clark C L,Shaver P R(1998).Self-report measurement of adult attachment:An integrative overview.In Simpson,J.A.,&Rholes,W.S.E(Ed.).Attachment theory and close relationships(pp.46-76).New York:Guilford Press.
(36)Jin,B.,&Pe?a,J.F.(2010).Mobile communication in romantic relationships:mobile phone use,relational uncertainty,love,commitment,and attachment styles.Communication Reports,23(1),39-51.
(37)Morey,J.N.,Gentzler,A.L.,Creasy,B.,Oberhauser,A.M.,&Westerman,D.(2013).Young adults’use of communication technology within their romantic relationships and associations with attachment style.Computers in Human Behavior,29(4),1771-1778.
(38)Hays,R.D.,&DiMatteo,M.R.(1987).A short-form measure of loneliness.Journal of Personality Assessment,51(1),69-81.
(39)周亮、黎芝、胡宓、肖水源:《ULS-8孤独感量表信效度检验及其应用》,《中南大学学报(医学版)》2012年第11期
(40)叶悦妹、戴晓阳:《大学生社会支持评定量表的编制》,《中国临床心理学杂志》2008年第5期
(41)Wei,M.,Russell,D.W.,Mallinckrodt,B.,Vogel,D.L.,Wei,M.,Russell,D.W.,…Vogel,D.L.(2007).The experience in close relationship scale(ECR)-short form:Reliability,validity,and factor structure.Journal of Personality Assessment,88(2),187-204.
(42)李同归、加藤和生:《成人依恋的测量:亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版》,《心理学报》2006年第3期
(43)Walther,J.B.,Slovacek,C.L.,&Tidwell,L.C.(2001).Is a picture worth a thousand words?Photographic images in long-term and shortterm computer-mediated communication.Communication Research,28(1),105-134.
(44)[美]约书亚·梅罗维茨:《消失的地域:电子媒介对社会行为的影响》第301页,肖志军译,清华大学出版社2002年版
(45)根据伯格和卢克曼(2009),他们将社会化定义为“一种将个体广泛地和持续不断地导入社会或其部分客观世界的过程”。初级社会化通常是在童年完成的,一个人进入社会的初次旅程,次级社会化却是“已经社会化的个体进入其所在社会客观世界中新的部分的过程”。详细参见[美]彼得·伯格、托马斯·卢克曼:《现实的社会构建》第109页,汪涌译,北京大学出版社2009年版
(2)Hogan,B.(2010).The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media:Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online.Bulletin of Science,Technology&Society,30(6),377-386.
(3)李明伟:《知媒者生存-媒介环境学纵论》第146页,北京大学出版社2010年版
(4)中国产业信息网:2018年中国微信登陆人数、微信公众号数量及微信小程序数量统计,2018年5月30日,链接自http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201805/645403.html
(5)孙玮:《微信:中国人的“在世存有”》,《学术月刊》2015年第12期
(6)[美]约书亚·梅罗维茨:《消失的地域:电子媒介对社会行为的影响》第298页,肖志军译,清华大学出版社2002年版
(7)Short,J.,Williams,E.,&Christie,B.(1976).The social psychology of telecommunications.London:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
(8)Walther,J.B.(1992).Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction:A Relational Perspective.Communication Research,19(1),52-90.
(9)Walther,J.B.(1996).Computer-mediated communication:Impersonal,interpersonal,and hyperpersonal interaction.Communication Research,23(1),3-43.
(10)Ruppel,E.K.,Gross,C.,Stoll,A.,Peck,B.S.,Allen,M.,&Kim,S.Y.(2017).Reflecting on Connecting:Meta-Analysis of Differences Between Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,22(1),18-34.9
(11)Sproull,L.,Subramani,M.,Kiesler,S.,Walker,J.,&Waters,K.(1996).When the Interface Is a Face.Human-Computer Interaction,11(2),97-124.
(12)Walther,J.B.(1992).Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction:A Relational Perspective.Communication Research,19(1),52-90.
(13)Ruppel,E.K.,Gross,C.,Stoll,A.,Peck,B.S.,Allen,M.,&Kim,S.Y.(2017).Reflecting on Connecting:Meta-Analysis of Differences Between Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,22(1),18-34.9
(14)Walther,J.B.(1992).Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction:A Relational Perspective.Communication Research,19(1),52-90.;Ruppel,E.K.,Gross,C.,Stoll,A.,Peck,B.S.,Allen,M.,&Kim,S.Y.(2017).Reflecting on Connecting:Meta-Analysis of Differences Between Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,22(1),18-34.9.
(15)[美]欧文·戈夫曼:《日常生活中的自我呈现》,冯钢译,北京大学出版社2008年版
(16)董晨宇、丁依然:《当戈夫曼遇到互联网》,《新闻与写作》2018年第1期
(17)Mendelson,A.,&Papacharissi,Z.(2010).Look at us:Collective narcissism in college student Facebook photo galleries.In Z.Papacharissi(Ed.),The networked self:Identity,community and culture on social network sites(pp.251-273).London,England:Routledge.
(18)Rueda-Ortiz R.,Giraldo D.(2016)Profile Image:Ways of Self-(re-)presentation on the Facebook Social Network.In:Walrave M.,Ponnet K.,Vanderhoven E.,Haers J.,Segaert B.(eds)Youth 2.0:Social Media and Adolescence.Springer,Cham.
(19)Weber,S.,&Mitchell,C.(2008).Imaging,keyboarding,and posting identities:Young people and new media technologies.In D.Buckingham(Ed.),Youth,identity,and digital media(pp.25-47).Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
(20)Michikyan,M.,Dennis,J.,&Subrahmanyam,K.(2015).Can you guess who I am?Real,ideal,and false self-presentation on Facebook among emerging adults.Emerging Adulthood,3(1),55-64.
(21)黄华、张旭东:《朋友圈里的“我”:青少年的经验》,《当代青年研究》2014年第6期
(22)李华伟:《青年群体在微信朋友圈的自我呈现》,《青年记者》2017年第23期
(23)Ernst,J.M.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(1999).Lonely hearts:Psychological perspectives on loneliness.Applied and Preventive Psychology,8(1),1-22.
(24)Shaw,L.H.,&Gant,L.M.(2002).In defense of the Internet:The relationship between Internet communication and depression,loneliness,self-esteem,and perceived social support.Cyberpsychology&Behavior,5(2),157-171.
(25)Hughes,D.J.,Rowe,M.,Batey,M.,&Lee,A.(2012).A tale of two sites:Twitter vs.Facebook and the personality predictors of social media usage.Computers in Human Behavior,28(2),561-569.
(26)谭海燕:《微信朋友圈自我表露与孤独感的关系研究》,《传播力研究》2017年第4期
(27)Caplan,S.E.(2007).Relations among loneliness,social anxiety,and problematic Internet use.CyberPsychology&Behavior,10(2),234-242.
(28)Correa,T.,Hinsley,A.W.,&Zuniga,H.G.de.(2010).Who interacts on the Web?:The intersection of users’personality and social media use.Computers in Human Behavior,26,247-253.
(29)Lin,N.,Dean,A.,&M.Ensel,W.(1986).Social support,life events,and depression.Orlando,Florida:Academic Press.
(30)Shaw,L.H.,&Gant,L.M.(2002).In defense of the Internet:The relationship between Internet communication and depression,loneliness,self-esteem,and perceived social support.CyberPsychology&Behavior,5(2),157-171.
(31)谢笑春、雷雳:《大学生微信使用强度与应对方式:社会支持和友谊满意度的中介作用》,《心理研究》2016年第5期
(32)Hazan,C.,&Shaver,P.(1987).Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,52(3),511-524.
(33)Ainsworth,M.D.S.(1989).Attachments beyond infancy.American Psychologist,44(4),709-716.
(34)Hazan C,Shaver P.Conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1987,52(3):511~524.
(35)Brennan K A,Clark C L,Shaver P R(1998).Self-report measurement of adult attachment:An integrative overview.In Simpson,J.A.,&Rholes,W.S.E(Ed.).Attachment theory and close relationships(pp.46-76).New York:Guilford Press.
(36)Jin,B.,&Pe?a,J.F.(2010).Mobile communication in romantic relationships:mobile phone use,relational uncertainty,love,commitment,and attachment styles.Communication Reports,23(1),39-51.
(37)Morey,J.N.,Gentzler,A.L.,Creasy,B.,Oberhauser,A.M.,&Westerman,D.(2013).Young adults’use of communication technology within their romantic relationships and associations with attachment style.Computers in Human Behavior,29(4),1771-1778.
(38)Hays,R.D.,&DiMatteo,M.R.(1987).A short-form measure of loneliness.Journal of Personality Assessment,51(1),69-81.
(39)周亮、黎芝、胡宓、肖水源:《ULS-8孤独感量表信效度检验及其应用》,《中南大学学报(医学版)》2012年第11期
(40)叶悦妹、戴晓阳:《大学生社会支持评定量表的编制》,《中国临床心理学杂志》2008年第5期
(41)Wei,M.,Russell,D.W.,Mallinckrodt,B.,Vogel,D.L.,Wei,M.,Russell,D.W.,…Vogel,D.L.(2007).The experience in close relationship scale(ECR)-short form:Reliability,validity,and factor structure.Journal of Personality Assessment,88(2),187-204.
(42)李同归、加藤和生:《成人依恋的测量:亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版》,《心理学报》2006年第3期
(43)Walther,J.B.,Slovacek,C.L.,&Tidwell,L.C.(2001).Is a picture worth a thousand words?Photographic images in long-term and shortterm computer-mediated communication.Communication Research,28(1),105-134.
(44)[美]约书亚·梅罗维茨:《消失的地域:电子媒介对社会行为的影响》第301页,肖志军译,清华大学出版社2002年版
(45)根据伯格和卢克曼(2009),他们将社会化定义为“一种将个体广泛地和持续不断地导入社会或其部分客观世界的过程”。初级社会化通常是在童年完成的,一个人进入社会的初次旅程,次级社会化却是“已经社会化的个体进入其所在社会客观世界中新的部分的过程”。详细参见[美]彼得·伯格、托马斯·卢克曼:《现实的社会构建》第109页,汪涌译,北京大学出版社2009年版