风化花岗岩坡地土壤剖面大孔隙特性的空间分布
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摘要
为了揭示侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地不同部位土壤剖面大孔隙特性的空间分布,在浙江嵊州市水土保持监测站,同一坡面不同侵蚀强度的坡顶、坡中、坡底选取3个土壤剖面,进行了原状土柱(70cm)样品采集,用CT分层扫描与Arc GIS10.1图像解译技术,获得了系列数据,并计算了分析指标,研究了3个剖面大孔隙的分布规律和影响因素。结果表明:(1)3个土壤剖面均以大孔隙为主,1~3 mm孔径占比最大,5~7 mm占比最小。大孔隙个数的排序:坡中>坡底>坡顶。(2)大孔隙度与总孔隙度的差值随深度递减。大孔隙度大于均值的层位分布在0~30 cm之间。(3)成圆率影响大孔隙度与总孔隙度的关系。土壤黏粒和粉粒含量越多,成圆率越大。大孔隙度与土壤粗砂粒呈显著正相关,与黏粒和粉粒为显著负相关。(4)土壤侵蚀强度越大,大孔隙占比越大,孔隙结构性越差,漏水漏肥越严重。
【Objective】Strong soil erosion affects profoundly soil porosity of slope lands. On slopes the same in parent material but different in erosion intensity, soil pore properties in soil profile vary sharply. This study was oriented to explore spatial distribution pattern of macro-pore properties in soil profile relative to landform positions and soil erosion intensity, a slope of weathered granite under erosion in Shengzhou, Zhejiang Province was taken as the study area. 【Method】This study in oriented to characterize macro-pore in soil profiles at different landform positions on the slope, with the help of the Shengzhou Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Station. Along the slope where the station sits, three typical sites, different in erosion intensity, were selected separately, at the top, middle and bottom. A soil profile or soil column, 70 cm in length, was sampled at each site using PVC pipes with known inner diameter. The columns were then CT-scanned layer by layer with high intensity and their CT images were interpreted with the Arc GIS10.1 image processing technology for analysis of macro-pore distribution and its influencing factors. The pore characteristics indices studied include macro-porosity proportion of macro-porosity to total porosity, anomaly of macro-porosity, circularity of macro-pores, proportion of different classes of macro-pores of equivalent diameter in number, and ratio of macro-pores to total pores.【Result】 The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis and calculation:(1)Macro-pores dominated all the three soil profiles, and pores between 1~ 3 mm in diameter were the highest in proportion and pores e between 5~7 mm were the lowest. In terms of number of macro-pores, the three typical soil profiles exhibited a decreasing order of the one at the middle > the one at the bottom > the one on the top; in the soil profiles on the top and at the middle of the slope, the proportion of macro-pores number is comparatively small.(2)The difference between macro-porosity and total porosity was very small in all the three soil profiles and decreased with soil depth. The soil layer with macro-porosity higher than the average was distributed mainly in the upper part of the profiles between 0 cm and 30 cm. The difference between soil layers was not obvious and never exceeded 10%, but the deep in the soil profile, the greater the difference.(3)Circularity of macro-pores was a factor affecting the relationship between macro-porosity and total porosity, while the higher the content of clay and silt, the higher the circularity.(4) The proportion of coarse sand was the highest in all the three profiles, amounting to 50% or more,while the proportion of clay the lowest, being no more than 12%. Correlation of macro-porosity with soil particle size was analyzed with SPSS 20.0, revealing that soil macro-porosity was significantly and positively related to content of coarse sand, but negatively to content of clay and silt. The finer the soil particles, the greater the total porosity and the smaller the proportion of macro-pores.【Conclusion】In a word, severe soil erosion alters the characteristics of soil structure, being porous in the upper and layer and compact in the lower layer. Affected by erosion,the soil profiles are dominated with macro-pores, poor in pore structure. The distribution of macro-pores in the soil profiles is obviously affected by the intensity of erosion. The more serious the erosion, the higher the proportion of macro-pores and the more serious the phenomenon of soil water and nutrient loss. All the findings in this study provide a train of thought for evaluation of soil evolution under erosion and contents of the research on soil evolution.
【Objective】Strong soil erosion affects profoundly soil porosity of slope lands. On slopes the same in parent material but different in erosion intensity, soil pore properties in soil profile vary sharply. This study was oriented to explore spatial distribution pattern of macro-pore properties in soil profile relative to landform positions and soil erosion intensity, a slope of weathered granite under erosion in Shengzhou, Zhejiang Province was taken as the study area. 【Method】This study in oriented to characterize macro-pore in soil profiles at different landform positions on the slope, with the help of the Shengzhou Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Station. Along the slope where the station sits, three typical sites, different in erosion intensity, were selected separately, at the top, middle and bottom. A soil profile or soil column, 70 cm in length, was sampled at each site using PVC pipes with known inner diameter. The columns were then CT-scanned layer by layer with high intensity and their CT images were interpreted with the Arc GIS10.1 image processing technology for analysis of macro-pore distribution and its influencing factors. The pore characteristics indices studied include macro-porosity proportion of macro-porosity to total porosity, anomaly of macro-porosity, circularity of macro-pores, proportion of different classes of macro-pores of equivalent diameter in number, and ratio of macro-pores to total pores.【Result】 The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis and calculation:(1)Macro-pores dominated all the three soil profiles, and pores between 1~ 3 mm in diameter were the highest in proportion and pores e between 5~7 mm were the lowest. In terms of number of macro-pores, the three typical soil profiles exhibited a decreasing order of the one at the middle > the one at the bottom > the one on the top; in the soil profiles on the top and at the middle of the slope, the proportion of macro-pores number is comparatively small.(2)The difference between macro-porosity and total porosity was very small in all the three soil profiles and decreased with soil depth. The soil layer with macro-porosity higher than the average was distributed mainly in the upper part of the profiles between 0 cm and 30 cm. The difference between soil layers was not obvious and never exceeded 10%, but the deep in the soil profile, the greater the difference.(3)Circularity of macro-pores was a factor affecting the relationship between macro-porosity and total porosity, while the higher the content of clay and silt, the higher the circularity.(4) The proportion of coarse sand was the highest in all the three profiles, amounting to 50% or more,while the proportion of clay the lowest, being no more than 12%. Correlation of macro-porosity with soil particle size was analyzed with SPSS 20.0, revealing that soil macro-porosity was significantly and positively related to content of coarse sand, but negatively to content of clay and silt. The finer the soil particles, the greater the total porosity and the smaller the proportion of macro-pores.【Conclusion】In a word, severe soil erosion alters the characteristics of soil structure, being porous in the upper and layer and compact in the lower layer. Affected by erosion,the soil profiles are dominated with macro-pores, poor in pore structure. The distribution of macro-pores in the soil profiles is obviously affected by the intensity of erosion. The more serious the erosion, the higher the proportion of macro-pores and the more serious the phenomenon of soil water and nutrient loss. All the findings in this study provide a train of thought for evaluation of soil evolution under erosion and contents of the research on soil evolution.
引文
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[23]张治伟,朱章雄,王燕,等.岩溶坡地不同利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素.农业工程学报,2010,26(6):71-76Zhang Z W,Zhu Z X,Wang Y,et al.Soil infiltration capability and the influencing factors of different utilization style in karst slope(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(6):71-76
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[25]陶高梁.岩土多孔介质孔隙结构的分形研究及其应用.武汉:武汉理工大学,2010Tao G L.The research and application of the fractal of rock and soil porous media pore structure(In Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2010
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[28]陈超,魏彪,梁婷,等.一种基于工业CT技术的岩芯样品孔隙度测量分析方法.物探与化探,2013,37(3):500-507Chen C,Wei B,Liang T,et al.Pore measurement analysis method of rock core samples based on industry CT technology(In Chinese).Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2013,37(3):500-507
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[2]赵其国.红壤物质循环及其调控.北京:科学出版社,2002Zhao Q G.The circulation of materials and control on red soli(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2002
[3]阮伏水,朱鹤健.福建省花岗岩地区土壤侵蚀与治理.北京:中国农业出版社,1997Ruan F S,Zhu H J.Soil erosion and treatment in granite area of Fujian Province(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1997
[4]龚子同,张甘霖,陈志成,等.土壤发生与系统分类.北京:科学出版社,2007Gong Z T,Zhang G L,Chen Z C,et al.Soil genesis and classification(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2007
[5]詹其厚,袁朝良,张效朴.有机物料对砂姜黑土的改良效应及其机制.土壤学报,2003,40(3):420-425Zhan Q H,Yuan C L,Zhang X P.Ameliorative effect and mechanism of organic materialson vertisol(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(3):420-425
[6]Suzanne E A,Stéphanie R,Allan J C.Quantifying preferential flow in soils:A review of different techniques.Journal of Hydrology,2009,378(1/2):179-204
[7]刘伟,区自清,应佩锋.土壤大孔隙及其研究方法.应用生态学报,2001,12(3):465-468Liu W,Ou Z Q,Ying P F.Soil macro-pores and its research methods(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(3):465-468
[8]Radulovieh R,Solorzano E,Sollins P.Soil macropore size distribution from water breakthrough curves.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1989,53:556-559
[9]华珊,陈研,梁露焘,等.利用基于偏微分方程的图像滤波技术研究土壤孔隙结构.农业工程学报,2014,30(3):78-85Hua S,Chen Y,Liang L T,et al.Studying soil pore structure by using image filtering technology based on partial differential equation model(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(3):78-85
[10]Beven K,Germann P.Macro-pores and water flow in soils.Water Resource Research,1982,18(5):1311-1325
[11]Germann P F,Pietro L D.Scales and dimensions of momentum dissipation during preferential flow in soils.Water Resources Research,1999,35(5):1443-1454
[12]程亚南,刘建立,吕菲,等.基于CT图像的土壤孔隙结构三维重建及水力学性质预测.农业工程学报,2012,28(22):115-122Cheng Y N,Liu J L,LüF,et al.Three-dimensional reconstruction of soil pore structure and prediction of soil hydraulic properties based on CT images(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(22):115-122
[13]Gantzer C J,Anderson S H.Computed tomographic measurement of macroporosity in chisel-disk and no-tillage seedbeds.Soil and Tillage Research,2002,64(1):101-111
[14]Sander T,Gerke H H,Rogasik H.Assessment of Chinese paddy-soil structure using X-ray computed tomography.Geoderma,2008,145(3/4):303-314
[15]Udawatta R R,Anderson S H,Gantzer C J,et al.Influence of prairie restoration on CT-measured soil pore characteristics.Journal of Environmental Quality,2008,37(1):219-228
[16]郭晓明,马腾,陈柳竹,等.污水灌溉下土壤孔隙特征的CT定量分析.地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2015,40(11):1896-1903Guo X M,Ma T,Chen L Z,et al.The quantitative analysis on soil pore characteristics under sewage irrigation by CT(In Chinese).Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2015,40(11):1896-1903
[17]李宗超,胡霞.小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对退化沙质草地土壤孔隙特征的影响.土壤学报,2015,52(1):242-248Li Z C,Hu X.Effects of shrub(Caragana microphylla Lam)encroachment on soil porosity of degraded sandy grassland(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):242-248
[18]吴华山,陈效民,陈粲.利用CT扫描技术对太湖地区主要水稻土中大孔隙的研究.水土保持学报,2007,21(2):175-178Wu H S,Chen X M,Chen C.Study on the macropore in main paddy soil in tai-lake region by using CT(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(2):175-178
[19]赵世伟,赵勇钢,吴金水.黄土高原植被演替下土壤孔隙的定量分析.中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(2):223-231Zhao S W,Zhao Y G,Wu J S.Quantitative analysis of soil pores under natural vegetation successions on the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Science of China:Earth Science,2010,40(2):223-231
[20]周虎,李文昭,张中彬,等.X射线CT研究多尺度土壤结构.土壤学报,2013,50(6):1226-1230Zhou H,Li W Z,Zhang Z B,et al.The research of multi-scale soil structure by X-ray CT(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(6):1226-1230
[21]王慧妮,倪万魁.基于计算机X射线断层术与扫描电镜图像的黄土微结构定量分析.岩土力学,2012,33(1):243-247,254Wang H N,Ni W K.Loess microstructure quantitative analysis based on CT and SEM pictures(In Chinese).Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(1):243-247,254
[22]张小娜,冯杰,邵伟,等.土壤大孔隙对坡面溶质流失的影响.农业机械学报,2013,44(6):117-121,147Zhang X N,Feng J,Shao W,et al.The influence of soil macropores for slope solute loss(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(6):117-121,147
[23]张治伟,朱章雄,王燕,等.岩溶坡地不同利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素.农业工程学报,2010,26(6):71-76Zhang Z W,Zhu Z X,Wang Y,et al.Soil infiltration capability and the influencing factors of different utilization style in karst slope(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(6):71-76
[24]易珍莲,梁杏,李福民,等.ERDAS软件在土体微观结构研究中的应用.水文地质工程地质,2007(1):113-115,119Yi Z L,Liang X,Li F M,et al.The application of ERDAS software soil microstructureresearch(In Chinese).Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2007(1):113-115,119
[25]陶高梁.岩土多孔介质孔隙结构的分形研究及其应用.武汉:武汉理工大学,2010Tao G L.The research and application of the fractal of rock and soil porous media pore structure(In Chinese).Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology,2010
[26]冯杰,郝振纯.CT扫描确定土壤大孔隙分布.水科学进展,2002,13(5):611-617Feng J,Hao Z C.Distribution of soil macro-pores characterized by CT(In Chinese).Advances in Water Science,2002,13(5):611-617
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