唐王陵砾岩的形成时代及其构造与沉积环境探讨
|
摘要
唐王陵砾岩自20世纪60年代发现以来,其形成时代和沉积环境就争议不断,至今没有定论。作者根据唐王陵附近多个露头点唐王陵砾岩与上下地层的接触关系、岩性和古生物特征,结合渭北隆起西段2口油气探井的钻探结果,将其地质时代确定为晚奥陶世赫南特期;基于北秦岭岛弧在中奥陶世之后持续隆升,秦岭北坡及其以北的古生代和更老地层不断向北倾覆倒转,同时遭受不同程度的变质与剥蚀,北秦岭和华北陆块之间的弧后盆地演变为前陆盆地并逐渐闭合的共识,并结合该套砾岩地层的反旋回沉积特征和发育大量碎屑流、颗粒流及浊流等重力流沉积的事实,认为唐王陵砾岩是一套沉积在晚奥陶世末期,不断抬升并遭受剧烈崩塌剥蚀的北秦岭以北的前陆盆地陡岸背景下的前陆斜坡脚海底扇沉积体。该结论不但厘清了唐王陵砾岩与东庄页岩的时代归属,也为北秦岭和渭北地区加里东期前陆盆地的构造演化及石油地质研究奠定了基础。
Since the discovery of the Tang Wangling Conglomerate in 1960s,its depositional age and sedimentary environment have been controversial. Based on strata contact relationship,lithology and palaeontological data between its upper and lower strata on several outcrops and combined with drilling results of two wells in the west part of the Weibei Uplift,this paper defines its geological age as the Hirnantian Stage of the Late Ordovician. The Tang Wangling Conglomerate was deposited in a submarine fan at the base of the foreland slope in the northern North Qinling island arc under a steep bank background of aforeland basin. The basin was continuously uplifted and undergone collapse and erosion during the latest Ordovician. The result is consistent with the continuous uplift of North Qinling island arc after the Middle Ordovician. The northern slope of the Northern Qinling island arc and its Paleozoic and other older strata were continually overturning to the north and subjected to varying degrees of metamorphism and denudation. The back-arc basin between North Qinling Mountains and North China landmass evolved into a foreland basin and gradually closed. There are other supporting evidence such as the coarsening upward depositional cycles and a large number of gravity flow deposits in the Tang Wangling Conglomerate such as debris flows,grain flows,and turbidity currents. This paper not only clarifies the geological age of the Tang Wangling Conglomerate and the Dongzhuang Shale,but also establishes a foundation for its tectonic evolution during the Caledonian orogeny and for petroleum geology research in the foreland basin between North Qinling Mountain and the west part of the Weibei Uplift area.
Since the discovery of the Tang Wangling Conglomerate in 1960s,its depositional age and sedimentary environment have been controversial. Based on strata contact relationship,lithology and palaeontological data between its upper and lower strata on several outcrops and combined with drilling results of two wells in the west part of the Weibei Uplift,this paper defines its geological age as the Hirnantian Stage of the Late Ordovician. The Tang Wangling Conglomerate was deposited in a submarine fan at the base of the foreland slope in the northern North Qinling island arc under a steep bank background of aforeland basin. The basin was continuously uplifted and undergone collapse and erosion during the latest Ordovician. The result is consistent with the continuous uplift of North Qinling island arc after the Middle Ordovician. The northern slope of the Northern Qinling island arc and its Paleozoic and other older strata were continually overturning to the north and subjected to varying degrees of metamorphism and denudation. The back-arc basin between North Qinling Mountains and North China landmass evolved into a foreland basin and gradually closed. There are other supporting evidence such as the coarsening upward depositional cycles and a large number of gravity flow deposits in the Tang Wangling Conglomerate such as debris flows,grain flows,and turbidity currents. This paper not only clarifies the geological age of the Tang Wangling Conglomerate and the Dongzhuang Shale,but also establishes a foundation for its tectonic evolution during the Caledonian orogeny and for petroleum geology research in the foreland basin between North Qinling Mountain and the west part of the Weibei Uplift area.
引文
安泰庠,郑昭昌.1990.鄂尔多斯盆地周缘的牙形石.北京:科学出版社,12-132.[An T X,Zheng Z C.1990.Conodonts from the Margin of Ordos Basin.Beijing:Science Press,12-132]
陈万川,郝蜀民,黄家斌.1984.陕西唐王陵组沉积物重力流特征和形成机理.石油实验地质,6(3):203-212.[Chen W C,Hao SM,Huang J B.1984.The characteristics and its formation mechanism of the gravity flow sediments in Tang Wangling Fm.,Shaanxi.Experimental Petroleum Geology,6(3):203-212]
陈旭,戎嘉余,张元动,樊隽轩.2000.奥陶纪年代地层学研究评述.地层学杂志,24(1):18-26.[Chen X,Rong J Y,Zhang Y D,Fan J X.2000.A review of the Ordovician chronological stratigraphy study.Journal of Stratigraphy,24(1):18-26]
傅嘉媛.1985.陕西礼泉唐王陵组微古植物组合及其地层时代的讨论.中国地质科学院天津地质矿产研究所所刊,第13号:75-86.[Fu J Y.1985.Discussion on the micro palaeo plant assemblage and its stratigraphic age for Tang Wangling Fm.,Liquan,Shaanxi.Bulletin Tianjin Institute Geol.Res.,No.13:75-86]
何自新,杨华,袁效奇.2004.鄂尔多斯盆地地质剖面图集.北京:石油工业出版社,262-268.[He Z X,Yang H,Yuan X Q.2004.The Photo Album of the Out Crop Section in the Ordos Basin.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,262-268]
洪庆玉.1985.唐王陵组岩石学特征及沉积物重力流.石油天然气地质,6(1):49-59,121-124.[Hong Q Y.1985.On the petrology and gravity flows of the Tangwangling Formation.Oil&Gas Geology,6(1):49-59,121-124]
翦万筹,叶俭.1983.论唐王陵砾岩的层位.西安地质学院学报,(2):1-8.[Jian W C,Ye J.1983.Discussion on its stratigraphy of Tang Wangling Conglomerate Formation.Journal of Xi'an Institute of Geology,(2):1-8]
李钦仲,杨应章,贾金昌.1983.陕西礼泉“唐王陵砾岩”的时代及其成因.陕西地质,1(1):47-59.[Li Q Z,Yang Y Z,Jia J C.1983.The geological age and origin for the Tang Wangling Conglomerate Fm.in Liquan,Shaanxi.Geology of Shaanxi,1(1):47-59]
王明长.1983.陕西礼泉唐王陵晚奥陶世碳酸盐岩重力流沉积探讨.内蒙古石油学会.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘地区石油地质论文集.呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,56-61.[Wang M C.1983.A Review of the Carbonate Rock Gravity Flow Deposits in Tang Wangling of Late Ordovician,Liquan,Shaanxi.Inner Mongolia Petroleum Society.Petroleum Geology Collected Papers for the Western Margin of Ordos Basin.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Peoples Publishing Press,56-61]
汪啸风,陈孝红.2005.中国各地质时代地层划分与对比.北京:地质出版社,101-154.[Wang X F,Chen X H.2005.Stratigraphic Division and Comparison of Various Geological Period in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,101-154]
叶俭,成玉,左志东,兰晓东,何志强.1983.昭陵砾岩的成因.西安地质学院学报,(1):8-21.[Ye J,Cheng Y,Zuo Z D,Lan X D,He Z Q.1983.The origin of Zhaoling Conglomerate.Journal of Chang'an University,(1):8-21]
张吉森,费安琦.1981.陕西礼泉县唐王岭震旦纪晚期冰碛砾岩.地层学杂志,5(1):10-15,77-78.[Zhang J S,Fei A Q.1981.Late Sinian moraine conglomerate of Tang Wangling,Liquan,Shaanxi.Journal of Stratigraphy,5(1):10-15,77-78]
张文龙,陈刚,章辉若,高磊,杨甫,师晓林,申锦江.2016.唐王陵昭陵组砾岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析.沉积学报,34(3):497-505.[Zhang W L,Chen G,Zhang H R,Gao L,Yang F,Shi X L,Shen J J.2016.Detrital zircon U-Pb chronology analysis of Zhaoling formation in Tang Wangling area.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,34(3):497-505]
张文堂,朱兆玲,袁克兴,林焕令.1979.华北南部、西南部寒武系及上前寒武系的分界.地层学杂志,3(1):51-56.[Zhang W T,Zhu Z L,Yuan K X,Lin H L.1979.The boundary between Cambrian and Upper Precambrian in the South and southwest of North China.Journal of Stratigraphy,3(1):51-56]
赵宗举,赵治信,黄智斌.2006.塔里木盆地奥陶系牙形刺带及沉积层序.地层学杂志,30(3):193-202.[Zhao Z J,Zhao Z X,Huang Z B.2006.Ordovician conodont zone and sedimentary sequence in Tarim Basin.Journal of Stratigraphy,30(3):193-202]
周鼎武,翦万筹.1989.渭北西部地区加里东构造带变形特征及其地质意义.西北大学学报(自然科学版),19(4):93-102.[Zhou D W,Jian W C.1989.The deformation and geological significance of Caledonian tectonic belt in Western Weibei area.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),19(4):93-102]
周鼎武,张成立.1994.论北秦岭加里东期造山作用.西北大学学报(自然科学版),24(3):245-250.[Zhou D W,Zhang C L.1994.A discussion of Caledonian orogeny in northern Qinling Mountain.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),24(3):245-250]
周鼎武,赵重远,李银德,翦万筹,叶俭,陈刚.1994.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘地质特征及其与秦岭造山带的关系.北京:地质出版社:9-170.[Zhou D W,Zhao C Y,Li Y D,Jian W C,Ye J,Chen G.1994.Geological Characteristics of the Southwestern Margin of Ordos Basin and Its Relationship with Qinling Mountains Orogenic Belt.Beijing:Geological Publishing Press,9-170]
陈万川,郝蜀民,黄家斌.1984.陕西唐王陵组沉积物重力流特征和形成机理.石油实验地质,6(3):203-212.[Chen W C,Hao SM,Huang J B.1984.The characteristics and its formation mechanism of the gravity flow sediments in Tang Wangling Fm.,Shaanxi.Experimental Petroleum Geology,6(3):203-212]
陈旭,戎嘉余,张元动,樊隽轩.2000.奥陶纪年代地层学研究评述.地层学杂志,24(1):18-26.[Chen X,Rong J Y,Zhang Y D,Fan J X.2000.A review of the Ordovician chronological stratigraphy study.Journal of Stratigraphy,24(1):18-26]
傅嘉媛.1985.陕西礼泉唐王陵组微古植物组合及其地层时代的讨论.中国地质科学院天津地质矿产研究所所刊,第13号:75-86.[Fu J Y.1985.Discussion on the micro palaeo plant assemblage and its stratigraphic age for Tang Wangling Fm.,Liquan,Shaanxi.Bulletin Tianjin Institute Geol.Res.,No.13:75-86]
何自新,杨华,袁效奇.2004.鄂尔多斯盆地地质剖面图集.北京:石油工业出版社,262-268.[He Z X,Yang H,Yuan X Q.2004.The Photo Album of the Out Crop Section in the Ordos Basin.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,262-268]
洪庆玉.1985.唐王陵组岩石学特征及沉积物重力流.石油天然气地质,6(1):49-59,121-124.[Hong Q Y.1985.On the petrology and gravity flows of the Tangwangling Formation.Oil&Gas Geology,6(1):49-59,121-124]
翦万筹,叶俭.1983.论唐王陵砾岩的层位.西安地质学院学报,(2):1-8.[Jian W C,Ye J.1983.Discussion on its stratigraphy of Tang Wangling Conglomerate Formation.Journal of Xi'an Institute of Geology,(2):1-8]
李钦仲,杨应章,贾金昌.1983.陕西礼泉“唐王陵砾岩”的时代及其成因.陕西地质,1(1):47-59.[Li Q Z,Yang Y Z,Jia J C.1983.The geological age and origin for the Tang Wangling Conglomerate Fm.in Liquan,Shaanxi.Geology of Shaanxi,1(1):47-59]
王明长.1983.陕西礼泉唐王陵晚奥陶世碳酸盐岩重力流沉积探讨.内蒙古石油学会.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘地区石油地质论文集.呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,56-61.[Wang M C.1983.A Review of the Carbonate Rock Gravity Flow Deposits in Tang Wangling of Late Ordovician,Liquan,Shaanxi.Inner Mongolia Petroleum Society.Petroleum Geology Collected Papers for the Western Margin of Ordos Basin.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Peoples Publishing Press,56-61]
汪啸风,陈孝红.2005.中国各地质时代地层划分与对比.北京:地质出版社,101-154.[Wang X F,Chen X H.2005.Stratigraphic Division and Comparison of Various Geological Period in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,101-154]
叶俭,成玉,左志东,兰晓东,何志强.1983.昭陵砾岩的成因.西安地质学院学报,(1):8-21.[Ye J,Cheng Y,Zuo Z D,Lan X D,He Z Q.1983.The origin of Zhaoling Conglomerate.Journal of Chang'an University,(1):8-21]
张吉森,费安琦.1981.陕西礼泉县唐王岭震旦纪晚期冰碛砾岩.地层学杂志,5(1):10-15,77-78.[Zhang J S,Fei A Q.1981.Late Sinian moraine conglomerate of Tang Wangling,Liquan,Shaanxi.Journal of Stratigraphy,5(1):10-15,77-78]
张文龙,陈刚,章辉若,高磊,杨甫,师晓林,申锦江.2016.唐王陵昭陵组砾岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析.沉积学报,34(3):497-505.[Zhang W L,Chen G,Zhang H R,Gao L,Yang F,Shi X L,Shen J J.2016.Detrital zircon U-Pb chronology analysis of Zhaoling formation in Tang Wangling area.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,34(3):497-505]
张文堂,朱兆玲,袁克兴,林焕令.1979.华北南部、西南部寒武系及上前寒武系的分界.地层学杂志,3(1):51-56.[Zhang W T,Zhu Z L,Yuan K X,Lin H L.1979.The boundary between Cambrian and Upper Precambrian in the South and southwest of North China.Journal of Stratigraphy,3(1):51-56]
赵宗举,赵治信,黄智斌.2006.塔里木盆地奥陶系牙形刺带及沉积层序.地层学杂志,30(3):193-202.[Zhao Z J,Zhao Z X,Huang Z B.2006.Ordovician conodont zone and sedimentary sequence in Tarim Basin.Journal of Stratigraphy,30(3):193-202]
周鼎武,翦万筹.1989.渭北西部地区加里东构造带变形特征及其地质意义.西北大学学报(自然科学版),19(4):93-102.[Zhou D W,Jian W C.1989.The deformation and geological significance of Caledonian tectonic belt in Western Weibei area.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),19(4):93-102]
周鼎武,张成立.1994.论北秦岭加里东期造山作用.西北大学学报(自然科学版),24(3):245-250.[Zhou D W,Zhang C L.1994.A discussion of Caledonian orogeny in northern Qinling Mountain.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),24(3):245-250]
周鼎武,赵重远,李银德,翦万筹,叶俭,陈刚.1994.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘地质特征及其与秦岭造山带的关系.北京:地质出版社:9-170.[Zhou D W,Zhao C Y,Li Y D,Jian W C,Ye J,Chen G.1994.Geological Characteristics of the Southwestern Margin of Ordos Basin and Its Relationship with Qinling Mountains Orogenic Belt.Beijing:Geological Publishing Press,9-170]