中国更新世古人类身高演化趋势
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摘要
目的探讨中国更新世古人类身高演变趋势。方法采用间接法复原中国更新世化石人类身高,先重建残缺长骨标本的最大长,然后依据长骨长度复原个体身高。结果中国直立人(4例)和早期现代人(12例)的身高变异范围分别是155.4～169.2 cm和155.2～171.7 cm,而早期智人仅有1例女性个体身高约166.1 cm。位于西南地区的柳江和丽江的古人类身高明显低于北方早期现代人。结论从直立人至早期现代人阶段,中国古人类身高变异范围相仿,而平均身高可能呈逐渐增长趋势;早期现代人展现出较明显的地域性差异;早期现代人与新石器时期现代人群身高间差异并未表现出显著性。
Objective To study the evolutionary trends in the stature of Pleistocene hominins from China. Methods We took the indirect method of stature estimation from fragments of long bones: maximum length of the long bones was directly estimated from measurements of its fragments, and thereafter the stature was reconstructed from the estimated maximum length. Results The result showed that the stature variation was 155.4-169.2 cm for H. erectus(n=4) and 155.2-171.7 cm for early modern humans(n=12), and only 166.1 cm for one female in archaic Homo sapiens. The stature of Liujiang and Lijiang hominins located in the southeast was lower than other early modern humans from North China. Conclusion The stature variation is similarly from H. erectus to early modern humans, while the average stature seems to have increased continuously. We find that the geographical variation observed in modern humans has appeared in early modern humans. In addition, there is no significant difference between early modern humans and Neolithic populations.
Objective To study the evolutionary trends in the stature of Pleistocene hominins from China. Methods We took the indirect method of stature estimation from fragments of long bones: maximum length of the long bones was directly estimated from measurements of its fragments, and thereafter the stature was reconstructed from the estimated maximum length. Results The result showed that the stature variation was 155.4-169.2 cm for H. erectus(n=4) and 155.2-171.7 cm for early modern humans(n=12), and only 166.1 cm for one female in archaic Homo sapiens. The stature of Liujiang and Lijiang hominins located in the southeast was lower than other early modern humans from North China. Conclusion The stature variation is similarly from H. erectus to early modern humans, while the average stature seems to have increased continuously. We find that the geographical variation observed in modern humans has appeared in early modern humans. In addition, there is no significant difference between early modern humans and Neolithic populations.
引文
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[28] Zhang JZ.Classic Forensic Anthropology [M].Bejing:Sicence Press,2007:387-388.(in Chinese)张继宗.法医人类学经典[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:387-388.
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[30] Liu W,Yang MY.The changes of tooth size of Chinese and the systematic status of Homo erectus in East Asia[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1999,18(3):176-192.(in Chinese)刘武,杨茂有.中国古人类牙齿尺寸演化特点及东亚直立人的系统地位[J].人类学学报,1999,18(3):176-192.
[31] Wu RK,Wu XZh,Zhang SSh.Early Humankind in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:1-437.(in Chinese)吴汝康,吴新智,张森水.中国远古人类[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:1-437.
[32] Tang XL,Wang ZhQ,Wang DM.District distribution of stature in Chinese youth[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1994,13(2):143-148.(in Chinese)唐锡麟,王志强,王冬妹.中国汉族青年身高水平的地域分布[J].人类学学报,1994,13(2):143-148.
[33] Zheng LB,Li YL,Xi HJ,et al.Study on Physical Anthropology of Chinese Urban Han[M].Beijing:Sicence Press,2017,172-173.(in Chinese)郑连斌,李咏兰,席焕久,等.中国汉族体质人类学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2017:172-173.
[2] Weidenreich F.The Extremity Bones of Sinanthropus Pekinensis[M].Beijing:Geological Survey of China,1941:1-150.
[3] Jia LP.Ordos Man[M].Shanghai:Longmen United Bookstore,1951:1-79.(in Chinese)贾兰坡.河套人[M].上海:龙门联合书局出版社,1951:1-79.
[4] Wu XZh,Zhang ZhB,Zhang JJ.Estimation of the stature of Liujiang Paleolithic man[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1984,3(3):210-211.(in Chinese)吴新智,张振标,张建军.柳江化石智人的身高[J].人类学学报,1984,3(3):210-211.
[5] Zhang ZhB.Variation of stature of modern Chinese[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1988,7(2):112-120.(in Chinese)张振标.现代中国人身高的变异[J].人类学学报,1988,7(2):112-120.
[6] Zhou GX,Zhen ShN,Duan RH,eds.60th anniversary essays for discovery of the first Peking Man’s skull[C].Beijing:Beijing Science and Technology House,1992:41-44.(in Chinese)周国兴,甄朔南,段瑞华,主编.北京人第一头盖骨发现六十周年文集[C].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1992:41-44.
[7] Cai BQ.Fossil human humerus of late Pleistocene from the Taiwan straits[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2001,20(3):178-185.(in Chinese)蔡保全.台湾海峡晚更新世人类肱骨化石[J].人类学学报,2001,20(3):178-185.
[8] Shang H.Estimation of the stature of Paleolithic man form Salawusu Valley[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2004,23(3):196-199.(in Chinese)尚虹.萨拉乌苏河流域化石智人的身高[J].人类学学报,2004,23(3):196-199.
[9] Rosenberg KR,Zuné L,Ruff CB.Body size,body proportions,and encephalization in a Middle Pleistocene archaic human from northern China[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2006,103(10):3552-3556.
[10] Liu W,Wu XJ,Li HJ.Body size and shape in a Human Fossil from Liujiang,South China[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2008,26(4):295-304.(in Chinese)刘武,吴秀杰,李海军.柳江人身体大小和形状——体重,身体比例及相对脑量的分析[J].人类学学报,2008,26(4):295-304.
[11] Shang H,Trinkaus E.The Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave,China[M].Texas:A&M University Press,2010:74-87.
[12] Cui YM.Stature estimation of several Chinese human fossils based on foramen magnum measurements[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2015,34(1):68-74.(in Chinese)崔娅铭.通过枕骨大孔测量值对若干化石人类身高的估计[J].人类学学报,2015,34(1):68-74.
[13] Chen ShX.Forensic Anthropology[M].Beijing:People’s Medical Publishing House,1998:82-93.(in Chinese)陈世贤.法医人类学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:82-93.
[14] Research Group of Ministry of Public Security.Stature estimation of Chinese Han male from long bones[J].Forensic Science and Technology,1984,5:1-49.(in Chinese)公安部课题组.中国汉族男性长骨推算身高的研究[J].刑事技术,1984,5:1-49.
[15] Zhang JZ.Stature estimation of Chinese Han female from long bones[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2001,20(4):302-307.(in Chinese)张继宗.中国汉族女性长骨推断身高的研究[J].人类学学报,2001,20(4):302-307.
[16] Steele D,Bramblett CA.The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton[M].Texas:A&M University Press,1988:165-239.
[17] Li YH.A Pleistocene mammalian locality in the Likiang Basin,Yunnan[J].Vetrebarta Palasiatica,1961,(2):143-149.(in Chinese)李有恒.云南丽江盆地一个第四纪哺乳类化石地点[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,1961,(2):143-149.
[18] Reynolds SC,Gallagher A.African Genesis:Perspectives on Hominin Evolution[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012:319-346.
[19] Stewart TD.Personal Identification in Mass Disasters[M].Washington DC:Smithsonian Institution Press,1970:85-97.
[20] Zhang JZ.Stature estimation of Chinese Han female from fragment long bones[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2002,21(3):219-224.(in Chinese)张继宗.中国汉族女性长骨碎片的身高推断[J].人类学学报,2002,21(3):219-224.
[21] Bidmos MA.Fragmentary femora:evaluation of the accuracy of the direct and indirect methods in stature reconstruction[J].Forensic Sci Int,2009,192(1):131.e1-131.e5.
[22] Steele DG,McKern TW.A method for assessment of maximum long bone length and living stature from fragmentary long bones[J].Am J Phys Anthropol,1969,31(2):215-227.
[23] Fu Q,Meyer M,Gao X,et al.DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave,China[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci,2013,110(6):2223-2227.
[24] Shao XQ.Estimation of stature from intact long bones of Chinese males in comparison with American whites and negroes[J].Journal of Forensic Medicine,1985,1:6-12.(in Chinese)邵象清.从长骨推算身高的研究[J].法医学杂志,1985,1:6-12.
[25] Ma LG,Cao YR,Xu JJ,et al.The relationship between the stature and the geo-environmental factors of 102 populations in China[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2008,27(3):223-231.(in Chinese)马立广,曹彦荣,徐玖瑾,等.中国102个人群的身高与地理环境相关性研究[J].人类学学报,2008,27(3):223-231.
[26] Wu RK.Human fossil discovered from Liujiang,Guangxi [J].Paleovertebarata et Paleoanthropology,1959,1:97-104.(in Chinese)吴汝康.广西柳江发现的人类化石[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,1959,1:97-104.
[27] Liu W,Yang MY,Tai FJ.Sex discriminant analysis of long bones of lower limb[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1989,8(2):147-154.(in Chinese)刘武,杨茂有,邰凤久.下肢长骨的性别判别分析研究[J].人类学学报,1989,8(2):147-154.
[28] Zhang JZ.Classic Forensic Anthropology [M].Bejing:Sicence Press,2007:387-388.(in Chinese)张继宗.法医人类学经典[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:387-388.
[29] Yang XG,Li YP,Ma GSh,et al.Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002[J].Chinese Journal of Epidemiology,2005,26(7):489-493.(in Chinese)杨晓光,李艳平,马冠生,等.中国2002年居民身高和体重水平及近10年变化趋势分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,2005,26(7):489-493.
[30] Liu W,Yang MY.The changes of tooth size of Chinese and the systematic status of Homo erectus in East Asia[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1999,18(3):176-192.(in Chinese)刘武,杨茂有.中国古人类牙齿尺寸演化特点及东亚直立人的系统地位[J].人类学学报,1999,18(3):176-192.
[31] Wu RK,Wu XZh,Zhang SSh.Early Humankind in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:1-437.(in Chinese)吴汝康,吴新智,张森水.中国远古人类[M].北京:科学出版社,1989:1-437.
[32] Tang XL,Wang ZhQ,Wang DM.District distribution of stature in Chinese youth[J].Acta Anthropologica Sinica,1994,13(2):143-148.(in Chinese)唐锡麟,王志强,王冬妹.中国汉族青年身高水平的地域分布[J].人类学学报,1994,13(2):143-148.
[33] Zheng LB,Li YL,Xi HJ,et al.Study on Physical Anthropology of Chinese Urban Han[M].Beijing:Sicence Press,2017,172-173.(in Chinese)郑连斌,李咏兰,席焕久,等.中国汉族体质人类学研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2017:172-173.