加拿大一枝黄花生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性及机理
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摘要
以外来入侵种加拿大一枝黄花为原料,探究不同成分在不同热解温度下制得的生物炭的基本性质及其对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附能力、最优吸附工艺条件和吸附机制,以提高其资源化利用效率。结果表明:以茎叶混合作为原料在450℃下热解制得的加拿大一枝黄花生物炭(SCBC450)对Cd~(2+)吸附能力最优。正交结果显示,3种所选因素对生物炭吸附Cd~(2+)的影响程度依次为吸附质起始浓度>pH>温度;当pH=6、温度35℃、吸附质起始浓度50 mg·L~(-1)时,Cd~(2+)的吸附效率最高,可达(95.6±0.38)%。SCBC450对Cd~(2+)的吸附过程符合二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主,且符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,最大理论吸附量达107.03 mg·g~(-1)。通过对生物炭吸附前后的XPS、FTIR和SEM-EDS分析可知,其对Cd~(2+)的吸附机制包括离子交换、络合反应、沉淀作用和物理吸附。因此,加拿大一枝黄花生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附具有极大的应用潜力。
Solidago canadensis(Canadian goldenrod)is a herbaceous worldwide invasive plant, which spreads rapidly and poses a serious threat to ecological environments in China. In order to improve the management of this highly problematic alien invasive species and enhance resource utilization efficiency, Solidago canadensis-derived biochar was prepared in the present study. The basic properties of biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures were investigated. The optimum conditions for cadmium adsorption by biochar in aqueous solution were studied systematically through batch adsorption experiments. In addition, the adsorption mechanism was explored. The results showed that the SCBC450, which was the Solidago canadensis-derived biochar pyrolyzed at 450 ℃ by stem-leaf mixture as the raw material, out-performed the other prepared biochar. Three factors were selected for orthogonal experiments, and their influence on the adsorption of Cd~(2+) by biochar were as follows:initial concentration of adsorbate > pH > temperature. The highest adsorption efficiency Cd~(2+) could achieve was(95.6±0.38)% when the initial concentration of adsorbate was 50 mg·L~(-1) at 35 ℃ with pH 6. Under these optimal conditions, the adsorption process was better fitted using Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order model, which demonstrated that chemical adsorption dominated. The maximum theoretical adsorption capacity could reach 107.03 mg·g~(-1). The analysis of biochar by XPS, FTIR, and SEM-EDS analyses showed that ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and physical adsorption were the main mechanisms of Cd~(2+) adsorption by SCBC450. Therefore, the study showed that Solidago canadensis-derived biochar has a great potential for cadmium adsorption in water treatment.
Solidago canadensis(Canadian goldenrod)is a herbaceous worldwide invasive plant, which spreads rapidly and poses a serious threat to ecological environments in China. In order to improve the management of this highly problematic alien invasive species and enhance resource utilization efficiency, Solidago canadensis-derived biochar was prepared in the present study. The basic properties of biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures were investigated. The optimum conditions for cadmium adsorption by biochar in aqueous solution were studied systematically through batch adsorption experiments. In addition, the adsorption mechanism was explored. The results showed that the SCBC450, which was the Solidago canadensis-derived biochar pyrolyzed at 450 ℃ by stem-leaf mixture as the raw material, out-performed the other prepared biochar. Three factors were selected for orthogonal experiments, and their influence on the adsorption of Cd~(2+) by biochar were as follows:initial concentration of adsorbate > pH > temperature. The highest adsorption efficiency Cd~(2+) could achieve was(95.6±0.38)% when the initial concentration of adsorbate was 50 mg·L~(-1) at 35 ℃ with pH 6. Under these optimal conditions, the adsorption process was better fitted using Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order model, which demonstrated that chemical adsorption dominated. The maximum theoretical adsorption capacity could reach 107.03 mg·g~(-1). The analysis of biochar by XPS, FTIR, and SEM-EDS analyses showed that ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and physical adsorption were the main mechanisms of Cd~(2+) adsorption by SCBC450. Therefore, the study showed that Solidago canadensis-derived biochar has a great potential for cadmium adsorption in water treatment.
引文
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[8]Zhao N,Yang X X,Zhang J,et al.Adsorption mechanisms of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid by corn straw and poplar leaf biochars[J].Materials,2017,10(10):1119.
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[10]何琦,曹凤梅,卢少勇,等.挺水植物生物炭对硫丹的吸附及催化水解作用[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1126-1132.HE Qi,CAO Feng-mei,LU Shao-yong,et al.Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of endosulfan on biochars derived from emergent plants[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):1126-1132.
[11]Shen Z T,Hou D Y,Jin F,et al.Effect of production temperature on lead removal mechanisms by rice straw biochars[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,655(10):751-758.
[12]Chen Y Y,Wang B Y,Xin J,et al.Adsorption behavior and mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ)by modified biochar derived from Enteromorpha prolifera[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,164(30):440-447.
[13]Liu H K,Xu F,Xie Y L,et al.Effect of modified coconut shell biochar on availability of heavy metals and biochemical characteristics of soil in multiple heavy metals contaminated soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,654(15):702-709.
[14]Zhang F,Wang X,Yin D X,et al.Efficiency and mechanisms of Cd removal from aqueous solution by biochar derived from water hyacinth(Eichornia crassipes)[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,153(15):68-73.
[15]Zhang J W,Bi F Z,Wang Q J,et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of cadmium biosorption by the stem powder of the invasive plant species Solidago Canadensis[J].Ecological Engineering,2018,121(1):12-18.
[16]罗来盛,周美华.微波活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(5):1543-1547.LUO Lai-sheng,ZHOU Mei-hua.Adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ)ions onto activated carbon prepared from Solidago canadensis by means of microwave activated[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(5):1543-1547.
[17]Zhang Z C,Chen L X,Wang J,et al.Biochar preparation from Solidago canadensis and its alleviation of the inhibition of tomato seed germination by allelochemicals[J].Rsc Advances,2018,8(40):22370-22375.
[18]Goswami R,Shim J,Deka S,et al.Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from Ipomoea fistulosa,at different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,97:444-451.
[19]仇祯,周欣彤,韩卉,等.互花米草生物炭的理化特性及其对镉的吸附效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):172-178.QIU Zhen,ZHOU Xin-tong,HAN Hui,et al.Properties of Spartina alterniflora Loisel.derived-biochar and its effect on cadmium adsorption[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(1):172-178.
[20]Zhou Q W,Liao B H,Lin L,et al.Adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)from aqueous solutions by ferromanganese binary oxide-biochar composites[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,615(15):115-122.
[21]Zhao Y F,Zhang B,Zhang X,et al.Preparation of highly ordered cubic NaA zeolite from halloysite mineral for adsorption of ammonium ions[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,178(1):658-664.
[22]顾博文,曹心德,赵玲,等.生物质内源矿物对热解过程及生物炭稳定性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(3):591-597.GU Bo-wen,CAO Xin-de,ZHAO Ling,et al.Influence of inherent minerals on biomass pyrolysis and carbon stability in biochar[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(3):591-597.
[23]Jung K W,Kim K,Jeong T U,et al.Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and phosphate adsorption capability of biochar derived from waste-marine macroalgae(Undaria pinnatifida,roots)[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,200:1024-1028.
[24]Inyang M,Gao B,Yao Y,et al.Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,110(2):50-56.
[25]Deng Y Y,Huang S,David A L,et al.Quantitative mechanisms of cadmium adsorption on rice straw and swine manure-derived biochars[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(1):32418-32432.
[26]Chen T,Zhou Z Y,Han R,et al.Adsorption of cadmium by biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge:Impact factors and adsorption mechanism[J].Chemosphere,2015,134:286-293.
[27]Pellera F M,Giannis A,Kalderis D,et al.Adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ)ions from aqueous solutions on biochars prepared from agricultural byproducts[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,96(1):35-42.
[28]Kim W K,Shim T,Kim Y S,et al.Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from a giant Miscanthus at different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,138(2):266-270.
[29]Chen Z,Liu T,Tang J J,et al.Characteristics and mechanisms of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution using lotus seedpod-derived biochar at two pyrolytic temperatures[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(12):11854-11866.
[30]Tan G C,Xu N,Xu Y,et al.Sorption of mercury(Ⅱ)and atrazine by biochar,modified biochars and biochar based activated carbon in aqueous solution[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,211:727-735.
[31]Liang J,Li X M,Yu Z G,et al.Amorphous MnO2 modified biochar derived from aerobically composted swine manure for adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2017,5(6):5049-5058.
[32]Zhou L,Liu Y G,Liu S B,et al.Investigation of the adsorption-reduction mechanisms of hexavalent chromium by ramie biochars of different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,218:351-359.
[33]夏广洁,宋萍,邱宇平.牛粪源和木源生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):569-575.XIA Guang-jie,SONG Ping,QIU Yu-ping.Sorption of Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)by manure-and wood-derived biochars[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2014,33(3):569-575.
[34]Xu X Y,Cao X D,Zhao L,et al.Removal of Cu,Zn,and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy manure-derived biochar[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2013,20(1):358-368.
[35]Zhang H Y,Yue X P,Li F,et al.Preparation of rice straw-derived biochar for efficient cadmium removal by modification of oxygen-containing functional groups[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,631/632(1):795-802.
[36]马锋锋,赵保卫,刁静茹.小麦秸秆生物炭对水中Cd2+的吸附特性研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):551-559.MA Feng-feng,ZHAO Bao-wei,DIAO Jing-ru.Adsorptive characteristics of cadmium onto biochar produced from pyrolysis of wheat straw in aqueous solution[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(2):551-559.
[37]Xian Y,Wu J,Yang G,et al.Adsorption characteristics of Cd(Ⅱ)in aqueous solutions using spent mushroom substrate biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures[J].Rsc Advances,2018,8:28002-28012.
[38]郜礼阳,邓金环,唐国强,等.不同温度桉树叶生物炭对Cd2+的吸附特性及机制[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1001-1009.GAO Li-yang,DENG Jin-huan,TANG Guo-qiang,et al.Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of Cd2+on biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures produced from eucalyptus leaves[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):1001-1009.
[39]王立果,钟金魁,赵保卫,等.水中镉和芘在核桃壳生物炭上的吸附行为及其交互作用[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(9):1868-1876.WANG Li-guo,ZHONG Jin-kui,ZHAO Bao-wei,et al.Adsorption and interaction of Cd(Ⅱ)and pyrene in water on walnut shell biochar[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(9):1868-1876.
[40]汪玉瑛,计海洋,吕豪豪,等.羊栖菜生物炭对镉污染土壤性质及镉形态的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(6):1132-1140.WANG Yu-ying,JI Hai-yang,LüHao-hao,et al.Effects of biochar derived from Sargassum fusiforme on the properties and cadmium forms of cadmium-contaminated soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(6):1132-1140.
[41]Radusiene J,Marska M,Ivanauskas L,et al.Assessment of phenolic compound accumulation in two widespread goldenrods[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,63:158-166.
[42]Deng Y,Zhao Y Y,Olga P Z,et al.Polyphenols,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf and bark extracts of Solidago canadensis L.[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,74(15):803-809.
[2]Dong L J,Yu H W,He W M.What determines positive,neutral,and negative impacts of Solidago canadensis invasion on native plant species richness?[J].Scientific Reports,2015,17:16804.
[3]Dodson E K,Fiedler C E.Impacts of restoration treatments on alien plant invasion in Pinus ponderosa forests,Montana,USA[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,43(5):887-897.
[4]Qambrani N A,Rahman M M,Won S,et al.Biochar properties and eco-friendly applications for climate change mitigation,waste management,and wastewater treatment:A review[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,79:255-273.
[5]Wei D N,Li B Y,Huang H L,et al.Biochar-based functional materials in the purification of agricultural wastewater:Fabrication,application and future research needs[J].Chemosphere,2018,197:165-180.
[6]Xu R K,Xiao S C,Yuan J H,et al.Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous solutions by the biochars derived from crop residues[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(22):10293-10298.
[7]Oliveira F R,Patel A K,Jaisi D P,et al.Environmental application of biochar:Current status and perspectives[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,246:110-122.
[8]Zhao N,Yang X X,Zhang J,et al.Adsorption mechanisms of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid by corn straw and poplar leaf biochars[J].Materials,2017,10(10):1119.
[9]黄华,王雅雄,唐景春,等.不同烧制温度下玉米秸秆生物炭的性质及对萘的吸附性能[J].环境科学,2014,35(5):1884-1890.HUANG Hua,WANG Ya-xiong,TANG Jing-chun,et al.Properties of maize stalk biochar produced under different pyrolysis temperatures and its sorption capability to naphthalene[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(5):1884-1890.
[10]何琦,曹凤梅,卢少勇,等.挺水植物生物炭对硫丹的吸附及催化水解作用[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1126-1132.HE Qi,CAO Feng-mei,LU Shao-yong,et al.Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of endosulfan on biochars derived from emergent plants[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):1126-1132.
[11]Shen Z T,Hou D Y,Jin F,et al.Effect of production temperature on lead removal mechanisms by rice straw biochars[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,655(10):751-758.
[12]Chen Y Y,Wang B Y,Xin J,et al.Adsorption behavior and mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ)by modified biochar derived from Enteromorpha prolifera[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,164(30):440-447.
[13]Liu H K,Xu F,Xie Y L,et al.Effect of modified coconut shell biochar on availability of heavy metals and biochemical characteristics of soil in multiple heavy metals contaminated soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,654(15):702-709.
[14]Zhang F,Wang X,Yin D X,et al.Efficiency and mechanisms of Cd removal from aqueous solution by biochar derived from water hyacinth(Eichornia crassipes)[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,153(15):68-73.
[15]Zhang J W,Bi F Z,Wang Q J,et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of cadmium biosorption by the stem powder of the invasive plant species Solidago Canadensis[J].Ecological Engineering,2018,121(1):12-18.
[16]罗来盛,周美华.微波活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(5):1543-1547.LUO Lai-sheng,ZHOU Mei-hua.Adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ)ions onto activated carbon prepared from Solidago canadensis by means of microwave activated[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(5):1543-1547.
[17]Zhang Z C,Chen L X,Wang J,et al.Biochar preparation from Solidago canadensis and its alleviation of the inhibition of tomato seed germination by allelochemicals[J].Rsc Advances,2018,8(40):22370-22375.
[18]Goswami R,Shim J,Deka S,et al.Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from Ipomoea fistulosa,at different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,97:444-451.
[19]仇祯,周欣彤,韩卉,等.互花米草生物炭的理化特性及其对镉的吸附效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):172-178.QIU Zhen,ZHOU Xin-tong,HAN Hui,et al.Properties of Spartina alterniflora Loisel.derived-biochar and its effect on cadmium adsorption[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(1):172-178.
[20]Zhou Q W,Liao B H,Lin L,et al.Adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)from aqueous solutions by ferromanganese binary oxide-biochar composites[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,615(15):115-122.
[21]Zhao Y F,Zhang B,Zhang X,et al.Preparation of highly ordered cubic NaA zeolite from halloysite mineral for adsorption of ammonium ions[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,178(1):658-664.
[22]顾博文,曹心德,赵玲,等.生物质内源矿物对热解过程及生物炭稳定性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(3):591-597.GU Bo-wen,CAO Xin-de,ZHAO Ling,et al.Influence of inherent minerals on biomass pyrolysis and carbon stability in biochar[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(3):591-597.
[23]Jung K W,Kim K,Jeong T U,et al.Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and phosphate adsorption capability of biochar derived from waste-marine macroalgae(Undaria pinnatifida,roots)[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,200:1024-1028.
[24]Inyang M,Gao B,Yao Y,et al.Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,110(2):50-56.
[25]Deng Y Y,Huang S,David A L,et al.Quantitative mechanisms of cadmium adsorption on rice straw and swine manure-derived biochars[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(1):32418-32432.
[26]Chen T,Zhou Z Y,Han R,et al.Adsorption of cadmium by biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge:Impact factors and adsorption mechanism[J].Chemosphere,2015,134:286-293.
[27]Pellera F M,Giannis A,Kalderis D,et al.Adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ)ions from aqueous solutions on biochars prepared from agricultural byproducts[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2012,96(1):35-42.
[28]Kim W K,Shim T,Kim Y S,et al.Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from a giant Miscanthus at different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,138(2):266-270.
[29]Chen Z,Liu T,Tang J J,et al.Characteristics and mechanisms of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution using lotus seedpod-derived biochar at two pyrolytic temperatures[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(12):11854-11866.
[30]Tan G C,Xu N,Xu Y,et al.Sorption of mercury(Ⅱ)and atrazine by biochar,modified biochars and biochar based activated carbon in aqueous solution[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,211:727-735.
[31]Liang J,Li X M,Yu Z G,et al.Amorphous MnO2 modified biochar derived from aerobically composted swine manure for adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2017,5(6):5049-5058.
[32]Zhou L,Liu Y G,Liu S B,et al.Investigation of the adsorption-reduction mechanisms of hexavalent chromium by ramie biochars of different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,218:351-359.
[33]夏广洁,宋萍,邱宇平.牛粪源和木源生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):569-575.XIA Guang-jie,SONG Ping,QIU Yu-ping.Sorption of Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)by manure-and wood-derived biochars[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2014,33(3):569-575.
[34]Xu X Y,Cao X D,Zhao L,et al.Removal of Cu,Zn,and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy manure-derived biochar[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2013,20(1):358-368.
[35]Zhang H Y,Yue X P,Li F,et al.Preparation of rice straw-derived biochar for efficient cadmium removal by modification of oxygen-containing functional groups[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,631/632(1):795-802.
[36]马锋锋,赵保卫,刁静茹.小麦秸秆生物炭对水中Cd2+的吸附特性研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):551-559.MA Feng-feng,ZHAO Bao-wei,DIAO Jing-ru.Adsorptive characteristics of cadmium onto biochar produced from pyrolysis of wheat straw in aqueous solution[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(2):551-559.
[37]Xian Y,Wu J,Yang G,et al.Adsorption characteristics of Cd(Ⅱ)in aqueous solutions using spent mushroom substrate biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures[J].Rsc Advances,2018,8:28002-28012.
[38]郜礼阳,邓金环,唐国强,等.不同温度桉树叶生物炭对Cd2+的吸附特性及机制[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1001-1009.GAO Li-yang,DENG Jin-huan,TANG Guo-qiang,et al.Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of Cd2+on biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures produced from eucalyptus leaves[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):1001-1009.
[39]王立果,钟金魁,赵保卫,等.水中镉和芘在核桃壳生物炭上的吸附行为及其交互作用[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(9):1868-1876.WANG Li-guo,ZHONG Jin-kui,ZHAO Bao-wei,et al.Adsorption and interaction of Cd(Ⅱ)and pyrene in water on walnut shell biochar[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(9):1868-1876.
[40]汪玉瑛,计海洋,吕豪豪,等.羊栖菜生物炭对镉污染土壤性质及镉形态的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(6):1132-1140.WANG Yu-ying,JI Hai-yang,LüHao-hao,et al.Effects of biochar derived from Sargassum fusiforme on the properties and cadmium forms of cadmium-contaminated soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(6):1132-1140.
[41]Radusiene J,Marska M,Ivanauskas L,et al.Assessment of phenolic compound accumulation in two widespread goldenrods[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,63:158-166.
[42]Deng Y,Zhao Y Y,Olga P Z,et al.Polyphenols,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf and bark extracts of Solidago canadensis L.[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2015,74(15):803-809.