中国国际保护地资源代表性与国家公园建设
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摘要
国际保护地是在国际上具有独特价值或突出意义的区域,其保护的资源在国际上具有代表性,而中国国家公园建设的主要目的是保护具有国家代表性的自然生态系统,两者在保护对象上存在一定的相似性,研究国际保护地的代表性资源,可为国家公园的建设提供资源层面的参考。本文以中国的联合国教科文组织世界生物圈保护区、世界地质公园、世界遗产地为研究对象,从建设目的和保护对象方面剖析其资源属性,并对122处国际保护地的建设现状、代表性资源进行梳理,分析资源代表性应具备的特征。研究结果表明:国际保护地的资源代表性体现在生态系统的典型性、特有物种的唯一性、地质资源的科学价值、景观的美学价值、文化遗产的象征性5个方面,在资源管理上通过定期评估考核的方式保障资源的公益性利用。国际保护地的代表性资源可为国家公园的建设和选取提供参考,具有国家代表性的文化资源可作为国家公园建设的特色内容,在资源管理上应注重培养和提高公众的国家公园公益性意识。
The international protected areas are areas of unique international value or significance,and the resources they protect should be representative. The main purpose of China's national park construction is to protect the national representative natural ecosystem. There are certain similarities in the protection objects between them. Studying the representative resources of international protected areas can provide reference for the construction of national park. This paper takes China's UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves, Global Geoparks, and World Heritage Sites as the research object of international protected areas. We further analyze the construction status,representativeness of its natural ecology, geological features, cultural heritage, and the way of resource protection and management in China and identify the characteristics of resource representation in international protected areas. The results show that the representativeness of resources in international protected areas is reflected in the typicality of ecosystems, the uniqueness of species, the scientific value of geological resources, the aesthetic value of landscapes, and the symbolic nature of cultural heritages. In resource management, the public welfare use of resources is guaranteed through regular assessment. The representative resources of international protected areas can provide reference for the construction and selection of national parks. China's cultural heritages are profound and cultural resources with national representation can be used as a special feature of national park. In resource management, we should focus on cultivating and improving public awareness of public welfare in national parks.
The international protected areas are areas of unique international value or significance,and the resources they protect should be representative. The main purpose of China's national park construction is to protect the national representative natural ecosystem. There are certain similarities in the protection objects between them. Studying the representative resources of international protected areas can provide reference for the construction of national park. This paper takes China's UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves, Global Geoparks, and World Heritage Sites as the research object of international protected areas. We further analyze the construction status,representativeness of its natural ecology, geological features, cultural heritage, and the way of resource protection and management in China and identify the characteristics of resource representation in international protected areas. The results show that the representativeness of resources in international protected areas is reflected in the typicality of ecosystems, the uniqueness of species, the scientific value of geological resources, the aesthetic value of landscapes, and the symbolic nature of cultural heritages. In resource management, the public welfare use of resources is guaranteed through regular assessment. The representative resources of international protected areas can provide reference for the construction and selection of national parks. China's cultural heritages are profound and cultural resources with national representation can be used as a special feature of national park. In resource management, we should focus on cultivating and improving public awareness of public welfare in national parks.
引文
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[2] Helen H."Of outstanding universal value":The challenge of scale in applying the world heritage convention at national parks in the US[J]. Geoforum, 2008, 39(1):252-264.
[3] Farsani N T, Coello C, Costa C. Geotourism and Geoparks as nov?el strategies for socio-economic development in rural areas[J]. In?ternational Journal of Tourism Research, 2011, 13(1):68-81.
[4] Nowlan G, Borbrowsky P, Clague J. Protection of geological heri?tage:A North American perspective on Geoparks[J]. Episodes,2003, 27(3):172-176.
[5] Buckley R. The effects of world heritage listing on tourism to Aus?tralian National Parks[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2004, 12(1):70-84.
[6] Maikhuri R K, Nautiyal S, Rao K S, et al. Conservation policypeople conflicts:A case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve(a world heritage site)[J]. Forest Policy and Economics, 2001, 2(3):355-365.
[7]王连勇,霍伦贺斯特·斯蒂芬.创建统一的中华国家公园体系:美国历史经验的启示[J].地理研究, 2015, 33(12):2407-2417.[Wang L Y, Steven H. Building a unified Chinese national park system:Historical lessons learned from the United States[J]. Geo?graphical Research, 2014, 33(12):2407-2417.]
[8]肖练练,钟林生,周睿,等.近30年来国外国家公园研究进展与启示[J].地理科学进展, 2017, 36(2):244-255.[Xiao L L, Zhong L S, Zhou R, et al. Review of international research on national parks as an evolving knowledge domain in recent 30 years[J].Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(2):244-255.]
[9]唐小平.中国国家公园体制及发展思路探析[J].生物多样性,2014, 22(4):427-430.[Tang X P. On the system of national parks and the path of development in China[J]. Biodiversity Science,2014, 22(4):427-430.]
[10]张婧雅,张玉钧.论国家公园建设的公众参与[J].生物多样性,2017, 25(1):80-87.[Zhang J Y, Zhang Y J. On public participa?tion in the construction of national parks[J]. Biodiversity Science,2017, 25(1):80-87.]
[11]吴承照,刘广宁.中国建立国家公园的意义[J].旅游学刊, 2015,30(6):14-16.[Wu C Z, Liu G N. The significance of establishing national parks in China[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(6):14-16.]
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[13]向宝惠,曾瑜皙.三江源国家公园体制试点区生态旅游系统构建与运行机制探讨[J].资源科学, 2017, 39(1):50-60.[Xiang B H,Zeng Y X. Ecotourism construction and operating mechanism in the Sanjiangyuan National Park System Pilot Area, China[J]. Re?sources Science, 2017, 39(1):50-60.]
[14]张海霞.国家公园的旅游规制研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2010.[Zhang H X. Tourism Regulation on National Parks[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University, 2010.]
[15]付梦娣,田俊量,朱彦鹏,等.三江源国家公园功能分区与目标管理[J].生物多样性, 2017, 25(1):71-79.[Fu M D, Tian J L, Zhu Y P, et al. Identification of functional zones and methods of target management in Sanjiangyuan National Park[J]. Biodiversity Sci?ence, 2017, 25(1):71-79.]
[16]周睿,钟林生,虞虎.钱江源国家公园体制试点区管理措施的社区居民感知研究[J].资源科学, 2017, 39(1):40-49.[Zhou R,Zhong L S, Yu H. Community perception towards Qianjiangyuan National Park System Pilot Area administrative measures[J]. Re?sources Science, 2017, 39(1):40-49.]
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[18]方世明,李江风,赵来时.地质遗迹资源评价指标体系[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 2008, 33(2):285-288.[Fang S M, Li J F, Zhao L S. Assessment index system of geological relic resources[J]. Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geosciences,2008, 33(2):285-288.]
[19]周睿,钟林生,刘家明.乡村类世界遗产地的内涵及旅游利用[J].地理研究, 2015, 34(5):991-1000.[Zhou R, Zhong L S, Liu J M. Research on rural world heritage sites:Connotation and tour?ism utilization[J]. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(5):991-1000.]
[20]朱里莹,徐姗,兰思仁.中国国家级保护地空间分布特征及对国家公园布局建设的启示[J].地理研究, 2017, 36(2):307-320.[Zhu L Y, Xu S, Lan S R. Spatial distribution characteristics of na?tional protected areas and the inspirations to national parks in Chi?na[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(2):307-320.]
[21]周睿,钟林生,刘家明,等.中国国家公园体系构建方法研究:以自然保护区为例[J].资源科学, 2016, 38(4):577-587.[Zhou R,Zhong L S, Liu J M, et al. Establishing a national park category system in China[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(4):577-587.]
[22]赵智聪,彭琳,杨锐.国家公园体制建设背景下中国自然保护地体系的重构[J].中国园林, 2016, 32(7):11-18.[Zhao Z C, Peng L, Yang R. Reconstruction of protected area system in the context of the establishment of national park system in China[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2016, 32(7):11-18.]
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[26]钟士恩,张捷,章锦河,等.世界遗产“突出的普遍价值”及其游客感知研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2016, 26(10):161-167.[Zhong S E, Zhang J, Zhang J H, et al. Visitor perception toward outstanding universal value of world heritage sites[J]. China Popu?lation, Resources and Environment, 2016, 26(10):161-167.]
[27]史晨暄.世界遗产“突出的普遍价值”评价标准的演变[D].北京:清华大学, 2008.[Shi C X. Evolution of the Criteria to Evalu?ate the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2008.]
[28]中华人民共和国人与生物圈国家委员会.世界生物圈保护区(中国)成员资料[EB/OL].(2018-11-29)[2018-11-30]. http://www.mab.cas.cn/zgsjswqbhq/cyzl/index_6.html.[Chinese National Committee for Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO. World Biosphere Reserves Network(China)[EB/OL].(2018-11-29)[2018-11-30]. http://www.mab.cas.cn/zgsjswqbhq/cyzl/index_6.html.]
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[31]牟钟鉴,牛廷涛.儒家文化与社会主义核心价值观:牟钟鉴先生访谈录[J].孔子研究, 2015,(5):5-11.[Mou Z J, Niu T T. Confu?cian culture and socialist core values:An interview with Mr. Mou Zhongjian[J]. Confucius Studies, 2015,(5):5-11.]
[32]陈明松.中国风景园林与山水文化论[J].中国园林, 2009, 25(3):29-32.[Chen M S. On Chinese landscape architecture and landscape culture[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2009, 25(3):29-32.]
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[34] National Park Service. National Park System[EB/OL].(2018-11-21)[2018-12-09]. https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-parksystem.htm.
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