中药配方精油——一种中药入药新形式的思考
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摘要
饮片是中医临床用药的主体,随着中医用药现代化,中药配方颗粒逐步发展并初具规模。虽有中药注射剂、口服液等的加工形式,但只占中药市场的少部分,并以内服为主。而脂溶性成分口服时,溶出受限,吸收相对较少,且具有刺激胃肠道的副作用,造成患者耐受性低。虽有水提、醇提等加工制成的外用制剂,但多为粗制剂,且剂量随意,在一定程度上造成了脂溶性成分的浪费。而中药的脂溶性成分大多具有较好的生物活性,如五味子乙素、丹参酮、绿原酸甲酯等,但却没有合适的药用形式。若想"药"尽其用,就必须对中药的脂溶性成分进行系统研究,在提取、分离和收集工艺均相当成熟的基础上,研发以脂溶性成分为主的,药理药效确切的,又利于其吸收的药用形式。中药精油具有抗衰老、抗痴呆、抗氧化等多种活性,已广泛应用于临床、药妆、保健品等领域。但单方精油作用有限,配伍既可增强药效、降低毒性,也可扩大精油应用范围。因此,可将中药配方精油作为中药入药新形式,并以外用为主、内服为辅,以弥补中药外用多为粗制剂、剂量随意的不足和内服吸收少、刺激胃肠道的劣势,满足临床用药需求,更快、更准、更好、更强地发挥脂溶性成分的药效。
Decoction pieces are the main body of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) clinical medication. With the modernization of TCM medication,TCM formula granules have gradually developed and begun to take shape. Although there are processing forms of TCM injection and oral liquid,they only account for a small part of TCM market and are mainly taken orally. However,when oral administration of lipid soluble ingredients is conducted,the dissolution is limited and the absorption is relatively small. In addition,it has side effects of stimulating gastrointestinal tract,resulting in low tolerance of patients. Although there are topical preparations made by water extraction and alcohol extraction,most of them are crude preparations with random dosage,which results in the waste of lipid soluble components to a certain extent. Most of the lipid soluble components of TCM have good biological activities,such as schisandrin b,tanshinone,methyl chlorogenic acid,etc.,but there is no suitable medicinal form. To make the best use of " medicine",it is necessary to systematically study the lipid soluble components of TCM. On the basis of fairly mature extraction,separation and collection processes,a medicinal form with definite pharmacological effect and beneficial to its absorption is developed based on lipid soluble components.TCM essential oil has anti-aging,anti-dementia,anti-oxidation and other activities,which has been widely used in clinical,cosmeceuticals,health products and other fields. However,the effect of single essential oil is limited.Compatibility can not only enhance the efficacy and reduce toxicity,but also expand the application range of essential oil. Therefore,formula essential oil can be used as a new form of TCM,and mainly for external use,supplemented by internal use,to make up for the disadvantages of crude preparations and random dosing for external use of TCM,as well as the disadvantages of orally absorbed less and stimulated gastrointestinal tract,to meet the needs of clinical medication,faster,more accurate,better and stronger play the effect of lipid soluble components.
Decoction pieces are the main body of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) clinical medication. With the modernization of TCM medication,TCM formula granules have gradually developed and begun to take shape. Although there are processing forms of TCM injection and oral liquid,they only account for a small part of TCM market and are mainly taken orally. However,when oral administration of lipid soluble ingredients is conducted,the dissolution is limited and the absorption is relatively small. In addition,it has side effects of stimulating gastrointestinal tract,resulting in low tolerance of patients. Although there are topical preparations made by water extraction and alcohol extraction,most of them are crude preparations with random dosage,which results in the waste of lipid soluble components to a certain extent. Most of the lipid soluble components of TCM have good biological activities,such as schisandrin b,tanshinone,methyl chlorogenic acid,etc.,but there is no suitable medicinal form. To make the best use of " medicine",it is necessary to systematically study the lipid soluble components of TCM. On the basis of fairly mature extraction,separation and collection processes,a medicinal form with definite pharmacological effect and beneficial to its absorption is developed based on lipid soluble components.TCM essential oil has anti-aging,anti-dementia,anti-oxidation and other activities,which has been widely used in clinical,cosmeceuticals,health products and other fields. However,the effect of single essential oil is limited.Compatibility can not only enhance the efficacy and reduce toxicity,but also expand the application range of essential oil. Therefore,formula essential oil can be used as a new form of TCM,and mainly for external use,supplemented by internal use,to make up for the disadvantages of crude preparations and random dosing for external use of TCM,as well as the disadvantages of orally absorbed less and stimulated gastrointestinal tract,to meet the needs of clinical medication,faster,more accurate,better and stronger play the effect of lipid soluble components.
引文
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[5]苗明三,彭孟凡,刘保松,等.五味子粉对D-半乳糖致小鼠衰老模型的影响[J].中草药,2018,49(13):3074-3081.
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[12]何旭,冯柏年,屠一峰,等.气相色谱法同时测定大蒜精油保健品中6种活性有机硫化物[J].分析试验室,2018,37(11):1285-1289.
[13]夏可.复杂的“万能”护肤品———精油[J].中国药店,2014,16:82-83.
[14]章黎黎,李兴武.热空气结合肉桂精油熏蒸脆红李保鲜工艺优化[J].食品工业,2019,40(2):105-109.
[15]杨英豪,刘运龙,李桓,等.基于方剂理论的中药减毒方法思考[J].时珍国医国药,2018,29(3):648-650.
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[20]王利勤,杨沛华,万海同,等.基于中药配伍理论探析附子甘草配伍相关性研究及进展[J].世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2018,20(5):666-671.
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[22]赵冰怡,陈庆生,龚盛昭.玫瑰精油和玫瑰花水的制备及其护肤功效介绍[J].日用化学品科学,2018,41(11):30-33.
[23]陈林林,李伟,韩可,等.柠檬叶精油的抗氧化活性及其相关性分析[J].中国调味品,2019,44(3):46-50.
[24]秦昆明,曹岗,杨冰,等.基于组分结构理论的中药炮制现代研究进展[J].中国科学:生命科学,2019,49(2):129-139.
[25]吕春艳,吕邵娃,李国玉,等.中药复方性味与组分配伍药理效应的研究进展[J].中国中药杂志,2018,43(6):1099-1103.
[26]曹硕,刘倩,张昊,等.茶树精油对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌作用的研究[J].北京农学院学报,2019,doi:10. 13473/j. cnki. issn. 1002-3186. 2019. 0305.
[27]刘艳灿,袁杨,翁艾慧,等.红葱头精油体外抗氧化及抑菌效果研究[J].中国食品学报,2018,18(11):246-252.
[28]李孟艳,田硕,苗明三.银黄参精油对日光性皮炎模型小鼠皮肤损伤的保护作用[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(4):13-17.
[29]刘静,田硕,苗明三.三参草精油对大鼠血栓闭塞性脉管炎模型的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(4):18-22.
[30]苗明三,许二平,常冰洁,等.一种治疗单纯甲状腺肿的消瘿精油:中国专利,CN108815465A[P]. 2018-11-16.
[31]苗明三,白莉,白明.一种治疗老年性皮肤瘙痒的止痒润肤精油:中国专利,CN108686023A[P]. 2018-10-23.
[32]曹利华,白明,苗明三,等.中药外治的“双微调平衡”机制探析[J].中华中医药杂志,2018,33(3):819-823.
[33]苗明三,李孟艳,项丽玲,等.中药配方精油抗小鼠皮肤衰老作用的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2018,29(10):2365-2367.
[34]王兆丹,孙霁寒,潘天齐,等.杭白菊精油对内毒素致新西兰兔发热模型解热作用及机制研究[J].时珍国医国药,2018,29(9):2053-2056.
[35]杨子微,王俊霞,车雅敏,等.薰衣草油对烫伤创面愈合和瘢痕形成的作用研究[J].天津医科大学学报,2018,24(5):433-436,441.
[36]刘西芳,余运影,汪卫东.中国中医药芳香疗法发展的SWOT分析[J].中华中医药杂志,2018,33(5):1944-1946.
[37]杜丽君,牛先前,林晓红,等.水蒸气蒸馏法与超临界CO-2萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱分析胡椒木精油成分[J].分析测试学报,2019,38(1):86-91.
[38]张立国,胡甜甜,张芳芳,等.丹参和紫丹参脂溶性成分的UPLC及LC-MS/MS分析[J].中国中药杂志,2019,doi:org/10. 19540/j. cnki. cjcmm. 20181226. 020.
[39]杨淑芬,王海颖.芳香开窍中药精油配方与风油精醒神功效比较[J].中国中医急症,2018,27(2):300-302.
[40]王嘉伦,王璞,王培杰,等.正红花油不良反应文献分析[J].世界中西医结合杂志,2014,9(10):1123-1125.
[41]周家同,于静蕊.复方精油穴位按摩对老年人睡眠质量及认知功能的影响[J].中国老年学杂志,2018,38(24):6098-6101.
[42]高静,柏丁兮,张倩,等.复方精油穴位按摩治疗肝肾阴虚型围绝经期综合征患者的临床疗效[J].中国老年学杂志,2016,36(18):4542-4544.
[43]王克邪,张伟,郁超,等.植物精油穴位按摩对慢性前列腺炎影响的临床观察[J].上海中医药杂志,2017,51(7):63-66.
[2] WU J J,GUO Z Z,ZHU Y F,et al. A systematic review of pharmacokinetic studies on herbal drug Fuzi:implications for Fuzi as personalized medicine[J].Phytomedicine,2018,44:187-203.
[3]原会俊,王岚,成龙,等.银丹心脑通软胶囊中丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B在大鼠血浆中的药代动力学分析[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2016,22(3):76-80.
[4]高秀容,许小红,杨恒博,等.丹参提取物中脂溶性成分检测及体外溶出行为考察[J].医药导报,2019,38(1):79-83.
[5]苗明三,彭孟凡,刘保松,等.五味子粉对D-半乳糖致小鼠衰老模型的影响[J].中草药,2018,49(13):3074-3081.
[6]彭孟凡,田硕,刘保松,等.中西药外治机制和特点分析[J].中医学报,2018,33(12):2323-2328.
[7]彭孟凡,刘保松,苗明三.配方精油的提出与实践[J].中医学报,2018,33(9):1745-1749.
[8]何军,朱旭江,杨平荣,等.中药配方颗粒的现状与发展新思路[J].中草药,2018,49(20):4717-4725.
[9]苏芮,苏右竹,苏庆民,等.“一带一路”沿线东北亚国家中医药政策及市场调查[J].环球中医药,2018,11(12):2008-2010.
[10]魏宇梅,洪岩,费夷敏,等.芳香疗法概述[J].中医学报,2015,30(1):140-142.
[11]杨莹,位凯,吕达平.吸入薰衣草精油对原发性失眠症患者的临床疗效[J].中国医药导报,2016,13(24):144-147.
[12]何旭,冯柏年,屠一峰,等.气相色谱法同时测定大蒜精油保健品中6种活性有机硫化物[J].分析试验室,2018,37(11):1285-1289.
[13]夏可.复杂的“万能”护肤品———精油[J].中国药店,2014,16:82-83.
[14]章黎黎,李兴武.热空气结合肉桂精油熏蒸脆红李保鲜工艺优化[J].食品工业,2019,40(2):105-109.
[15]杨英豪,刘运龙,李桓,等.基于方剂理论的中药减毒方法思考[J].时珍国医国药,2018,29(3):648-650.
[16]王荣华,张艳,张倍倍,等.芳香疗法的应用现状[J].全科护理,2018,16(35):4368-4370.
[17]卓志律.芳香疗法全书[M].汕头:汕头大学出版社,2005:130-132.
[18]田硕,苗明三.基于神经-内分泌-免疫网络探讨中药外用作用机制———“三微调平衡”[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(4):6-12.
[19]潘东明,黄亦琦.方剂配伍规律的现代研究进展[J].海峡药学,2018,30(8):20-23.
[20]王利勤,杨沛华,万海同,等.基于中药配伍理论探析附子甘草配伍相关性研究及进展[J].世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2018,20(5):666-671.
[21]李珊,雷富平,白云杰,等.芫荽籽精油的保健功能及应用前景[J].饮料工业,2017,20(1):54-56.
[22]赵冰怡,陈庆生,龚盛昭.玫瑰精油和玫瑰花水的制备及其护肤功效介绍[J].日用化学品科学,2018,41(11):30-33.
[23]陈林林,李伟,韩可,等.柠檬叶精油的抗氧化活性及其相关性分析[J].中国调味品,2019,44(3):46-50.
[24]秦昆明,曹岗,杨冰,等.基于组分结构理论的中药炮制现代研究进展[J].中国科学:生命科学,2019,49(2):129-139.
[25]吕春艳,吕邵娃,李国玉,等.中药复方性味与组分配伍药理效应的研究进展[J].中国中药杂志,2018,43(6):1099-1103.
[26]曹硕,刘倩,张昊,等.茶树精油对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌作用的研究[J].北京农学院学报,2019,doi:10. 13473/j. cnki. issn. 1002-3186. 2019. 0305.
[27]刘艳灿,袁杨,翁艾慧,等.红葱头精油体外抗氧化及抑菌效果研究[J].中国食品学报,2018,18(11):246-252.
[28]李孟艳,田硕,苗明三.银黄参精油对日光性皮炎模型小鼠皮肤损伤的保护作用[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(4):13-17.
[29]刘静,田硕,苗明三.三参草精油对大鼠血栓闭塞性脉管炎模型的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2019,25(4):18-22.
[30]苗明三,许二平,常冰洁,等.一种治疗单纯甲状腺肿的消瘿精油:中国专利,CN108815465A[P]. 2018-11-16.
[31]苗明三,白莉,白明.一种治疗老年性皮肤瘙痒的止痒润肤精油:中国专利,CN108686023A[P]. 2018-10-23.
[32]曹利华,白明,苗明三,等.中药外治的“双微调平衡”机制探析[J].中华中医药杂志,2018,33(3):819-823.
[33]苗明三,李孟艳,项丽玲,等.中药配方精油抗小鼠皮肤衰老作用的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2018,29(10):2365-2367.
[34]王兆丹,孙霁寒,潘天齐,等.杭白菊精油对内毒素致新西兰兔发热模型解热作用及机制研究[J].时珍国医国药,2018,29(9):2053-2056.
[35]杨子微,王俊霞,车雅敏,等.薰衣草油对烫伤创面愈合和瘢痕形成的作用研究[J].天津医科大学学报,2018,24(5):433-436,441.
[36]刘西芳,余运影,汪卫东.中国中医药芳香疗法发展的SWOT分析[J].中华中医药杂志,2018,33(5):1944-1946.
[37]杜丽君,牛先前,林晓红,等.水蒸气蒸馏法与超临界CO-2萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱分析胡椒木精油成分[J].分析测试学报,2019,38(1):86-91.
[38]张立国,胡甜甜,张芳芳,等.丹参和紫丹参脂溶性成分的UPLC及LC-MS/MS分析[J].中国中药杂志,2019,doi:org/10. 19540/j. cnki. cjcmm. 20181226. 020.
[39]杨淑芬,王海颖.芳香开窍中药精油配方与风油精醒神功效比较[J].中国中医急症,2018,27(2):300-302.
[40]王嘉伦,王璞,王培杰,等.正红花油不良反应文献分析[J].世界中西医结合杂志,2014,9(10):1123-1125.
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