中国东部沿海四大城市群绿色效率的综合测度与比较
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摘要
东部沿海城市群作为国家经济增长的战略核心区,其均衡与绿色发展已成为中国理论界和政府迫切需要解决的重大问题。绿色效率是衡量区域绿色发展程度的关键指标,可以综合反映城市经济-社会-生态的协调发展水平。在梳理现有文献的基础上,以京津冀城市群、山东半岛城市群、长三角城市群以及珠三角城市群为研究对象,基于2006—2015年的相关数据,采用三阶段DEA方法,综合测度四大沿海城市群绿色效率的时空特征。结果表明:①在剥离外部环境及随机因素的影响后,各地区的绿色效率发生较大变化,36个城市中除10个城市的绿色效率达到效率前沿面,其他城市仍有较大提升空间,且导致效率不足的因素是纯技术效率较低,而规模效率的影响不明显。②外部环境变量中,人均GDP、政府规划与城市绿色效率负相关;产业结构、城市化水平和市场开放程度与城市绿色效率正相关。③不同城市群的绿色效率等级存在异质性,四大城市群发展并不均衡,山东半岛城市群的绿色效率一直领先于其他三个城市群,城市群内部也表现出一定程度的失衡。④未来要继续加强发展第三产业,扩大劳动力就业水平,减少劳动力集聚造成的人员闲置;在加速城市化进程的同时,要注意发现城市化所造成的资源能源的过度消耗,把握城市化的速度,坚持以质量为导向,因地制宜制定地方政策,加强城市群之间以及城市群内部的合作与交流,实现要素资源的自由化流动,以推进沿海四大城市群的绿色均衡发展。
As the strategic core area of national economic growth,the balanced and green development of eastern coastal urban agglomeration has become an urgent problem for the Chinese government. Green efficiency is a key index to measure the degree of regional green development,which can comprehensively reflect the coordinated development level of urban economy,society and ecology. Based on the relevant data in 2006-2015,the three-stage DEA method was used to comprehensively measure the temporal and spatial characteristics of the green efficiency of the four coastal urban agglomerations. The results showed that: ① The green efficiency of each region had changed greatly after the influence of the external environment and random factors. In addition to the green efficiency of 10 cities,the other cities still had greater promotion space and the factors leading to inefficiency were low pure technical efficiency,not the low scale efficiency. ②In the external environment variables,the per capita GDP and government planning were negatively related to the urban green efficiency. The industrial structure,the urbanization level and the market openness were positively related to the urban green efficiency. ③The green efficiency levels of different urban groups were heterogeneous,and the development of the four major urban agglomerations was not balanced. The green efficiency of the Shandong peninsula urban agglomeration was always ahead of the other three cities,and the urban agglomeration also showed a bit of imbalance. ④In the future,we should continue to strengthen the development of the tertiary industry,expand the employment level of labor force and reduce the idleness caused by labor force agglomeration; while accelerating the process of urbanization,we should pay attention to the excessive consumption of resources and energy caused by urbanization,grasp the speed of urbanization,adhere to the quality-oriented,and formulate local policies according to local conditions. Policies should be made to strengthen cooperation and exchange among urban agglomerations and within urban agglomerations so as to liberalize the flow of essential resources and promote the green and balanced development of the four major coastal urban agglomerations.
As the strategic core area of national economic growth,the balanced and green development of eastern coastal urban agglomeration has become an urgent problem for the Chinese government. Green efficiency is a key index to measure the degree of regional green development,which can comprehensively reflect the coordinated development level of urban economy,society and ecology. Based on the relevant data in 2006-2015,the three-stage DEA method was used to comprehensively measure the temporal and spatial characteristics of the green efficiency of the four coastal urban agglomerations. The results showed that: ① The green efficiency of each region had changed greatly after the influence of the external environment and random factors. In addition to the green efficiency of 10 cities,the other cities still had greater promotion space and the factors leading to inefficiency were low pure technical efficiency,not the low scale efficiency. ②In the external environment variables,the per capita GDP and government planning were negatively related to the urban green efficiency. The industrial structure,the urbanization level and the market openness were positively related to the urban green efficiency. ③The green efficiency levels of different urban groups were heterogeneous,and the development of the four major urban agglomerations was not balanced. The green efficiency of the Shandong peninsula urban agglomeration was always ahead of the other three cities,and the urban agglomeration also showed a bit of imbalance. ④In the future,we should continue to strengthen the development of the tertiary industry,expand the employment level of labor force and reduce the idleness caused by labor force agglomeration; while accelerating the process of urbanization,we should pay attention to the excessive consumption of resources and energy caused by urbanization,grasp the speed of urbanization,adhere to the quality-oriented,and formulate local policies according to local conditions. Policies should be made to strengthen cooperation and exchange among urban agglomerations and within urban agglomerations so as to liberalize the flow of essential resources and promote the green and balanced development of the four major coastal urban agglomerations.
引文
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[5]崔晓,张屹山.中国农业环境效率与环境全要素生产率分析[J].中国农村经济,2014(8):4-16.
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[7]WBCSD.Eco-efficiency:creating more value with less impact[R].Geneva:World Business Council for Sustainable Development,2000:5-36.
[8]付丽娜,陈晓红,冷智花.基于超效率DEA模型的城市群生态效率研究——以长株潭“3+5”城市群为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(4):169-175.
[9]邓波,张学军,郭军华.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究[J].中国软科学,2011(1):92-99.
[10]任宇飞,方创琳,蔺雪芹.中国东部沿海地区四大城市群生态效率评价[J].地理学报,2017,72(11):2047-2063.
[11]王家庭.环境约束条件下中国城市经济效率测度[J].城市问题,2012(7):18-23.
[12]成金华,孙琼,郭明晶,等.中国生态效率的区域差异及动态演化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(1):47-54.
[13]孙露,耿涌,刘祚希,等.基于能值和数据包络分析的城市复合生态系统生态效率评估[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(2):462-468.
[14]黄跃,李琳.中国城市群绿色发展水平综合测度与时空演化[J].地理研究,2017,36(7):1309-1322.
[15]侯孟阳,姚顺波.中国城市生态效率测定及其时空动态演变[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018(3):13-21.
[16]班斓,袁晓玲.中国八大区域绿色经济效率的差异与空间影响机制[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2016,36(3):22-30.
[17]何枫,祝丽云,马栋栋,等.中国钢铁企业绿色技术效率研究[J].中国工业经济,2015(7):84-98.
[18]孙才志,姜坤,赵良仕.中国水资源绿色效率测度及空间格局研究[J].自然资源学报,2017(12):1999-2011.
[19]卢曦,许长新.基于三阶段DEA与Malmquist指数分解的长江经济带水资源利用效率研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(1):7-14.
[20]任毅,丁黄艳,任雪.长江经济带工业能源效率空间差异化特征与发展趋势——基于三阶段DEA模型的实证研究[J].经济问题探索,2016(3):93-100.
[21]潘兴侠,何宜庆,胡晓峰.区域生态效率评价及其空间计量分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(5):640-647.
[22]李晓西,刘一萌,宋涛.人类绿色发展指数的测算[J].中国社会科学,2014(6):69-95.
[23]杨斌.2000-2006年中国区域生态效率研究——基于DEA方法的实证分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(7):1197-1202.
[24]程晓娟.资源、环境两维视角下区域生态效率DEA评价[J].当代经济管理,2013,35(2):63-68.
[25]韩晶.中国区域绿色创新效率研究[J].财经问题研究,2012(11):130-137.
[26]陈真玲.基于超效率DEA模型的中国区域生态效率动态演化研究[J].经济经纬,2016(6):31-35.
[27]张逸昕,林秀梅.中国省际绿色创新效率与系统协调度双演化研究[J].当代经济研究,2015(3):51-56.
[28]党廷慧,白永平.区域生态效率的测度:基于非期望产出的SBM模型的DEA窗口分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2014,39(2):39-42.
[29]张虎平,关山,王海东.中国区域生态效率的差异及影响因素[J].经济经纬,2017(6):1-6.
[30]ZHANG N,CHOI Y.Environmental energy efficiency of China’s regional economies:a non-oriented slacks-based measure analysis[J].Social science journal,2013,50(2):225-234.
[31]FRIED H O,LOVELL C A K,SCHMIDT S S,et al.Accounting for environmental effects and statistical noise in data envelopment analysis[J].Journal of productivity analysis,2002,17(1/2):157-174.
[32]LEE J Y.Application of the three-stage DEA in measuring efficiency:an empirical evidence[J].Applied economics letters,2008,15(1):49-52.
[33]黄宪,余丹,杨柳.我国商业银行X效率研究——基于DEA三阶段模型的实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2008,25(7):80-91.
[34]刘满凤,李圣宏.基于三阶段DEA模型的我国高新技术开发区创新效率研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(1):42-52.
[35]汪克亮,杨力,程云鹤.异质性生产技术下中国区域绿色经济效率研究[J].财经研究,2013(4):57-67.
[36]钱争鸣,刘晓晨.中国绿色经济效率的区域差异与影响因素分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(7):104-109.
[37]胡晓珍,杨龙.中国区域绿色全要素生产率增长差异及收敛分析[J].财经研究,2011,37(4):123-134.
[38]潘兴侠,何宜庆,胡晓峰.区域生态效率评价及其空间计量分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(5):640-647.
[39]李巍,郗永勤.效率视角下的省域生态文明建设评价研究[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7354-7363.
[40]方创琳,宋吉涛,张蔷,等.中国城市群结构体系的组成与空间分异格局[J].地理学报,2005,60(5):827-840.
[41]CHARNES A,COOPER W W,RHODES E.Measuring the efficiency of decision making units[J].European journal of operation research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[42]BANKER R D,CHARNES A,COOPER W W.Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data development analysis[J].Management science,1984,30(9):1078-1092.
[43]卢丽文,宋德勇,李小帆.长江经济带城市发展绿色效率研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(6):35-42.
[44]陆静,梁芹,曹志强.我国产险市场的三阶段DEA效率演进——基于2004-2009年的非平衡面板数据分析[J].保险研究,2012(5):23-35.
[2]朴胜任,李健.基于超效率DEA模型的中国区域环境效率时空差异研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018(4):1-6.
[3]曾贤刚.中国区域环境效率及其影响因素[J].经济理论与经济管理,2011(10):103-110.
[4]王兵,吴延瑞,颜鹏飞.中国区域环境效率与环境全要素生产率增长[J].经济研究,2010(5):95-109.
[5]崔晓,张屹山.中国农业环境效率与环境全要素生产率分析[J].中国农村经济,2014(8):4-16.
[6]WILLARD B.The sustainability advantage:seven business case benefits of a Triple Bottom Line[M].Gabriola Island:New Society Publishers,2002.
[7]WBCSD.Eco-efficiency:creating more value with less impact[R].Geneva:World Business Council for Sustainable Development,2000:5-36.
[8]付丽娜,陈晓红,冷智花.基于超效率DEA模型的城市群生态效率研究——以长株潭“3+5”城市群为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(4):169-175.
[9]邓波,张学军,郭军华.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究[J].中国软科学,2011(1):92-99.
[10]任宇飞,方创琳,蔺雪芹.中国东部沿海地区四大城市群生态效率评价[J].地理学报,2017,72(11):2047-2063.
[11]王家庭.环境约束条件下中国城市经济效率测度[J].城市问题,2012(7):18-23.
[12]成金华,孙琼,郭明晶,等.中国生态效率的区域差异及动态演化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(1):47-54.
[13]孙露,耿涌,刘祚希,等.基于能值和数据包络分析的城市复合生态系统生态效率评估[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(2):462-468.
[14]黄跃,李琳.中国城市群绿色发展水平综合测度与时空演化[J].地理研究,2017,36(7):1309-1322.
[15]侯孟阳,姚顺波.中国城市生态效率测定及其时空动态演变[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2018(3):13-21.
[16]班斓,袁晓玲.中国八大区域绿色经济效率的差异与空间影响机制[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2016,36(3):22-30.
[17]何枫,祝丽云,马栋栋,等.中国钢铁企业绿色技术效率研究[J].中国工业经济,2015(7):84-98.
[18]孙才志,姜坤,赵良仕.中国水资源绿色效率测度及空间格局研究[J].自然资源学报,2017(12):1999-2011.
[19]卢曦,许长新.基于三阶段DEA与Malmquist指数分解的长江经济带水资源利用效率研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(1):7-14.
[20]任毅,丁黄艳,任雪.长江经济带工业能源效率空间差异化特征与发展趋势——基于三阶段DEA模型的实证研究[J].经济问题探索,2016(3):93-100.
[21]潘兴侠,何宜庆,胡晓峰.区域生态效率评价及其空间计量分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(5):640-647.
[22]李晓西,刘一萌,宋涛.人类绿色发展指数的测算[J].中国社会科学,2014(6):69-95.
[23]杨斌.2000-2006年中国区域生态效率研究——基于DEA方法的实证分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(7):1197-1202.
[24]程晓娟.资源、环境两维视角下区域生态效率DEA评价[J].当代经济管理,2013,35(2):63-68.
[25]韩晶.中国区域绿色创新效率研究[J].财经问题研究,2012(11):130-137.
[26]陈真玲.基于超效率DEA模型的中国区域生态效率动态演化研究[J].经济经纬,2016(6):31-35.
[27]张逸昕,林秀梅.中国省际绿色创新效率与系统协调度双演化研究[J].当代经济研究,2015(3):51-56.
[28]党廷慧,白永平.区域生态效率的测度:基于非期望产出的SBM模型的DEA窗口分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2014,39(2):39-42.
[29]张虎平,关山,王海东.中国区域生态效率的差异及影响因素[J].经济经纬,2017(6):1-6.
[30]ZHANG N,CHOI Y.Environmental energy efficiency of China’s regional economies:a non-oriented slacks-based measure analysis[J].Social science journal,2013,50(2):225-234.
[31]FRIED H O,LOVELL C A K,SCHMIDT S S,et al.Accounting for environmental effects and statistical noise in data envelopment analysis[J].Journal of productivity analysis,2002,17(1/2):157-174.
[32]LEE J Y.Application of the three-stage DEA in measuring efficiency:an empirical evidence[J].Applied economics letters,2008,15(1):49-52.
[33]黄宪,余丹,杨柳.我国商业银行X效率研究——基于DEA三阶段模型的实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2008,25(7):80-91.
[34]刘满凤,李圣宏.基于三阶段DEA模型的我国高新技术开发区创新效率研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(1):42-52.
[35]汪克亮,杨力,程云鹤.异质性生产技术下中国区域绿色经济效率研究[J].财经研究,2013(4):57-67.
[36]钱争鸣,刘晓晨.中国绿色经济效率的区域差异与影响因素分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(7):104-109.
[37]胡晓珍,杨龙.中国区域绿色全要素生产率增长差异及收敛分析[J].财经研究,2011,37(4):123-134.
[38]潘兴侠,何宜庆,胡晓峰.区域生态效率评价及其空间计量分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(5):640-647.
[39]李巍,郗永勤.效率视角下的省域生态文明建设评价研究[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7354-7363.
[40]方创琳,宋吉涛,张蔷,等.中国城市群结构体系的组成与空间分异格局[J].地理学报,2005,60(5):827-840.
[41]CHARNES A,COOPER W W,RHODES E.Measuring the efficiency of decision making units[J].European journal of operation research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[42]BANKER R D,CHARNES A,COOPER W W.Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data development analysis[J].Management science,1984,30(9):1078-1092.
[43]卢丽文,宋德勇,李小帆.长江经济带城市发展绿色效率研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(6):35-42.
[44]陆静,梁芹,曹志强.我国产险市场的三阶段DEA效率演进——基于2004-2009年的非平衡面板数据分析[J].保险研究,2012(5):23-35.