不同耕种模式下遂宁组紫色土坡耕地产流产沙特征
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摘要
基于遂宁水土保持试验站1989—2016年次降雨数据,划分出Ⅰ(小雨强长历时)、Ⅱ(中雨强长历时)、Ⅲ(中雨强中历时)、Ⅳ(大雨强短历时)4种雨型,依据耕种模式划分出4个时段,分析坡耕地产流产沙规律。结果表明:(1)1991—1992年,等高沟垄两端加档方式保水保土作用最佳,且在各雨型间差异不显著(P>0.05),斜坡沟垄随角度增加保土保水作用逐渐减弱。(2)2004—2005年,农耕地顺坡垄作的产沙量为横坡垄作的10～20倍,而产流量为横坡垄作的1～3倍,说明横坡垄作减沙效应优于减流效应,且种植黄花较种植玉米水土保持作用更强。(3)2006—2008年,农耕地栽植新银合欢植物篱初期地表扰动大,产流产沙量较对照小区大;各小区产流量在不同雨型间差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ雨型下横坡红苕/玉米—小麦小区产沙量显著大于其余雨型(P<0.05),为其余雨型的4.4～26.7倍。(4)2013—2016年,植物篱已定植3年,植物篱小区水土保持效果均优于对照小区,减沙效应优于减流效应,且香根草植物篱水土保持效果整体优于新银合欢植物篱,Ⅲ雨型下各小区产沙量呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。整体来看,等高沟垄耕作两端加档方式最佳,利于农耕地保土蓄水;植物篱减沙效果明显,但定植初期产沙量增加,且存在占用农田和影响机耕等问题,故应结合实际选择适宜的耕种方式。
Based on the rainfall data from 1989 to 2016 in Suining Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, four rainfall patterns were classified,which were rainfall pattern Ⅰ(long duration and light rainfall intensity), rainfall pattern Ⅱ(long duration and moderate rainfall intensity), rainfall pattern Ⅲ(short duration and moderate rainfall intensity) and rainfall pattern IV(short duration and heavy rainfall intensity). Meanwhile, four periods were selected according to the tillage patterns to analyze the yield law of runoff and sediment on sloping farmland. The results showed that:(1) During 1991—1992, contour ridge and furrow treatment closed at both ends was the best pattern to preserve soil and water, and there was no significant difference among the rainfall patterns(P>0.05). The effect of slope furrow ridge treatment on soil and water conservation decreased with the increasing of the angle between ridge and furrow.(2) During 2004—2005, sediment yield of sloping ridge plots was 10～20 times that of cross ridge plots, while runoff yield was 1～3 times, which indicated that the reducing sediment effect of the cross ridge was better than its reducing runoff effect, and the soil and water conservation effect of planting Hemerocallis citrine Baroni was better than that of planting Zea mays.(3) During 2006—2008, planting hedgerow of Leucaena leucocephala disturbed the surface soil of the farmland at the initial stage, therefore the runoff and sediment yields of hedgerow plots were larger than that of the control plots, and there was no significant difference in runoff yield among different rainfall patterns(P>0.05). The sediment yield of Z. mays/Ipomoea batatas and Triticumaestivum plot on the cross slope under rain pattern Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of other rain patterns(P<0.05), which was 4.4～26.7 times that of other rain patterns.(4) During 2013—2016, the hedgerow had been colonized for three years, the soil and water conservation effect of hedgerow plots were better than that of control plots, and the sediment reduction effect was better than runoff reduction effect, and the soil and water conservation effect of Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerow was better than that of L. leucocephala hedgerow. Under rainfall pattern III, there was very significant difference in sediment yield among the plots(P<0.01). On the whole, contour ridge and furrow treatment closed at both ends was the best way for soil and water conservation. Hedgerow had obvious effect on reducing sediment yield, but it increased sediment yield at the initial stage, and occupying farmland and affecting machine ploughing were also weak points. Therefore, suitable tillage and cropping patterns should be selected in combination with natural economic conditions.
Based on the rainfall data from 1989 to 2016 in Suining Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, four rainfall patterns were classified,which were rainfall pattern Ⅰ(long duration and light rainfall intensity), rainfall pattern Ⅱ(long duration and moderate rainfall intensity), rainfall pattern Ⅲ(short duration and moderate rainfall intensity) and rainfall pattern IV(short duration and heavy rainfall intensity). Meanwhile, four periods were selected according to the tillage patterns to analyze the yield law of runoff and sediment on sloping farmland. The results showed that:(1) During 1991—1992, contour ridge and furrow treatment closed at both ends was the best pattern to preserve soil and water, and there was no significant difference among the rainfall patterns(P>0.05). The effect of slope furrow ridge treatment on soil and water conservation decreased with the increasing of the angle between ridge and furrow.(2) During 2004—2005, sediment yield of sloping ridge plots was 10～20 times that of cross ridge plots, while runoff yield was 1～3 times, which indicated that the reducing sediment effect of the cross ridge was better than its reducing runoff effect, and the soil and water conservation effect of planting Hemerocallis citrine Baroni was better than that of planting Zea mays.(3) During 2006—2008, planting hedgerow of Leucaena leucocephala disturbed the surface soil of the farmland at the initial stage, therefore the runoff and sediment yields of hedgerow plots were larger than that of the control plots, and there was no significant difference in runoff yield among different rainfall patterns(P>0.05). The sediment yield of Z. mays/Ipomoea batatas and Triticumaestivum plot on the cross slope under rain pattern Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of other rain patterns(P<0.05), which was 4.4～26.7 times that of other rain patterns.(4) During 2013—2016, the hedgerow had been colonized for three years, the soil and water conservation effect of hedgerow plots were better than that of control plots, and the sediment reduction effect was better than runoff reduction effect, and the soil and water conservation effect of Vetiveria zizanioides hedgerow was better than that of L. leucocephala hedgerow. Under rainfall pattern III, there was very significant difference in sediment yield among the plots(P<0.01). On the whole, contour ridge and furrow treatment closed at both ends was the best way for soil and water conservation. Hedgerow had obvious effect on reducing sediment yield, but it increased sediment yield at the initial stage, and occupying farmland and affecting machine ploughing were also weak points. Therefore, suitable tillage and cropping patterns should be selected in combination with natural economic conditions.
引文
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[11] 高世铭,张绪成,王亚宏.旱地不同覆盖沟垄种植方式对马铃薯土壤水分和产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):249-251.
[12] 肖继兵,孙占祥,蒋春光,等.辽西半干旱区垄膜沟种方式对春玉米水分利用和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(10):1917-1928.
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[14] Wang Q, Zhang E, Li F, et al. Runoff efficiency and the technique of micro-water harvesting with ridges and furrows, for potato production in semi-arid areas[J].Water Resources Management,2008,22(10):1431-1443.
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[24] 马云,何丙辉,何建林,等.基于水动力学的紫色土区植物篱控制面源污染的临界带间距确定[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):60-64.
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[27] 黄巍,何丙辉,马云,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡地土壤可蚀性变化影响[J].亚热带水土保持,2012,24(1):7-12.
[28] 马星,郑江坤,王文武,等.不同雨型下紫色土区坡耕地产流产沙特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):17-21.
[29] 谢颂华,曾建玲,杨洁,等.南方红壤坡地不同耕作措施的水土保持效应[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):81-86.
[30] 李宜坪,郭慧莉,吴淑芳,等.黄土坡面水沙过程及水流阻力变化试验研究[J].泥沙研究,2017,42(5):36-43.
[31] 唐春霞.“大横坡+小顺坡”耕作技术水土保持效益研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2011.
[32] 秦川,何丙辉,刘永鑫,等.生物埂护坡上黄花根系分布特征及其对土壤养分的影响[J].草业学报,2013,22(5):256-264.
[33] 卜建霞,叶功富,尤龙辉,等.福建省长汀县不同土地利用方式降雨产流产沙特征[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(4):1-5.
[34] 刘正刚,王勇军,王宪帅.岷江上游杂谷脑河流域不同土地利用类型土壤碳氮特征[J].浙江林业科技,2011,31(4):1-5.
[35] 杨帅,李永红,高照良,等.黄土堆积体植物篱减沙效益与泥沙颗粒分形特征研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):270-278.
[36] 林超文,涂仕华,黄晶晶,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地水土流失及土壤肥力的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(6):2191-2198.
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[2] 杨占彪,朱波,林立金,等.川中丘陵区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征[J].四川农业大学学报,2010,28(4):480-485.
[3] 邓雯文,雷孝章,钟强,等.川中丘陵区土壤侵蚀评价[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(20):10426-10427.
[4] 郑江坤.紫色土区坡地植被水土保持效应及机理[M].北京:科学出版社,2017:69-70.
[5] 吴昊,刘冬黎.水土保持耕作措施与预防控制地下水污染的综合研究初探[J].中国水土保持,2018(2):48-50.
[6] 李悦,郭李萍,谢立勇,等.不同农作管理措施对东北地区农田土壤有机碳未来变化的模拟研究[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(3):501-513.
[7] 王畅,李永梅,王自林,等.稻草编织物覆盖对坡耕地红壤侵蚀及理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(5):68-72.
[8] Kurothe R S, Kumar G, Singh R, et al. Effect of tillage and cropping systems on runoff, soil loss and crop yields under semiarid rainfed agriculture in India[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,140(5):126-134.
[9] Lal R. Soil degradative effects of slope length and tillage methods on alfisols in Western Nigeria. I. Runoff, erosion and crop response[J].Land Degradation and Development,2015,8(3):201-219.
[10] Liu Q J, An J, Zhang G H, et al. The effect of row grade and length on soil erosion from concentrated flow in furrows of contouring ridge systems[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,160:92-100.
[11] 高世铭,张绪成,王亚宏.旱地不同覆盖沟垄种植方式对马铃薯土壤水分和产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):249-251.
[12] 肖继兵,孙占祥,蒋春光,等.辽西半干旱区垄膜沟种方式对春玉米水分利用和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(10):1917-1928.
[13] 李志军.山坡地沟垄耕作蓄水保土效果研究[J].现代化农业,2003(12):8-10.
[14] Wang Q, Zhang E, Li F, et al. Runoff efficiency and the technique of micro-water harvesting with ridges and furrows, for potato production in semi-arid areas[J].Water Resources Management,2008,22(10):1431-1443.
[15] 胥凌霄,段喜明,刘瑞龙.不同沟垄种植模式对土壤理化性状及水分利用效率的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(2):83-88.
[16] 杨帅,尹忠,郑子成,等.四川黄壤区玉米季坡耕地自然降雨及其侵蚀产沙特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):7-12.
[17] 胡雪琴,蒋平,彭旭东,等.紫色丘陵区不同土地利用类型径流泥沙及氮磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):35-39.
[18] 张怡,何丙辉,王仁新,等.横坡和顺坡耕作对紫色土土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(2):192-198.
[19] 常松果,胡雪琴,史冬梅,等.不同土壤管理措施下坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):34-40.
[20] 朱青,陈正刚,李剑,等.贵州坡耕地3种种植模式的水土保持效果对比研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(4):21-25.
[21] 肖波,王慧芳,王庆海,等.坡耕地上等高草篱的功能与效益综合分析[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(7):1318-1329.
[22] 王润泽,谌芸,李铁,等.紫色土区植物篱篱前淤积带土壤团聚体稳定性特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):210-216.
[23] 马廷,周成虎,蔡强国.不同植物篱坡面的土壤侵蚀过程CA模拟[J].地理研究,2006,25(6):959-966.
[24] 马云,何丙辉,何建林,等.基于水动力学的紫色土区植物篱控制面源污染的临界带间距确定[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):60-64.
[25] 郭甜,何丙辉,蒋先军,等.紫色土区植物篱对坡面土壤微生物特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):94-98.
[26] 黄鑫,蒲晓君,郑江坤,等.不同植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地表层土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):173-177.
[27] 黄巍,何丙辉,马云,等.植物篱对紫色土区坡地土壤可蚀性变化影响[J].亚热带水土保持,2012,24(1):7-12.
[28] 马星,郑江坤,王文武,等.不同雨型下紫色土区坡耕地产流产沙特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):17-21.
[29] 谢颂华,曾建玲,杨洁,等.南方红壤坡地不同耕作措施的水土保持效应[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):81-86.
[30] 李宜坪,郭慧莉,吴淑芳,等.黄土坡面水沙过程及水流阻力变化试验研究[J].泥沙研究,2017,42(5):36-43.
[31] 唐春霞.“大横坡+小顺坡”耕作技术水土保持效益研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2011.
[32] 秦川,何丙辉,刘永鑫,等.生物埂护坡上黄花根系分布特征及其对土壤养分的影响[J].草业学报,2013,22(5):256-264.
[33] 卜建霞,叶功富,尤龙辉,等.福建省长汀县不同土地利用方式降雨产流产沙特征[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(4):1-5.
[34] 刘正刚,王勇军,王宪帅.岷江上游杂谷脑河流域不同土地利用类型土壤碳氮特征[J].浙江林业科技,2011,31(4):1-5.
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