断层破碎带巷道底臌作用机理与控制技术
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摘要
针对阳城煤矿-650南翼综机库(返修后为-650集中制冷硐室)底臌问题,采用现场调研和室内测试分析了底臌影响因素,包括断层破碎带影响、底板岩体质量差、底板浸水劣化和底板支护薄弱,其中前2条属于地质因素,要摸清参数分析利害,后2条属于人为因素,要优化设计设置防水。通过有限元模拟了原有支护和返修支护条件下底臌形成过程,模拟显示原支护条件下,巷道底板零位移标线距离巷道底板地坪7 m左右,零应变标线距离底板地坪10 m左右;底板有明显的3个区域:拉应变上升区、拉应变压缩区、压应变压缩区,其中拉应变上升区分布范围广且深度大(即零位移标线深度大),围岩应力作用下拉应变上升区持续位移是造成底臌的关键原因。返修方案优化了全断面支护并重点强化底板支护力,模拟显示返修后底板零位移标线距离巷道底板地坪约4 m,与原有支护条件下相比,零位移标线抬升约3 m,减小了底臌发生区深度,控底效果显著。由此,提出了以底板零位移标线深度(即底臌产生区深度)来分析底臌作用机理,在单一变量条件下,分析得出底板支护力σ、底板岩体强度σc、巷道埋深H及巷道半径R与底板零位移标线深度hs的相关函数分别符合对数函数、幂函数、线性函数和对数函数。其中底板支护力和巷道半径影响作用显著,底板岩体强度影响作用次之,巷道埋深影响作用再次之。因此,为抑制底臌,在常规支护条件下应尽可能提高底板支护力;在巷道满足使用要求条件下应尽可能减小巷道尺寸;对软岩底板应尽可能保持或优化底板岩体强度,必须进行底板防排水。最后,实施了以锚网索喷+钢管混凝土支架技术优化全断面支护并以钢筋混凝土底梁强化底板支护的综合返修支护方案,工程实践表明返修后底臌控制良好,底臌量低于20 mm,经计算钢筋混凝土底梁支护力1. 02 MPa,钢管混凝土支架反底拱支护0. 91 MPa,返修方案的底板总支护力σ=1. 93 MPa,属于高支护力方案。但是返修方案也存在施工复杂和支护成本较高问题,为此提出由预制装配式弧板+控底锚索+防水层组成的优化支护系统,施工简单,成本经济。
In terms of the floor heave problem at-650 south wing fully mechanized chamber(-650 centralized cooling chamber after repair) in Yangcheng coal mine,the influence factors of the floor heave were investigated by field investigation and laboratory test,including the influence of fault fracture zone,the poor quality of floor rock mass,the deterioration of floor soaking and the weak support of the floor. Among them,the first two belong to geological factors. The second two belong to human factors. The optimized design and waterproofing should be considered. The formation process of floor heaves under the original support and rework support conditions was simulated by finite element method.It was revealed that the zero displacement mark of roadway floor was about 7 m away from roadway floor and the zero strain mark was about 10 m away from roadway floor.There were three distinct areas in the floor: tensional strain increasing area,tensional strain sinking area and compressive strain sinking area,among which the tensional strain increasing area was widely distributed and into great deep area( that is,the depth of the zero displacement marking),and the continuous displacement of tensional strain increasing area under surrounding rock stress was the key cause of floor heave.The rework scheme optimized the full section support and focused on strengthening the support force of the floor,which greatly increase the zero displacement marking.The simulation showed that the zero displacement mark of the floor after repairing was about 4 m away from the floor of the roadway.Compared with the original support condition,the zero displacement mark increased about 3 m,which reduced the depth of the floor heave,and the effect of the bottom control was good.The mechanism of floor heave was analyzed with the depth of floor zero displacement marking( the depth of floor heave producing area).Under single variable conditions,the correlation function of floor support force,floor rock strength,roadway depth,roadway radius and zero displacement line depth were in accordance with logarithmic function,power function,linear and logarithm function,respectively. Among them,the effect of floor support force and roadway radius was significant,the effect of floor rock mass strength was second,and the effect of roadway depth was weakest.Therefore,in order to restrain floor heave,the support force of floor should be increased as much as possible under the conventional support conditions; the size of roadway should be reduced as much as possible under the condition that the roadway met the production requirements; the strength of floor rock mass should be maintained or optimized as far as possible for the soft rock floor,and the floor waterproof and drainage must be carried out.Finally,the combined rework support scheme was put forward to optimize the whole section support with anchor net,cable spraying and concrete filled steel tube support technology,and reinforce the floor support with reinforced concrete bottom beam.The engineering practice showed that the floor heave was well controlled and the floor heave was less than20 mm after the rework. The calculation results showed that the supporting force of reinforced concrete bottom beam was 1.02 MPa,that of concrete filled steel tubular support was 0.91 MPa,and that of the repairing scheme is 1. 93 MPa,which belongs to the high supporting force scheme.But the repaired support also was complicated in construction and high in cost.Therefore,an optimized support system composed of prefabricated arc plate,controlled bottom anchor cable and waterproof layer was proposed,which was simple in construction and low in cost.
In terms of the floor heave problem at-650 south wing fully mechanized chamber(-650 centralized cooling chamber after repair) in Yangcheng coal mine,the influence factors of the floor heave were investigated by field investigation and laboratory test,including the influence of fault fracture zone,the poor quality of floor rock mass,the deterioration of floor soaking and the weak support of the floor. Among them,the first two belong to geological factors. The second two belong to human factors. The optimized design and waterproofing should be considered. The formation process of floor heaves under the original support and rework support conditions was simulated by finite element method.It was revealed that the zero displacement mark of roadway floor was about 7 m away from roadway floor and the zero strain mark was about 10 m away from roadway floor.There were three distinct areas in the floor: tensional strain increasing area,tensional strain sinking area and compressive strain sinking area,among which the tensional strain increasing area was widely distributed and into great deep area( that is,the depth of the zero displacement marking),and the continuous displacement of tensional strain increasing area under surrounding rock stress was the key cause of floor heave.The rework scheme optimized the full section support and focused on strengthening the support force of the floor,which greatly increase the zero displacement marking.The simulation showed that the zero displacement mark of the floor after repairing was about 4 m away from the floor of the roadway.Compared with the original support condition,the zero displacement mark increased about 3 m,which reduced the depth of the floor heave,and the effect of the bottom control was good.The mechanism of floor heave was analyzed with the depth of floor zero displacement marking( the depth of floor heave producing area).Under single variable conditions,the correlation function of floor support force,floor rock strength,roadway depth,roadway radius and zero displacement line depth were in accordance with logarithmic function,power function,linear and logarithm function,respectively. Among them,the effect of floor support force and roadway radius was significant,the effect of floor rock mass strength was second,and the effect of roadway depth was weakest.Therefore,in order to restrain floor heave,the support force of floor should be increased as much as possible under the conventional support conditions; the size of roadway should be reduced as much as possible under the condition that the roadway met the production requirements; the strength of floor rock mass should be maintained or optimized as far as possible for the soft rock floor,and the floor waterproof and drainage must be carried out.Finally,the combined rework support scheme was put forward to optimize the whole section support with anchor net,cable spraying and concrete filled steel tube support technology,and reinforce the floor support with reinforced concrete bottom beam.The engineering practice showed that the floor heave was well controlled and the floor heave was less than20 mm after the rework. The calculation results showed that the supporting force of reinforced concrete bottom beam was 1.02 MPa,that of concrete filled steel tubular support was 0.91 MPa,and that of the repairing scheme is 1. 93 MPa,which belongs to the high supporting force scheme.But the repaired support also was complicated in construction and high in cost.Therefore,an optimized support system composed of prefabricated arc plate,controlled bottom anchor cable and waterproof layer was proposed,which was simple in construction and low in cost.
引文
[1]陆士良,姜耀东.巷道底臌的机理和防治[J].中国煤炭,1995(8):3-7.LIU Shiliang,JIANG Yaodong. Mechanism of roadway floor heave and controlling[J].China Coal,1995(8):3-7.
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[3]侯朝炯.深部巷道围岩控制的关键技术研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(5):970-978.HOU Chaojiong. Key technologies for surrounding rock control in deep roadway[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2017,46(5):970-978.
[4]马念杰,侯朝炯.采准巷道矿压理论及应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1995:141-145.
[5]柏建彪,李文峰,王襄禹,等.采动巷道底臌机理与控制技术[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):1-5.BAI Jianbiao,LI Wenfeng,WANG Xiangyu,et al. Mechanism of floor heave and control technology of roadway induced by mining[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):1-5.
[6]康红普.软岩巷道底臌的机理及防治[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1993.
[7]刘泉声,刘学伟,黄兴,等.深井软岩破碎巷道底臌原因及处置技术研究[J].煤炭学报,2013,38(4):566-571.LIU Quansheng,LIU Xuewei,HUANG Xing,et al. Research on the floor heave reasons and supporting measures of deep soft-fractured rock roadway[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,38(4):566-571.
[8]刘泉声,肖虎,卢兴利,等.高地应力破碎软岩巷道底臌特性及综合控制对策研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(6):1703-1710.LIU Quansheng,XIAO Hu,LU Xingli,et al. Research on floor heave characteristics of broken soft rocks with high geostress and its comprehensive control measures[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(6):1703-1710.
[9]何满潮,张国锋,王桂莲,等.深部煤巷底臌控制机制及应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(S1):2593-2598.HE Manchao,ZHANG Guofeng,WANG Guilian,et al. Research on mechanism and application to floor heave control of deep gateway[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S1):2593-2598.
[10]李学华,黄志增,杨宏敏,等.高应力硐室底臌控制的应力转移技术[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,(3):296-300.LI Xuhua,HUANG Zhizeng,YANG Hongmin,et al. Stress transfer technique of controlling chamber’s floor heave under high mining stress[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2006,(3):296-300.
[11]王卫军,黄成光,侯朝炯,等.综放沿空掘巷底臌的受力变形分析[J].煤炭学报,2002,28(1):26-30.WANG Weijun,HUANG Chengguang,HOU Chaojiong,et al. Analysis of stress and deformation of bottom drums in fully mechanized caving roadways[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2002,28(1):26-30.
[12]刘建庄,杨忠东,刘树第,等.浅拱底梁支架底臌控制技术研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(4):565-570.LIU Jianzhuang,YANG Zhongdong,LIU Shudi,et al.Study on control technology of shallow arch floor beam support in preventing floor heave[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2015,32(4):565-570.
[13]张后全,韩立军,贺永年,等.构造复杂区域膨胀软岩巷道底臌控制研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):16-21,27.ZHANG Houquan,HAN Lijun,HE Yongnian,et al. Floor heave control in roadways with soft-and-swelling rocks in complicated structural area[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):16-21,27.
[14]高喜才,伍永平,邵学敏.深部开采全煤硐室围岩变形机理及底臌控制技术[J].煤炭科学技术,2013,41(4):1-4.GAO Xicai,WU Yongping,SHAO Xuemin. Surrounding rock deformation mechanism and floor heave control technology of full seam chamber in deep coal mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,41(4):1-4.
[15]王晓卿,阚甲广,焦建康.高应力软岩巷道底臌机理及控制实践[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2017,34(2):214-220,227.WANG Xiaoqing,KAN Jiaguang,JIAO Jiankang. Mechanism of floor heave in the roadway with high stress and soft rock and its control practice[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2017,34(2):214-220,227.
[16]谢广祥,常聚才.超挖锚注回填控制深部巷道底臌研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(8):1242-1246.XIE Guangxiang,CHANG Jucai. Study on overcutting-bolting&grouting-backfilling concrete to control the floor heave of deep mine roadway[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(8):1242-1246.
[17] GB/T 50218—2014,工程岩体分级标准[S].
[18]王军,黄万朋,左建平,等.深井交岔点围岩流变扰动效应及钢管混凝土组合支架支护技术研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):461-472.WANG Jun,HUANG Wanpeng,ZUO Jianping,et al. Technical study of rock rheological perturbation effect and concrete filled steel tube combination support in deep coal mine roadway[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):461-472.
[19]王军,王正泽,丁厚刚,等.断层破碎带巷道基于钢管混凝土支架的复合支护技术研究及应用[J].隧道建设(中英文),2018,38(2):277-286.WANG Jun,WANG Zhengze,DING Hougang,et al. Research and application of composite support technology based on concrete filled steel tubular scaffold of fault fracture zone roadway[J]. Tunnel Construction,2018,38(2):277-286.
[2]姜耀东,赵毅鑫,刘文岗,等.深部开采中巷道底臌问题的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,(14):2396-2401.JIANG Yaodong,ZHAO Yixin,LIU Wengang,et al. Research on floor heave of roadway in deep mining[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,(14):2396-2401.
[3]侯朝炯.深部巷道围岩控制的关键技术研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(5):970-978.HOU Chaojiong. Key technologies for surrounding rock control in deep roadway[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2017,46(5):970-978.
[4]马念杰,侯朝炯.采准巷道矿压理论及应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1995:141-145.
[5]柏建彪,李文峰,王襄禹,等.采动巷道底臌机理与控制技术[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):1-5.BAI Jianbiao,LI Wenfeng,WANG Xiangyu,et al. Mechanism of floor heave and control technology of roadway induced by mining[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):1-5.
[6]康红普.软岩巷道底臌的机理及防治[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1993.
[7]刘泉声,刘学伟,黄兴,等.深井软岩破碎巷道底臌原因及处置技术研究[J].煤炭学报,2013,38(4):566-571.LIU Quansheng,LIU Xuewei,HUANG Xing,et al. Research on the floor heave reasons and supporting measures of deep soft-fractured rock roadway[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,38(4):566-571.
[8]刘泉声,肖虎,卢兴利,等.高地应力破碎软岩巷道底臌特性及综合控制对策研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(6):1703-1710.LIU Quansheng,XIAO Hu,LU Xingli,et al. Research on floor heave characteristics of broken soft rocks with high geostress and its comprehensive control measures[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(6):1703-1710.
[9]何满潮,张国锋,王桂莲,等.深部煤巷底臌控制机制及应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(S1):2593-2598.HE Manchao,ZHANG Guofeng,WANG Guilian,et al. Research on mechanism and application to floor heave control of deep gateway[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(S1):2593-2598.
[10]李学华,黄志增,杨宏敏,等.高应力硐室底臌控制的应力转移技术[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,(3):296-300.LI Xuhua,HUANG Zhizeng,YANG Hongmin,et al. Stress transfer technique of controlling chamber’s floor heave under high mining stress[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2006,(3):296-300.
[11]王卫军,黄成光,侯朝炯,等.综放沿空掘巷底臌的受力变形分析[J].煤炭学报,2002,28(1):26-30.WANG Weijun,HUANG Chengguang,HOU Chaojiong,et al. Analysis of stress and deformation of bottom drums in fully mechanized caving roadways[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2002,28(1):26-30.
[12]刘建庄,杨忠东,刘树第,等.浅拱底梁支架底臌控制技术研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(4):565-570.LIU Jianzhuang,YANG Zhongdong,LIU Shudi,et al.Study on control technology of shallow arch floor beam support in preventing floor heave[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2015,32(4):565-570.
[13]张后全,韩立军,贺永年,等.构造复杂区域膨胀软岩巷道底臌控制研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):16-21,27.ZHANG Houquan,HAN Lijun,HE Yongnian,et al. Floor heave control in roadways with soft-and-swelling rocks in complicated structural area[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):16-21,27.
[14]高喜才,伍永平,邵学敏.深部开采全煤硐室围岩变形机理及底臌控制技术[J].煤炭科学技术,2013,41(4):1-4.GAO Xicai,WU Yongping,SHAO Xuemin. Surrounding rock deformation mechanism and floor heave control technology of full seam chamber in deep coal mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,41(4):1-4.
[15]王晓卿,阚甲广,焦建康.高应力软岩巷道底臌机理及控制实践[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2017,34(2):214-220,227.WANG Xiaoqing,KAN Jiaguang,JIAO Jiankang. Mechanism of floor heave in the roadway with high stress and soft rock and its control practice[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2017,34(2):214-220,227.
[16]谢广祥,常聚才.超挖锚注回填控制深部巷道底臌研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(8):1242-1246.XIE Guangxiang,CHANG Jucai. Study on overcutting-bolting&grouting-backfilling concrete to control the floor heave of deep mine roadway[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(8):1242-1246.
[17] GB/T 50218—2014,工程岩体分级标准[S].
[18]王军,黄万朋,左建平,等.深井交岔点围岩流变扰动效应及钢管混凝土组合支架支护技术研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(2):461-472.WANG Jun,HUANG Wanpeng,ZUO Jianping,et al. Technical study of rock rheological perturbation effect and concrete filled steel tube combination support in deep coal mine roadway[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(2):461-472.
[19]王军,王正泽,丁厚刚,等.断层破碎带巷道基于钢管混凝土支架的复合支护技术研究及应用[J].隧道建设(中英文),2018,38(2):277-286.WANG Jun,WANG Zhengze,DING Hougang,et al. Research and application of composite support technology based on concrete filled steel tubular scaffold of fault fracture zone roadway[J]. Tunnel Construction,2018,38(2):277-286.