温带山地森林强风致灾的影响因子分析——以长白山风灾区为例
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摘要
利用长白山风灾前(1985年)和风灾后(1987年)的遥感影像,提取了1986年台风维拉在长白山西南坡森林中形成的风灾迹地,并解译出风灾迹地上风灾前的植被类型;利用长白山DEM数据,提取风灾迹地海拔、坡度和坡向地形因子数据,分析了风灾迹地的空间分布特征,揭示了长白山风灾迹地形成格局与地形因子和植被类型的相关性.结果表明:(1)坡度是最主要的致灾因子,风灾迹地大部分位于15°以下坡度较为平缓的地区,占总面积的75.03%.(2)海拔的影响也较强烈,风灾迹地主要分布在海拔1 350～1 700m的范围内,占总面积的67.84%.(3)温带森林类型的影响不大,针阔混交林、常绿针叶林和岳桦林中均有风灾迹地分布.不同林型的抗风性能有所差异:针阔混交林>岳桦林>常绿针叶林.(4)局地坡向的作用最弱,在迎风坡的西南坡、西坡和西北坡风灾迹地占比略大,分别占总面积的13.35%,12.11%,17.24%.因此,在强风干扰下温带山地森林区的主要致灾因子为坡度和海拔.
In this study,Landsat images in 1985 and 1987 were used to extract the wind disturbance area,where was disturbed by Typhoon Vera in 1986 in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve.The vegetation types of pre-wind disturbance were interpreted using Landsat imagery in 1985.The elevation,slope,and aspect derived from Digital Elevation Model were used to reveal topographical characteristic in the wind disturbed area.The spatial distribution pattern of the wind disturbed area was analyzed.Meanwhile,the relationship between the wind disturbed pattern and topographic and vegetation types were discussed.The results showed that slope was the most important factor for the wind disturbance.Most of the wind disturbed area was located in relatively gentle slope where was smaller than 15° with accounting for 75.03% of the disturbed area.The spatial pattern was also strong impacted by elevation.The wind disturbed area was mainly distributed in the range of 1 350～1 700 m above sea level with accounting for 67.84% of disturbed area.There was no difference for various temperate forest types.The wind disturbed area was widely distributed in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest,coniferous forest,and Betula ermanii forest.However,the resistance of various forest types was different:coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest>Betula ermanii forest>coniferous forest.The impact of aspect was the weakest for wind disturbed area.The wind disturbed area was mainly distributed at southwest,western and northwest aspect with accounting for 13.35%,12.11%,and 17.24% of the disturbed area,respectively.Therefore,the main disturbance-inducing factors in temperate mountain forest area under strong wind disturbance are slope and elevation.
In this study,Landsat images in 1985 and 1987 were used to extract the wind disturbance area,where was disturbed by Typhoon Vera in 1986 in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve.The vegetation types of pre-wind disturbance were interpreted using Landsat imagery in 1985.The elevation,slope,and aspect derived from Digital Elevation Model were used to reveal topographical characteristic in the wind disturbed area.The spatial distribution pattern of the wind disturbed area was analyzed.Meanwhile,the relationship between the wind disturbed pattern and topographic and vegetation types were discussed.The results showed that slope was the most important factor for the wind disturbance.Most of the wind disturbed area was located in relatively gentle slope where was smaller than 15° with accounting for 75.03% of the disturbed area.The spatial pattern was also strong impacted by elevation.The wind disturbed area was mainly distributed in the range of 1 350～1 700 m above sea level with accounting for 67.84% of disturbed area.There was no difference for various temperate forest types.The wind disturbed area was widely distributed in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest,coniferous forest,and Betula ermanii forest.However,the resistance of various forest types was different:coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest>Betula ermanii forest>coniferous forest.The impact of aspect was the weakest for wind disturbed area.The wind disturbed area was mainly distributed at southwest,western and northwest aspect with accounting for 13.35%,12.11%,and 17.24% of the disturbed area,respectively.Therefore,the main disturbance-inducing factors in temperate mountain forest area under strong wind disturbance are slope and elevation.
引文
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[18]刘斌,潘澜,薛立.台风对森林的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(5):1596-1605.
[19]姚丹丹,余黎,雷相东,等.台风“布拉万”对东北近天然落叶松云冷杉试验林的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(11):3674-3683.
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[21]张佳,谢玉凤.高光谱遥感影像分类方法综述[J].安徽农学通报,2017,25(14):155+165.
[22]王增林,朱大明.基于遥感影像的最大似然分类算法的探讨[J].河南科学,2010,28(11):459-461.
[23]陈纪航,陶忠良,邱育毅,等.地形与橡胶园风害的关系---1409号超强台风“威马逊”对海南橡胶园风害的调查[J].热带生物学报,2015,6(4):467-473.
[24]王秉忠.雷州半岛南部植胶区台风为害及防护林效应的研究---兼“土地利用与作物布局问题”的商榷[J].热带作物学报,1985(1):39-55.
[25]陈纪航.海南岛胶园风害与海拔高度的关系分析[D].海口:海南大学,2015.
[26]方伟东,亢新刚,赵浩彦,等.长白山地区不同林型土壤特性及水源涵养功能[J].北京林业大学学报,2011,33(4):40-47.
[27]HARMER R.What happened in the woods[J].Weather,2012,67(10):261-265.
[28]SHOROHOVA E,FEDORCHUK V,KUZNETSOVA M,et al.Wind-induced successional changes in pristine boreal Picea abies forest stands:evidence from long-term permanent plot records[J].Forestry,2008,81(3):335-359.
[29]李秀芬,朱教君,王庆礼,等.森林的风/雪灾害研究综述[J].生态学报,2005(1):148-157.
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[31]钱家驹.长白山西侧中部森林植物调查报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1956.
[2]FOSTERD R.Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England,U S A[J].Journal of Ecology,1988,76(1):135-151.
[3]FOSTER D R,BOOSE E R.Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in Central New England,USA[J].Journal of Ecology,1992,80(1):79-98.
[4]奚为民.强风干扰对森林生态系统的复杂影响:研究进展和未来展望[G]//中国科学技术协会,重庆市人民政府.自主创新与持续增长第十一届中国科协年会论文集(1).中国科学技术协会,重庆市人民政府,2009:20.
[5]PLOTKIN A B,FOSTER D,CARLSON J,et al.Survivors,not invaders,control forest development following simulated hurricane[J].Ecology,2013,94(2):414-423.
[6]EVERHAM E M,BROKAW N V L.Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind[J].The Botanical Review,1996,62(2):113-185.
[7]南颖,刘志锋,朱卫红,等.长白山的台风灾区范围及植被恢复动态---基于遥感技术的研究[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(6):131-139.
[8]张辉.长白山西坡亚高山-高山带植物群落组成及其规律研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2011.
[9]杨美华.长白山的气候特征及北坡垂直气候带[J].气象学报,1981(3):311-320.
[10]钱家驹.如何划分长白山的植被垂直带[J].国土与自然资源研究,1983(2):27-32.
[11]赵晓飞,牛丽君,陈庆红,等.长白山自然保护区风灾干扰区生态系统的恢复与重建[J].东北林业大学学报,2004(4):38-40.
[12]牛丽君,梁宇,王绍先,等.长白山自然保护区风灾区植被恢复评价[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(9):2375-2381.
[13]张超,苗峻峰,何宇良.内蒙古植被NDVI变化特征分析[J].内蒙古气象,2013(2):23-27.
[14]符思涛,周云.基于遥感影像的归一化植被指数算法研究[J].江西测绘,2010(3):31-32+15.
[15]车良革,胡宝清,李月连.1991-2009年南流江流域植被覆盖时空变化及其与地质相关分析[J].广西师范学院学报(自然科学版),2012,29(4):52-59.
[16]SADER S A,HAYES D J.Comparison of change-detection techniques for monitoring tropical forest clearing and vegetation regrowth in a time series[J].Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,2001,67(9):1067-1075.
[17]GUOXIAOYI.Mapping and assessing typhoon-induced forest disturbance in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve using time series Landsat imagery[J].山地科学学报(英文版),2015,12(2):404-416.
[18]刘斌,潘澜,薛立.台风对森林的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(5):1596-1605.
[19]姚丹丹,余黎,雷相东,等.台风“布拉万”对东北近天然落叶松云冷杉试验林的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(11):3674-3683.
[20]孙家抦.遥感原理与应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
[21]张佳,谢玉凤.高光谱遥感影像分类方法综述[J].安徽农学通报,2017,25(14):155+165.
[22]王增林,朱大明.基于遥感影像的最大似然分类算法的探讨[J].河南科学,2010,28(11):459-461.
[23]陈纪航,陶忠良,邱育毅,等.地形与橡胶园风害的关系---1409号超强台风“威马逊”对海南橡胶园风害的调查[J].热带生物学报,2015,6(4):467-473.
[24]王秉忠.雷州半岛南部植胶区台风为害及防护林效应的研究---兼“土地利用与作物布局问题”的商榷[J].热带作物学报,1985(1):39-55.
[25]陈纪航.海南岛胶园风害与海拔高度的关系分析[D].海口:海南大学,2015.
[26]方伟东,亢新刚,赵浩彦,等.长白山地区不同林型土壤特性及水源涵养功能[J].北京林业大学学报,2011,33(4):40-47.
[27]HARMER R.What happened in the woods[J].Weather,2012,67(10):261-265.
[28]SHOROHOVA E,FEDORCHUK V,KUZNETSOVA M,et al.Wind-induced successional changes in pristine boreal Picea abies forest stands:evidence from long-term permanent plot records[J].Forestry,2008,81(3):335-359.
[29]李秀芬,朱教君,王庆礼,等.森林的风/雪灾害研究综述[J].生态学报,2005(1):148-157.
[30]SHOROHOVA E,KUULUVAINEN T,KANGUR A,et al.Natural stand structures,disturbance regimes and successional dynamics in the Eurasian boreal forests:a review with special reference to Russian studies.[J].Annals of Forest Science,2009,66(2):201-206.
[31]钱家驹.长白山西侧中部森林植物调查报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1956.