生物炭和氮肥施用量对番茄生长和水氮利用效率的影响
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摘要
为探究施用生物炭能否缓解因过量施氮对番茄生长可能造成的负面影响,进行了二因素(氮肥和生物炭)三水平完全随机区组盆栽试验。3个施氮量分别为100,200,400 mg/kg,3个施碳量分别为0,2.5,5.0 g/kg。通过对番茄茎、叶和果实干鲜质量、累积灌溉量、水氮利用效率的测定和分析,获得如下主要结果:与中低施氮量相比,高施氮量处理番茄茎叶干质量和累积灌溉量均显著降低,氮肥利用效率随施氮量的增加而显著降低;与不添加生物炭处理相比,添加生物炭显著提高了番茄叶和果实干质量、累积灌溉量和水氮利用效率。因此,适量施用生物炭,可有效减缓高氮对番茄生长的抑制作用。
To explore whether the biochar application could reduce the negative effect of excessive nitrogen fertilization on tomato growth, a pot experiment was carried out using randomized block design with two factors(application rates of nitrogen and biochar) under three levels. The application rates were 100, 200,400 mg/kg of nitrogen, and 0, 2.5, 5 g/kg of biochar, respectively. The dry weight and fresh weight of stems, leaves and fruits of tomato, the amount of irrigation water and the water-nitrogen use efficiency were measured and calculated. The results demonstrated that the dry weight of stems and leaves and the accumulated irrigation water amount decreased significantly in the treatment of high nitrogen rate, compared with the treatment of low nitrogen rate.The nitrogen use efficiency decreased significantly along with the increase of N application rate. Compared with the treatment without biochar application, the use of biochar significantly increased the dry matter of leaves and fruit, the accumulated irrigation water amount and the water-nitrogen use efficiency. It suggested that the application of biochar could reduce the negative effect of excessive N fertilization on tomato growth.
To explore whether the biochar application could reduce the negative effect of excessive nitrogen fertilization on tomato growth, a pot experiment was carried out using randomized block design with two factors(application rates of nitrogen and biochar) under three levels. The application rates were 100, 200,400 mg/kg of nitrogen, and 0, 2.5, 5 g/kg of biochar, respectively. The dry weight and fresh weight of stems, leaves and fruits of tomato, the amount of irrigation water and the water-nitrogen use efficiency were measured and calculated. The results demonstrated that the dry weight of stems and leaves and the accumulated irrigation water amount decreased significantly in the treatment of high nitrogen rate, compared with the treatment of low nitrogen rate.The nitrogen use efficiency decreased significantly along with the increase of N application rate. Compared with the treatment without biochar application, the use of biochar significantly increased the dry matter of leaves and fruit, the accumulated irrigation water amount and the water-nitrogen use efficiency. It suggested that the application of biochar could reduce the negative effect of excessive N fertilization on tomato growth.
引文
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[16] Li Z Y,Qi X B,Fan X Y,Du Z J,Hu C,Zhao Z J,Isa Y,Liu Y.Amending the seedling bed of eggplant with biochar can further immobilize Cd in contaminated soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,572:626-633.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.020.
[17] 徐敏,伍钧,张小洪,杨刚.生物炭施用的固碳减排潜力及农田效应[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):393-404.doi:10.5846 /stxb201610112058.Xu M,Wu J,Zhang X H,Yang G.Impact of biochar application on carbon sequestration,soil fertility and crop productivity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(2):393-404.
[18] 姜慧敏,张建峰,杨俊诚,刘兆辉,宋效宗,江丽华,张相松.不同施氮模式对日光温室番茄产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):158-165.doi:10.11674/zwyf.2010.0123.Jiang H M,Zhang J F,Yang J C,Liu Z H,Song X Z,Jiang L H,Zhang X S.Effects of different models of applying nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of tomato and soil fertility in greenhouse[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(1):158-165.
[19] Lin S,Dittert K,Wu W L,Sattelmacher B.Added nitrogen interaction as affected by soil nitrogen pool size and fertilization-significance of displacement of fixed ammonium[J].J Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2004,167(2):138-146.doi:10.1002/jpln.200320360.
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[21] Bremner J M.Recent research on problems in the use of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer[M]//Nitrogen economy in tropical soils.Springer,Dordrecht,1995:321-329.
[22] 刘玮晶,刘烨,高晓荔,杨旻,王英惠,代静玉.外源生物质炭对土壤中铵态氮素滞留效应的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(05):962-968.Liu W J,Liu Y,Gao X L,Yang M,Wang Y H,Dai J Y.Effects of biomass charcoals on retention of ammonium nitrogen in soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(05):962-968.
[23] Omondi M O,Xia X,Nahayo A,Liu X Y,Korai P K,Pan G X.Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data[J].Geoderma,2016,274:28-34.doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.03.029.
[24] Fungo B,Lehmann J,Kalbitz K,Thiongo M,Okeyo I,Tenywa M,Neufeldt H.Aggregate size distribution in a biochar-amended tropical Ultisol under conventional hand-hoe tillage[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2017,165:190-197.doi:10.1016/j.still.2016.08.012.
[25] 张洪培,李秀云,沈玉芳,李世清.生物质炭对农田土壤有机碳及其矿化影响的研究进展[J].西北农业学报,2018(4):459-468.doi:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2018.04.017.Zhang H P,Li X Y,Shen Y F,Li S Q.Review of effect of biochar onsoil organic carbon in cropland and its carbon mineralization[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2018(4):459-468.
[26] Weng Z H,Van Zwieten L,Singh B P,Kimber S,Morris S,Cowie A,Macdonald L M.Plant-biochar interactions drive the negative priming of soil organic carbon in an annual ryegrass field system[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,90:111-121.doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.005.
[27] Zhao R,Coles N,Wu J.Carbon mineralization following additions of fresh and aged biochar to an infertile soil[J].Catena,2015,125:183-189.doi:10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.026.
[28] Sigua G C,Novak J M,Watts D W,Szogi A A,Shumaker P D.Impact of switchgrassbiochar with supplemental nitrogen on carbon-nitrogen mineralization in highly weathered Coastal Plain Ultisols[J].Chemosphere,2016,145:135-141.doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.063.
[29] Liang B,Lehmann J,Sohi S P,Thies J E,O′Neill B,Trujillo L,Gaunt J,Solomon D,Grossman J,Neves E G,Luizao F J.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41(2):206-213.doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.007.
[30] Purakayastha T J,Kumari S,Pathak H.Characterisation,stability,and microbial effects of four biochar produced from crop residues[J].Geoderma,2015,239-240:293-303.doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.009.
[31] 刘明,来永才,李炜,肖佳雷,毕影东,刘淼,李琬.生物炭与氮肥施用量对大豆生长发育及产量的影响[J].大豆科学,2015,34(1):87-92.doi:10.11861/j.issn.1000-9841.2015.01.0087.Liu M,Lai Y C,Li W,Xiao J L,Bi Y D,Liu M,Li W.Effect of biochar and nitrogen applicationrate on growth development andyield of soybean[J].Soybean Science,2015,34(1):87-92.
[2] 董静,赵志伟,梁斌,李俊良.我国设施蔬菜产业发展现状[J].中国园艺文摘,2017,33(1):75-77.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-0873.2017.01.030.Dong J,Zhao Z W,Liang B,Li J L.Development of China′s facility vegetable industry[J].Chinese Horticulture Abstracts,2017,33(1):75-77.
[3] Song H,Guo J H,Ren T,Chen Q,Li B G,Wang J G.Increase of soil pH in a solar greenhouse vegetable production system[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(6):2074-2082.doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0445.
[4] Fan Z B,Lin S,Zhang X M,Jiang Z M,Yang K C,Jian D D,Chen Y Z,Li J L,Chen Q,Wang J G.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144:11-19.doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.05.010.
[5] Hvistendahl M.China′s push to add by subtracting fertilizer[J].Science,2010,327(5967):801-801.doi:10.1126/science.327.5967.801.
[6] Ti C P,Luo Y X,Yan X Y.Characteristics of nitrogen balance in open-air and greenhouse vegetable cropping systems of China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(23):18508-18518.doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5277-x.
[7] 刘金山,戴健,刘洋,郭雄,王朝辉.过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):112-120.doi:10.11674 /zwyf.2015.0112.Liu J S,Dai J,Liu Y,Guo X,Wang Z H.Effects of excessive nitrogen fertilization on soil organic carbon andnitrogen and nitrogen supply capacity in dryland[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(01):112-120.
[8] 王敬国.设施菜田退化土壤修复与资源高效利用[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2011:209-229.Wang J G.Management of degraded vegetable soils in greenhouses[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2011:209-229.
[9] 赵鑫,宇万太,李建东,姜子绍.不同经营管理条件下土壤有机碳及其组分研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(11):2203-2209.doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.2006.0433.Zhao X,Yu W T,Li J D,Jiang Z S.Research advances in soil organic carbon and its fractions under different management patterns[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(11):2203-2209.
[10] Loveland P,Webb J.Is there a critical level of organic matter in the agricultural soils of temperate regions:a review[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2003,70(1):1-18.doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00139-3.
[11] 任涛.不同氮肥及有机肥投入对设施番茄土壤碳氮去向的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2011.Ren T.Balance of soil carbon and nitrogen in the greenhouse tomato cropping system influenced by different nitrogen and organic manure application[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2011.
[12] 甄文超.玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦土传病害影响的研究[C]//中国植物病理学会.中国植物病理学会2009年学术年会论文集.昆明,2009.Zhen W C.Effect of corn straw returning on soil-borne diseases of winter wheat[C]//Chinese Society of Plant Pathology.Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Plant Pathology.Kunming,2009.
[13] 侯亚红,王磊,付小花,乐毅全.土壤碳收支对秸秆与秸秆生物炭还田的响应及其机制[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2655-2661.doi:10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.07.044.Hou Y H,Wang L,Fu X H,Le Y Q.Response of straw and straw biochar returning to soil carbon budget and itsmechanism[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2655-2661.
[14] Colantoni A,Evic N,Lord R,Retschitzegger S,Proto A R,Gallucci F,Monarca D.Characterization of biochars produced from pyrolysis of pelletized agricultural residues[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,64:187-194.doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.003.
[15] Khorram M S,Zhang Q,Lin D,Lin D L,Zheng Y,Fang H,Yu Y L.Biochar:a review of its impact on pesticide behavior in soil environments and its potential applications[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,44:269-279.doi:10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.027.
[16] Li Z Y,Qi X B,Fan X Y,Du Z J,Hu C,Zhao Z J,Isa Y,Liu Y.Amending the seedling bed of eggplant with biochar can further immobilize Cd in contaminated soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,572:626-633.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.020.
[17] 徐敏,伍钧,张小洪,杨刚.生物炭施用的固碳减排潜力及农田效应[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):393-404.doi:10.5846 /stxb201610112058.Xu M,Wu J,Zhang X H,Yang G.Impact of biochar application on carbon sequestration,soil fertility and crop productivity[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(2):393-404.
[18] 姜慧敏,张建峰,杨俊诚,刘兆辉,宋效宗,江丽华,张相松.不同施氮模式对日光温室番茄产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):158-165.doi:10.11674/zwyf.2010.0123.Jiang H M,Zhang J F,Yang J C,Liu Z H,Song X Z,Jiang L H,Zhang X S.Effects of different models of applying nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of tomato and soil fertility in greenhouse[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(1):158-165.
[19] Lin S,Dittert K,Wu W L,Sattelmacher B.Added nitrogen interaction as affected by soil nitrogen pool size and fertilization-significance of displacement of fixed ammonium[J].J Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2004,167(2):138-146.doi:10.1002/jpln.200320360.
[20] Whitehead D C,Raistrick N.The volatilization of ammonia from cattle urine applied to soils as influenced by soil properties[J].Plant and Soil,1993,148(1):43-51.doi:10.1007/BF02185383.
[21] Bremner J M.Recent research on problems in the use of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer[M]//Nitrogen economy in tropical soils.Springer,Dordrecht,1995:321-329.
[22] 刘玮晶,刘烨,高晓荔,杨旻,王英惠,代静玉.外源生物质炭对土壤中铵态氮素滞留效应的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(05):962-968.Liu W J,Liu Y,Gao X L,Yang M,Wang Y H,Dai J Y.Effects of biomass charcoals on retention of ammonium nitrogen in soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(05):962-968.
[23] Omondi M O,Xia X,Nahayo A,Liu X Y,Korai P K,Pan G X.Quantification of biochar effects on soil hydrological properties using meta-analysis of literature data[J].Geoderma,2016,274:28-34.doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.03.029.
[24] Fungo B,Lehmann J,Kalbitz K,Thiongo M,Okeyo I,Tenywa M,Neufeldt H.Aggregate size distribution in a biochar-amended tropical Ultisol under conventional hand-hoe tillage[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2017,165:190-197.doi:10.1016/j.still.2016.08.012.
[25] 张洪培,李秀云,沈玉芳,李世清.生物质炭对农田土壤有机碳及其矿化影响的研究进展[J].西北农业学报,2018(4):459-468.doi:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2018.04.017.Zhang H P,Li X Y,Shen Y F,Li S Q.Review of effect of biochar onsoil organic carbon in cropland and its carbon mineralization[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2018(4):459-468.
[26] Weng Z H,Van Zwieten L,Singh B P,Kimber S,Morris S,Cowie A,Macdonald L M.Plant-biochar interactions drive the negative priming of soil organic carbon in an annual ryegrass field system[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,90:111-121.doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.005.
[27] Zhao R,Coles N,Wu J.Carbon mineralization following additions of fresh and aged biochar to an infertile soil[J].Catena,2015,125:183-189.doi:10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.026.
[28] Sigua G C,Novak J M,Watts D W,Szogi A A,Shumaker P D.Impact of switchgrassbiochar with supplemental nitrogen on carbon-nitrogen mineralization in highly weathered Coastal Plain Ultisols[J].Chemosphere,2016,145:135-141.doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.063.
[29] Liang B,Lehmann J,Sohi S P,Thies J E,O′Neill B,Trujillo L,Gaunt J,Solomon D,Grossman J,Neves E G,Luizao F J.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41(2):206-213.doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.007.
[30] Purakayastha T J,Kumari S,Pathak H.Characterisation,stability,and microbial effects of four biochar produced from crop residues[J].Geoderma,2015,239-240:293-303.doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.009.
[31] 刘明,来永才,李炜,肖佳雷,毕影东,刘淼,李琬.生物炭与氮肥施用量对大豆生长发育及产量的影响[J].大豆科学,2015,34(1):87-92.doi:10.11861/j.issn.1000-9841.2015.01.0087.Liu M,Lai Y C,Li W,Xiao J L,Bi Y D,Liu M,Li W.Effect of biochar and nitrogen applicationrate on growth development andyield of soybean[J].Soybean Science,2015,34(1):87-92.