基于单边界二分式CVM的不同样本方案下耕地保护外部性测度与分析——以河南省焦作市为例
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摘要
耕地保护的外部性显著,探析不同样本方案下基于单边界二分式CVM的耕地保护外部性差异性及其影响因素,有利于科学测度耕地保护经济补偿标准。本文以焦作市为例,分别测度了均分样本、非均分样本和分类非均分样本三种不同方案下耕地保护外部性,明晰了样本分类与合并、投标值样本数量及其均衡性对耕地保护外部性测度结果有效性与精度的影响。结果表明:(1)结合案例比较,在科学设置投标值和假想市场、合理进行假想偏差规避以及合适样本数量下,本研究中均分样本、非均分样本方案测度结果具有较高的有效性,可确定为现实条件下耕地保护经济补偿下限,即耕地保护最低经济补偿标准。(2)以非均分样本方案测度结果为基准,均分样本和分类非均分样本方案下测度结果的偏差值分别为41.5元和255.5元,偏差率则分别为3.2%和19.5%。因此基于单边界二分式CVM测度结果与投标值样本数量显著相关,与投标值样本数量均衡度的相关性则不显著。(3)在进行二分式CVM样本方案设计和实施时,均分样本、非均分样本、分类非均分样本方案均可采用,但各投标值(包括分类样本)最低样本数量需达到30份以上,其测度结果才具有较高的有效性。(4)在实践上,应基于最低耕地保护经济补偿标准,结合区域经济社会发展水平以及资金来源等条件,建立区域耕地保护经济补偿标准动态提升机制,完善耕地保护经济补偿体系。
The cultivated land protection externalities are remarkable. To explore the difference and influencing factors of cultivated land protection externalities under different sample schemes based on the single-bounded dichotomous choice CVM,which is conducive to scientifically measure the economic compensation standard of cultivated land protection. Taking Jiaozuo as an example,to evaluate the cultivated land protection externalities of the average sample scheme,the non-average sample scheme and the classified non-average sample scheme. The effects of classification and merging of the samples,the number and the balance of samples on the validity and accuracy of the measure of the cultivated land protection externalities were clarified. The results show that:(1)Combined with the case comparison,the results are higher reliability of the average sample scheme and non-average sample scheme in the scientifically set the bid value and the hypothetical market situation,reasonably avoid bias and properly set the sample size,which is chosen as the lowest economic compensation standard of cultivated land protection under realistic conditions;(2)The result deviation of the average sample scheme and the non-average sample scheme are 41.5yuan and 255.5yuan respectively,the corresponding deviation rates are 3.2% and 19.5% respectively based on the result of the non-average sample scheme. Therefore,the results are significantly correlated with sample size of bid,and the correlation with equilibrium of sample size of the bid is not significant based on the single-bounded dichotomous choice CVM;(3)It is recommended to use the average sample scheme,the classified average sample scheme and the classified nonaverage sample scheme in the design and implementation of sample schemes of the dichotomous choice CVM. However,the measure result is highly reliable,which is only the minimum sample size of each bid value(including classified samples)is more than 30;(4)In practice,to establish and improve the dynamic promotion mechanism and system of cultivated land protection based on the lowest economic compensation standard of cultivated land protection.
The cultivated land protection externalities are remarkable. To explore the difference and influencing factors of cultivated land protection externalities under different sample schemes based on the single-bounded dichotomous choice CVM,which is conducive to scientifically measure the economic compensation standard of cultivated land protection. Taking Jiaozuo as an example,to evaluate the cultivated land protection externalities of the average sample scheme,the non-average sample scheme and the classified non-average sample scheme. The effects of classification and merging of the samples,the number and the balance of samples on the validity and accuracy of the measure of the cultivated land protection externalities were clarified. The results show that:(1)Combined with the case comparison,the results are higher reliability of the average sample scheme and non-average sample scheme in the scientifically set the bid value and the hypothetical market situation,reasonably avoid bias and properly set the sample size,which is chosen as the lowest economic compensation standard of cultivated land protection under realistic conditions;(2)The result deviation of the average sample scheme and the non-average sample scheme are 41.5yuan and 255.5yuan respectively,the corresponding deviation rates are 3.2% and 19.5% respectively based on the result of the non-average sample scheme. Therefore,the results are significantly correlated with sample size of bid,and the correlation with equilibrium of sample size of the bid is not significant based on the single-bounded dichotomous choice CVM;(3)It is recommended to use the average sample scheme,the classified average sample scheme and the classified nonaverage sample scheme in the design and implementation of sample schemes of the dichotomous choice CVM. However,the measure result is highly reliable,which is only the minimum sample size of each bid value(including classified samples)is more than 30;(4)In practice,to establish and improve the dynamic promotion mechanism and system of cultivated land protection based on the lowest economic compensation standard of cultivated land protection.
引文
[1]牛海鹏,许传阳,李明秋,等.耕地保护经济补偿的接受和给付主体分析--基于110份接受主体和445份给付主体的问卷调查[J].资源科学,2011,33(3):513-520.[Niu H P,Xu C Y,Li M Q,et al.On accepting and affording subjects in economic compensation of cultivated land protection based on questionnaire surveys[J].Resources Science,2011,33(3):513-520.]
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[6]蔡潇.城市水域生态服务功能价值评价[D].南昌:南昌大学,2011.[Cai X.Evaluation on urban water ecosystem service[D].Nanchang:Nanchang University,2011.]
[7]刘耀彬,蔡潇.基于CVM的南昌城市河湖生态服务功能价值评估[J].城市环境与城市生态,2011,(2):23-26.[Liu Y B,Cai X.Estimation of ecological services value for urban rivers and lakes in Nanchang city based on contingent valuation method[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology.2011,(2):23-26.]
[8]杨银川.社会资本视角下居民垃圾袋支付意愿研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.[Yang Y C.The study on the civil willingness to pay for garbage bag in the angle of social capital[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2013.]
[9]陈红光,王秋丹,李晨洋.支付意愿引导技术:支付卡式、单边界二分式和双边界二分式的比较--以三江平原生态旅游水资源的非使用价值为例[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(9):2709-2715.[Chen H G,Wang Q D,Li C Y.WTP guidance technology:A comparison of payment card,single-bounded and double-bounded dichotomous formats for evaluating non-use values of Sanjiang Plain ecotourism water resources[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(9):2709-2715.]
[10]邱国梁,姜昊.基于CVM的耕地非市场价值评估研究--以江苏省涟水县为例[J].农业经济问题,2010,(S):4-8.[Qiu GL,Jiang H.Study on non-market value of cultivated land by the method of CVM:the case of Lianshui County,Jiangsu province[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2010,(S):4-8.]
[11]姜昊.基于CVM的耕地非市场价值评估研究--以江苏省涟水县为例[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.[Jiang H.Study on non-market value of cultivated land by the method of CVM:the case of Lianshui County,Jiangsu province[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.]
[12]么相姝.天津市居民大气环境质量改善支付意愿评估--基于双边界二分式CVM的视角[J].城市问题,2016,(7):81-86.[Me X S.Evaluation of the Tianjin city residents'willingness to improve the atmospheric environment quality based on doublebounded CVM method[J].Urban Problems,2016,(7):81-86.]
[13]王迪,聂锐,王胜洲.耕地保护外部性及其经济补偿研究进展[J].中国人口?资源与环境,2012,22(10):131-136.[Wang D,Nie R,Wang S Z.Research progress of farmland’s externalities and its economic compensation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(10):131-136.]
[14]Hanemann W M.Discrete/continuous models of consumer demand[J].Econometric,1984,52(3):541-561.
[15]Hanemann W M.Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete responses[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1984b,66(3):332-341.
[16]Hanemann W M.Willingness to pay and willingness to accept:How much can they differ?[J].American Economic Review,1991,81:635-647.
[17]Hanemann W M,Kanninen B.The statistical analysis of discrete response CV data[A].In:Bateman I J,Willis K G,et al.Valuing Environmental Preferences:Theory and Practice of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US,EU,and Developing Countries[C].New York:Oxford University Press,1999:301-440.
[18]徐中民,张志强,龙爱华,等.额济纳旗生态系统服务恢复价值评估方法的比较与应用[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):1841-1850.[Xu Z M,Zhang Z Q,Long A H,et al.Comparison and application of different contingent valuation methods in measuring total economic value of restoring Ejina Banner's ecosystem services[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1841-1850.]
[19]Scheaffer,R.L.,Mandenhall,W.and Ott,L.Y.Elementary Survey Sampling 4th edition,Duxbrey Press,1990.
[20]Bateman.Learning design contingent valuation(LDCV):NOAAguidelines,preference learning and coherent arbitrariness[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2008,55(2):127-141.
[21]于洋,杨光,张今华,等.基于外部效益的吉林省耕地保护经济补偿标准的实证分析[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(16):4008-4010.[Yu Y,Yang G,Zhang J H,et al.Empirical analysis on the standard for economic compensation of cultivated land protection in Jilin Province based on external benefit[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences.2013,52(16):4008-4010.]
[22]唐建.耕地价值评价研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.[Tang J.Study on appraisal of cultivated land value[D].Chongqing:Southwestern University,2010.]
[23]毛良祥.耕地保护补偿标准与补偿基金规模研究[D].北京:中国地质大学.2013.[Mao L X.The study on calculation of compensation fund of cultivated land protection[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences.2013.]
[24]李明利.基于条件价值法的耕地资源非市场价值评估研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2009.[Li M L.A study on evaluation of non-market value of cultivated land resource by the contingent valuation method[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2009.]
[25]喻永红.基于CVM法的农户保持退耕还林的接受意愿研究-以重庆万州为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(4):65-70.[Yu Y H.Famers'willingness to accept for maintaining the grain for green:an empirical analysis based on Wanzhou District in Chongqing[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(4):65-70.]
[26]敖长林,高丹,毛碧琦,等.空间尺度下公众对环境保护的支付意愿度量方法及实证研究[J].资源科学,2015,37(11):2288-2298.[Ao C L,Gao D,Mao B Qi,et al.Methods for measuring public willingness to pay for environmental conservation and empirical research under spatial scale[J].Resources Science,2015,37(11):2288-2298.]
[27]敖长林,周领,焦扬,等.初始投标值数量和样本容量对双边界二分式CVM的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(3):854-862.[Ao C L,Zhou L,Jiao Y,et al.Influence of initial bid number and sample size on the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(3):854-862.]
[28]张统.小水电生态系统服务价值评估-以浙江省通济桥水库为例[D].杭州:浙江大学,2008.[Zhang T.Evaluation of ecosystem service value of small hydropower Tongjiqiao reservoir as an example[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2008.]
[29]马爱慧.基于双边界二分式条件价值法的农户耕地补偿意愿评估[J].上海国土资源,2015(4):19-22.[Ma A H.Overview of research on the driving mechanism of rural-urban land conversion based on spatial econometrics[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,2015(4):19-22.]
[30]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2001.[Wu M L.SPSS statistical application practice[M].Beijing:China Railway Press,2001.]
[2]牛海鹏.耕地保护的外部性及其经济补偿研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2010.[Niu H P.Study on the externalities and its economic compensation of cultivated land protection[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2010.]
[3]陈秧分,刘彦随,李裕瑞.基于农户生产决策视角的耕地保护经济补偿标准测算[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(4):4-8.[Chen YF,Liu Y S,Li Y R.Calculation on economic compensation standard for farmland protection from the perspective of peasant households’production decision[J].China Land Science,2010,24(4):4-8.]
[4]高汉琦,牛海鹏,方国友,等.基于CVM多情景下的耕地生态效益农户支付/受偿意愿分析--以河南省焦作市为例[J].资源科学,2011,33(11):2116-2123.[Gao H Q,Niu H P,Fang G Y,et al.Assessment of WTP/WTA on ecological benefits of cultivated land based on CVM multiple scenarios:a case study of Jiaozuo[J].Resources Science,2011,33(11):2116-2123.]
[5]江冲,金建君,李论.基于CVM的耕地资源保护非市场价值研究--以浙江省温岭市为例[J].资源科学,2011,33(10):1955-1961.[Jiang C,Jin J J,Li L.Non-market valuation of cultivated land protection using CVM:a case study of Wenling city[J].Resources Science,2011,33(10):1955-1961.]
[6]蔡潇.城市水域生态服务功能价值评价[D].南昌:南昌大学,2011.[Cai X.Evaluation on urban water ecosystem service[D].Nanchang:Nanchang University,2011.]
[7]刘耀彬,蔡潇.基于CVM的南昌城市河湖生态服务功能价值评估[J].城市环境与城市生态,2011,(2):23-26.[Liu Y B,Cai X.Estimation of ecological services value for urban rivers and lakes in Nanchang city based on contingent valuation method[J].Urban Environment and Urban Ecology.2011,(2):23-26.]
[8]杨银川.社会资本视角下居民垃圾袋支付意愿研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.[Yang Y C.The study on the civil willingness to pay for garbage bag in the angle of social capital[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2013.]
[9]陈红光,王秋丹,李晨洋.支付意愿引导技术:支付卡式、单边界二分式和双边界二分式的比较--以三江平原生态旅游水资源的非使用价值为例[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(9):2709-2715.[Chen H G,Wang Q D,Li C Y.WTP guidance technology:A comparison of payment card,single-bounded and double-bounded dichotomous formats for evaluating non-use values of Sanjiang Plain ecotourism water resources[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(9):2709-2715.]
[10]邱国梁,姜昊.基于CVM的耕地非市场价值评估研究--以江苏省涟水县为例[J].农业经济问题,2010,(S):4-8.[Qiu GL,Jiang H.Study on non-market value of cultivated land by the method of CVM:the case of Lianshui County,Jiangsu province[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2010,(S):4-8.]
[11]姜昊.基于CVM的耕地非市场价值评估研究--以江苏省涟水县为例[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.[Jiang H.Study on non-market value of cultivated land by the method of CVM:the case of Lianshui County,Jiangsu province[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.]
[12]么相姝.天津市居民大气环境质量改善支付意愿评估--基于双边界二分式CVM的视角[J].城市问题,2016,(7):81-86.[Me X S.Evaluation of the Tianjin city residents'willingness to improve the atmospheric environment quality based on doublebounded CVM method[J].Urban Problems,2016,(7):81-86.]
[13]王迪,聂锐,王胜洲.耕地保护外部性及其经济补偿研究进展[J].中国人口?资源与环境,2012,22(10):131-136.[Wang D,Nie R,Wang S Z.Research progress of farmland’s externalities and its economic compensation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(10):131-136.]
[14]Hanemann W M.Discrete/continuous models of consumer demand[J].Econometric,1984,52(3):541-561.
[15]Hanemann W M.Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete responses[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1984b,66(3):332-341.
[16]Hanemann W M.Willingness to pay and willingness to accept:How much can they differ?[J].American Economic Review,1991,81:635-647.
[17]Hanemann W M,Kanninen B.The statistical analysis of discrete response CV data[A].In:Bateman I J,Willis K G,et al.Valuing Environmental Preferences:Theory and Practice of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US,EU,and Developing Countries[C].New York:Oxford University Press,1999:301-440.
[18]徐中民,张志强,龙爱华,等.额济纳旗生态系统服务恢复价值评估方法的比较与应用[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):1841-1850.[Xu Z M,Zhang Z Q,Long A H,et al.Comparison and application of different contingent valuation methods in measuring total economic value of restoring Ejina Banner's ecosystem services[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(9):1841-1850.]
[19]Scheaffer,R.L.,Mandenhall,W.and Ott,L.Y.Elementary Survey Sampling 4th edition,Duxbrey Press,1990.
[20]Bateman.Learning design contingent valuation(LDCV):NOAAguidelines,preference learning and coherent arbitrariness[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2008,55(2):127-141.
[21]于洋,杨光,张今华,等.基于外部效益的吉林省耕地保护经济补偿标准的实证分析[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(16):4008-4010.[Yu Y,Yang G,Zhang J H,et al.Empirical analysis on the standard for economic compensation of cultivated land protection in Jilin Province based on external benefit[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences.2013,52(16):4008-4010.]
[22]唐建.耕地价值评价研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.[Tang J.Study on appraisal of cultivated land value[D].Chongqing:Southwestern University,2010.]
[23]毛良祥.耕地保护补偿标准与补偿基金规模研究[D].北京:中国地质大学.2013.[Mao L X.The study on calculation of compensation fund of cultivated land protection[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences.2013.]
[24]李明利.基于条件价值法的耕地资源非市场价值评估研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2009.[Li M L.A study on evaluation of non-market value of cultivated land resource by the contingent valuation method[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2009.]
[25]喻永红.基于CVM法的农户保持退耕还林的接受意愿研究-以重庆万州为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(4):65-70.[Yu Y H.Famers'willingness to accept for maintaining the grain for green:an empirical analysis based on Wanzhou District in Chongqing[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(4):65-70.]
[26]敖长林,高丹,毛碧琦,等.空间尺度下公众对环境保护的支付意愿度量方法及实证研究[J].资源科学,2015,37(11):2288-2298.[Ao C L,Gao D,Mao B Qi,et al.Methods for measuring public willingness to pay for environmental conservation and empirical research under spatial scale[J].Resources Science,2015,37(11):2288-2298.]
[27]敖长林,周领,焦扬,等.初始投标值数量和样本容量对双边界二分式CVM的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(3):854-862.[Ao C L,Zhou L,Jiao Y,et al.Influence of initial bid number and sample size on the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(3):854-862.]
[28]张统.小水电生态系统服务价值评估-以浙江省通济桥水库为例[D].杭州:浙江大学,2008.[Zhang T.Evaluation of ecosystem service value of small hydropower Tongjiqiao reservoir as an example[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2008.]
[29]马爱慧.基于双边界二分式条件价值法的农户耕地补偿意愿评估[J].上海国土资源,2015(4):19-22.[Ma A H.Overview of research on the driving mechanism of rural-urban land conversion based on spatial econometrics[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,2015(4):19-22.]
[30]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2001.[Wu M L.SPSS statistical application practice[M].Beijing:China Railway Press,2001.]