台风Polly(9216)和Matmo(1410)对辽东半岛降水影响的对比分析
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摘要
台风Matmo(1410)和Polly(9216)影响辽东半岛时的路径近乎重合,但台风Polly造成了大范围的暴雨和大暴雨,而台风Matmo仅个别测站出现暴雨。利用中国气象局热带气旋年鉴、FY-2D卫星的黑体亮度温度(TBB)产品(0.1°×0.1°)、日本气象厅TBB资料、大连地区逐时自动气象站降雨量资料、常规观测资料和欧洲中期数值预报中心ERA-Interim全球再分析资料(0.125°×0.125°),对两个台风影响辽东半岛的降水过程进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)两个台风均进入西风槽区而变性,在其西侧和北侧分别具有冷锋和暖锋锋生,辽东半岛的降水均发生在台风低压环流北侧的锋生区和环境风垂直切变明显增大过程中。但两个变性台风的大尺度环流背景却差异显著,台风Polly与西北侧较强冷空气相互作用,锋区随高度增加向西北倾斜,且与低空东南急流相连获得丰富水汽供应,强降水持续时间长,而台风Matmo与东北部对流层低层冷空气相互作用明显,锋区随高度增加略向东北倾斜,但其低空急流水汽通道被快速隔断,不稳定度和动力抬升条件减弱,强降水持续时间短。(2)台风Polly和Matmo的降水分布非对称明显,均出现在顺垂直切变方向的左侧,但台风相对于高空槽的位置不同,对流活动发展的方位有所差异。台风Polly中尺度对流活动在其北侧发展旺盛,且向西南弯曲,而台风Matmo对流活动仅发生在台风环流东北侧。(3)台风的强降水落区还与其低层环流内冷、暖平流的活动密切相关。台风Polly西北侧的冷平流加强,辽东半岛位于台风北侧低层冷暖平流交汇区,水平辐合加强,深厚的上升运动维持,而台风Matmo东北侧的冷平流加强,辽东半岛逐渐位于台风西侧,低层为冷平流控制的下沉运动区,大气层结趋于稳定。
The tracks of tropical cyclones(TC)Matmo(1410)and Polly(9216)were very similar over Liaodong Peninsula.However,the former caused only scattered rainstorms, but the latter produced large-scale rainstorms.Using CMA Tropical Cyclone Yearbook,FY-2 D temperature of brightness blackbody(TBB)product(0.1°× 0.1°),satellite observed TBB data issued by Japanese Meteorological Administration,hourly rainfall observations from Dalian's automatic weather stations(AWSs),conventional observation and ERA-Interim reanalysis data(0.125°×0.125°),the two TC cases that affected Liaodong Peninsula were compared and diagnosed.The results showed that(1)Polly and Matmo experienced extratropical transition when approaching westerly troughs.Frontogenesis zones were found in the lower layers of them.The western frontal zone had the cold frontal feature and the northern frontal zone had the warm frontal feature.Both of the precipitation over Liaodong Peninsula appeared in the northern frontogenesis processes.Meanwhile,the vertical wind shears were enhanced.But the characteristics of large-scale circulation of the two TCs were quite different.The cold air in the lower and middle troposphere invaded into Polly's northwest side,the frontal zone slanted towards northwest with height,Polly produced heavy precipitation with a much longer time period due to abundant moisture supply from the low-level southeast jet.However,the frontal zone slanted towards northeast with height under the interaction between Matmo and the low level cold air being from the northeast of the typhoon.It met with a weaker rain rate with poor dynamic lifting condition and being cut-off with the low-level moisture jet.(2)The distributions of rainfall of Polly and Matmo showed clear asymmetric structures when impacting Liaodong Peninsula.The locations of heavy rain mainly occurred in the left along with the direction of the vertical wind shear.However,when the upper-level trough was located over different quadrant of TC, it suffered from a very different formation and strengthening of mesoscale cloud cluster.The convection activity of Polly was located at the north quadrant of typhoon inclining to southwest afterwards,but for Matmo,the convection activity only occurred in the northeast quadrant of typhoon.(3)Severe rainfall was closely related to the cold and warm advections in the typhoon circulation.The cold advection on the northwest side of Polly was strengthened,and Liaodong Peninsula was just controlled by the north of typhoon,possessing the cold and warm advections intersection in low-level circulation, strong low-level convergence,and deep and persistent vertical motion.However,there existed strong cold advection on the northeast side of Matmo,and Liaodong Peninsula was gradually under the west of typhoon,where the cold advection produced downward motion,dynamic lifting was reduced and the atmospheric stratification tended to be stable.
The tracks of tropical cyclones(TC)Matmo(1410)and Polly(9216)were very similar over Liaodong Peninsula.However,the former caused only scattered rainstorms, but the latter produced large-scale rainstorms.Using CMA Tropical Cyclone Yearbook,FY-2 D temperature of brightness blackbody(TBB)product(0.1°× 0.1°),satellite observed TBB data issued by Japanese Meteorological Administration,hourly rainfall observations from Dalian's automatic weather stations(AWSs),conventional observation and ERA-Interim reanalysis data(0.125°×0.125°),the two TC cases that affected Liaodong Peninsula were compared and diagnosed.The results showed that(1)Polly and Matmo experienced extratropical transition when approaching westerly troughs.Frontogenesis zones were found in the lower layers of them.The western frontal zone had the cold frontal feature and the northern frontal zone had the warm frontal feature.Both of the precipitation over Liaodong Peninsula appeared in the northern frontogenesis processes.Meanwhile,the vertical wind shears were enhanced.But the characteristics of large-scale circulation of the two TCs were quite different.The cold air in the lower and middle troposphere invaded into Polly's northwest side,the frontal zone slanted towards northwest with height,Polly produced heavy precipitation with a much longer time period due to abundant moisture supply from the low-level southeast jet.However,the frontal zone slanted towards northeast with height under the interaction between Matmo and the low level cold air being from the northeast of the typhoon.It met with a weaker rain rate with poor dynamic lifting condition and being cut-off with the low-level moisture jet.(2)The distributions of rainfall of Polly and Matmo showed clear asymmetric structures when impacting Liaodong Peninsula.The locations of heavy rain mainly occurred in the left along with the direction of the vertical wind shear.However,when the upper-level trough was located over different quadrant of TC, it suffered from a very different formation and strengthening of mesoscale cloud cluster.The convection activity of Polly was located at the north quadrant of typhoon inclining to southwest afterwards,but for Matmo,the convection activity only occurred in the northeast quadrant of typhoon.(3)Severe rainfall was closely related to the cold and warm advections in the typhoon circulation.The cold advection on the northwest side of Polly was strengthened,and Liaodong Peninsula was just controlled by the north of typhoon,possessing the cold and warm advections intersection in low-level circulation, strong low-level convergence,and deep and persistent vertical motion.However,there existed strong cold advection on the northeast side of Matmo,and Liaodong Peninsula was gradually under the west of typhoon,where the cold advection produced downward motion,dynamic lifting was reduced and the atmospheric stratification tended to be stable.
引文
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陈淑琴,徐燚,曹宗元,等,2018.冷空气和热带低压共同作用下的一次暴雨预报失败原因分析[J].气象,44(1):142-150.Chen S Q,Xu Y,Cao Z Y,et al,2018.Results of a failure forecast about a rainstorm caused by cold air and tropical low pressure[J].Meteor Mon,44(1):142-150(in Chinese).
程正泉,陈联寿,李英,2009.登陆台风降水的大尺度环流诊断分析[J].气象学报,67(5):840-850.Cheng Z Q,Chen L S,Li Y,2009.Diagnostic analysis of large-scale circulation features associated with strong and weak landfalling typhoon precipitation events[J].Acta Meteor Sin,67(5):840-850(in Chinese).
丁德平,李英,2009.北京地区的台风降水特征研究[J].气象学报,67(5):864-874.Ding D P,Li Y,2009.A study on rainfall features of Beijing associated with typhoons[J].Acta Meteor Sin,67(5):864-874(in Chinese).
杜惠良,黄新晴,冯晓伟,等,2011.弱冷空气与台风残留低压相互作用对一次大暴雨过程的影响[J].气象,37(7):847-856.Du H L,Huang X Q,Feng X W,et al,2011.The effect of the interaction between weak cold flow and typhoon depression on a rainstorm[J].Meteor Mon,37(7):847-856(in Chinese).
冀春晓,赵放,高守亭,等,2012.登陆台风Matsa(麦莎)中尺度扰动特征分析[J].大气科学,36(3):551-563.Ji C X,Zhao F,Gao S T,et al. 2012.Analysis of the characteristics of mesoscale disturbance for landfalling Typhoon Matsa[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,36(3):551-563(in Chinese).
李英,陈联寿,雷小途,2013.Winnie(9711)台风变性加强过程中的降水变化研究[J].大气科学,37(3):623-633.Li Y,Chen L S,Lei X T,2013.Study on rainfall variation associated with TyphoonWinnie(9711)during its extratropical transition process[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,37(3):623-633(in Chinese).
李英,陈联寿,王继志,2004.登陆热带气旋长久维持与迅速消亡的大尺度环流特征[J].气象学报,62(2):167-179.Li Y,Chen L S,Wang J Z,2004.The diagnostic analysis on the characteristics of large scale circulation corresponding to the sustaining and decaying of tropical cyclone after it's landfall[J].Acta Meteor Sin,62(2):167-179(in Chinese).
梁军,陈联寿,2005.影响辽东半岛热带气旋运动、强度和影响的特征[J].热带气象学报,21(4):410-419.Liang J,Chen L S,2005.Motion and intensity and impact characteristics of tropical cyclone affecting the Liaodong Peninsula[J].J Trop Meteor,21(4):410-419(in Chinese).
梁军,陈联寿,张胜军,等,2008.冷空气影响辽东半岛热带气旋降水的数值试验[J].大气科学,32(5):1107-1118.Liang J,Chen L S,Zhang S J,et al,2008.Numerical study of impact of cold air on rainfall of tropical cyclone over Liaodong Peninsula[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,32(5):1107-1118(in Chinese).
梁军,李英,张胜军,等,2015a.影响辽东半岛两个台风Meari和Muifa暴雨环流特征的对比分析[J].大气科学,39(6):1215-1224.Liang J,Li Y,Zhang S J,et al,2015a.Comparison of synoptic circulations of heavy rain associated with typhoons Meari and Muifa over Liaodong Peninsula[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,39(6):1215-1224(in Chinese).
梁军,张胜军,黄艇,等,2015b.辽东半岛“达维”(1210)台风暴雨的诊断分析[J].气象,41(3):364-371.Liang J,Zhang S J,Huang T,et al,2015b.Diagnostic analyses of typhoon torrential rain over Liaodong peninsula[J].Meteor Mon,41(3):364-371(in Chinese).
唐明晖,姚秀萍,王强,等,2017.不同强度台风相伴随的内陆台前飑线对比分析[J].气象,43(8):912-923.Tang M H,Yao X P,Wang Q,et al,2017.Contrastive analysis of inland Pre-TC squall line accompanied by typhoons with different intensities[J].Meteor Mon,43(8):912-923(in Chinese).
徐夏囡,1996.Polly(9216)台风登陆后的地面中尺度系统分析[J].应用气象学报,7(3):267-274.Xu X N,1996,A study on the surface mesoscale systems of the landed typhoon Polly(No.9216)[J].Quart J Appl Meteor,7(3):267-274(in Chinese).
杨晓霞,陈联寿,刘诗军,等,2008.山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨研究[J].气象学报,66(2):236-250.Yang X X,Chen L S,Liu S J,et al,2008.A study of the far distance tropical cyclone torrential rainfalls in Shandong Province[J].Acta Meteor Sin,66(2):236-250(in Chinese).
张建海,于忠凯,何勇,2010.两个路径相似台风暴雨过程的模拟分析[J].热带气象学报,26(4):392-400.Zhang J H,Yu Z K,He Y,2010.Analysis of a simulation of heavy rainfall associated with two typhoons with similar routes[J].J Trop Meteor,26(4):392-400(in Chinese).
赵思雄,孙建华,2013.近年来灾害天气机理和预测研究的进展[J].大气科学,37(2):297-312.Zhao S X,Sun J H,2013.Study on mechanism and prediction of disastrous weathers during recent years[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,37(2):297-312(in Chinese).
中国气象局,1992.热带气旋年鉴1992[M].北京:气象出版社:36-38.China Meteorological Administration,1992.Typhoon Yearbooks(1992)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:36-38(in Chinese).
中国气象局,2014.热带气旋年鉴2012[M].北京:气象出版社:75-86.China Meteorological Administration,2014.Typhoon Yearbooks(2012)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:75-86(in Chinese).
钟颖旻,徐明,王元,2009.西北太平洋变性台风时空分布特征[J].气象学报,67(5):697-707.Zhong Y M,Xu M,Wang Y,2009.Spatio-temporal distributive characteristics of extratropically transitioning tropical cyclones over the Northwest Pacific[J].Acta Meteor Sin,67(5):697-707(in Chinese).
周玲丽,翟国庆,王东海,等,2011.0713号“韦帕”台风暴雨的中尺度数值研究和非对称性结构分析[J].大气科学,35(6):1046-1056.Zhou L L,Zhai G Q,Wang D H,et al,2011.Mesoscale numerical study of the rainstorm and asymmetric structure of 0713Typhoon Wipha[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,35(6):1046-1056(in Chinese).
Bonell M,Callaghan J,2008.The synoptic meteorology of high rainfalls and the storm run-off response in the wet tropics[C]//Stork N E,Turton S M.Living in a Dynamic Tropical Forest Landscape.Oxford:Blackwell Press:1-488.
Chen S Y,Knaff J A,Marks F D Jr,2006.Effects of vertical wind shear and storm motion on tropical cyclone rainfall asymmetries deduced from TRMM[J].Mon Wea Rev,134(11):3190-3208.
Harr P A,Elsberry E L,2000.Extratropical transition of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific.Part I:evolution of structural characteristics during the transition process[J].Mon Wea Rev,128(8):2613-2633.
Klein P M,Harr P A,Elsberry R L,2002.Extratropical transition of western North Pacific tropical cyclones:midlatitude and tropical cyclone contributions to reintensification[J].Mon Wea Rev,130(9):2240-2259.
陈联寿,丁一汇,1979.西太平洋台风概论[M].北京:科学出版社:305-310,331-333,462-474.Chen L S,Ding Y H,1979.An Introduction to the Western Pacific Typhoon[M].Beijing:Science Press:305-310,331-333,462-474(in Chinese).
陈淑琴,徐燚,曹宗元,等,2018.冷空气和热带低压共同作用下的一次暴雨预报失败原因分析[J].气象,44(1):142-150.Chen S Q,Xu Y,Cao Z Y,et al,2018.Results of a failure forecast about a rainstorm caused by cold air and tropical low pressure[J].Meteor Mon,44(1):142-150(in Chinese).
程正泉,陈联寿,李英,2009.登陆台风降水的大尺度环流诊断分析[J].气象学报,67(5):840-850.Cheng Z Q,Chen L S,Li Y,2009.Diagnostic analysis of large-scale circulation features associated with strong and weak landfalling typhoon precipitation events[J].Acta Meteor Sin,67(5):840-850(in Chinese).
丁德平,李英,2009.北京地区的台风降水特征研究[J].气象学报,67(5):864-874.Ding D P,Li Y,2009.A study on rainfall features of Beijing associated with typhoons[J].Acta Meteor Sin,67(5):864-874(in Chinese).
杜惠良,黄新晴,冯晓伟,等,2011.弱冷空气与台风残留低压相互作用对一次大暴雨过程的影响[J].气象,37(7):847-856.Du H L,Huang X Q,Feng X W,et al,2011.The effect of the interaction between weak cold flow and typhoon depression on a rainstorm[J].Meteor Mon,37(7):847-856(in Chinese).
冀春晓,赵放,高守亭,等,2012.登陆台风Matsa(麦莎)中尺度扰动特征分析[J].大气科学,36(3):551-563.Ji C X,Zhao F,Gao S T,et al. 2012.Analysis of the characteristics of mesoscale disturbance for landfalling Typhoon Matsa[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,36(3):551-563(in Chinese).
李英,陈联寿,雷小途,2013.Winnie(9711)台风变性加强过程中的降水变化研究[J].大气科学,37(3):623-633.Li Y,Chen L S,Lei X T,2013.Study on rainfall variation associated with TyphoonWinnie(9711)during its extratropical transition process[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,37(3):623-633(in Chinese).
李英,陈联寿,王继志,2004.登陆热带气旋长久维持与迅速消亡的大尺度环流特征[J].气象学报,62(2):167-179.Li Y,Chen L S,Wang J Z,2004.The diagnostic analysis on the characteristics of large scale circulation corresponding to the sustaining and decaying of tropical cyclone after it's landfall[J].Acta Meteor Sin,62(2):167-179(in Chinese).
梁军,陈联寿,2005.影响辽东半岛热带气旋运动、强度和影响的特征[J].热带气象学报,21(4):410-419.Liang J,Chen L S,2005.Motion and intensity and impact characteristics of tropical cyclone affecting the Liaodong Peninsula[J].J Trop Meteor,21(4):410-419(in Chinese).
梁军,陈联寿,张胜军,等,2008.冷空气影响辽东半岛热带气旋降水的数值试验[J].大气科学,32(5):1107-1118.Liang J,Chen L S,Zhang S J,et al,2008.Numerical study of impact of cold air on rainfall of tropical cyclone over Liaodong Peninsula[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,32(5):1107-1118(in Chinese).
梁军,李英,张胜军,等,2015a.影响辽东半岛两个台风Meari和Muifa暴雨环流特征的对比分析[J].大气科学,39(6):1215-1224.Liang J,Li Y,Zhang S J,et al,2015a.Comparison of synoptic circulations of heavy rain associated with typhoons Meari and Muifa over Liaodong Peninsula[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,39(6):1215-1224(in Chinese).
梁军,张胜军,黄艇,等,2015b.辽东半岛“达维”(1210)台风暴雨的诊断分析[J].气象,41(3):364-371.Liang J,Zhang S J,Huang T,et al,2015b.Diagnostic analyses of typhoon torrential rain over Liaodong peninsula[J].Meteor Mon,41(3):364-371(in Chinese).
唐明晖,姚秀萍,王强,等,2017.不同强度台风相伴随的内陆台前飑线对比分析[J].气象,43(8):912-923.Tang M H,Yao X P,Wang Q,et al,2017.Contrastive analysis of inland Pre-TC squall line accompanied by typhoons with different intensities[J].Meteor Mon,43(8):912-923(in Chinese).
徐夏囡,1996.Polly(9216)台风登陆后的地面中尺度系统分析[J].应用气象学报,7(3):267-274.Xu X N,1996,A study on the surface mesoscale systems of the landed typhoon Polly(No.9216)[J].Quart J Appl Meteor,7(3):267-274(in Chinese).
杨晓霞,陈联寿,刘诗军,等,2008.山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨研究[J].气象学报,66(2):236-250.Yang X X,Chen L S,Liu S J,et al,2008.A study of the far distance tropical cyclone torrential rainfalls in Shandong Province[J].Acta Meteor Sin,66(2):236-250(in Chinese).
张建海,于忠凯,何勇,2010.两个路径相似台风暴雨过程的模拟分析[J].热带气象学报,26(4):392-400.Zhang J H,Yu Z K,He Y,2010.Analysis of a simulation of heavy rainfall associated with two typhoons with similar routes[J].J Trop Meteor,26(4):392-400(in Chinese).
赵思雄,孙建华,2013.近年来灾害天气机理和预测研究的进展[J].大气科学,37(2):297-312.Zhao S X,Sun J H,2013.Study on mechanism and prediction of disastrous weathers during recent years[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,37(2):297-312(in Chinese).
中国气象局,1992.热带气旋年鉴1992[M].北京:气象出版社:36-38.China Meteorological Administration,1992.Typhoon Yearbooks(1992)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:36-38(in Chinese).
中国气象局,2014.热带气旋年鉴2012[M].北京:气象出版社:75-86.China Meteorological Administration,2014.Typhoon Yearbooks(2012)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:75-86(in Chinese).
钟颖旻,徐明,王元,2009.西北太平洋变性台风时空分布特征[J].气象学报,67(5):697-707.Zhong Y M,Xu M,Wang Y,2009.Spatio-temporal distributive characteristics of extratropically transitioning tropical cyclones over the Northwest Pacific[J].Acta Meteor Sin,67(5):697-707(in Chinese).
周玲丽,翟国庆,王东海,等,2011.0713号“韦帕”台风暴雨的中尺度数值研究和非对称性结构分析[J].大气科学,35(6):1046-1056.Zhou L L,Zhai G Q,Wang D H,et al,2011.Mesoscale numerical study of the rainstorm and asymmetric structure of 0713Typhoon Wipha[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,35(6):1046-1056(in Chinese).
Bonell M,Callaghan J,2008.The synoptic meteorology of high rainfalls and the storm run-off response in the wet tropics[C]//Stork N E,Turton S M.Living in a Dynamic Tropical Forest Landscape.Oxford:Blackwell Press:1-488.
Chen S Y,Knaff J A,Marks F D Jr,2006.Effects of vertical wind shear and storm motion on tropical cyclone rainfall asymmetries deduced from TRMM[J].Mon Wea Rev,134(11):3190-3208.
Harr P A,Elsberry E L,2000.Extratropical transition of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific.Part I:evolution of structural characteristics during the transition process[J].Mon Wea Rev,128(8):2613-2633.
Klein P M,Harr P A,Elsberry R L,2002.Extratropical transition of western North Pacific tropical cyclones:midlatitude and tropical cyclone contributions to reintensification[J].Mon Wea Rev,130(9):2240-2259.