OECD国家的生育支持服务体系及其启示
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摘要
国际劳工组织于1919年发出"12周休假、工作保护、收入补偿"三大倡议,奠定了经济合作与发展组织国家生育休假政策的基本准则。基于妇女儿童权益和现代家庭观念,目前经济合作与发展组织国家已经形成包括生育休假、收入补偿和保育服务三方面内容的生育支持服务体系。为了应对生育率的逐年走低,政府可以借鉴经济合作与发展组织国家的经验,不断完善我国的生育支持服务体系。在建立现代生育休假观念的基础上,通过社保改革提高生育期间的经济保障,通过个税改革实现儿童税抵免,通过推动学前教育的发展提供更广泛的儿童早期保育服务。
In 1919, the International Labor Organization' s advocate of a "12 weeks leave, job protection,paid leave" laid the core criteria of birth policy in OECD nations. Based on the rights of women and children and the concept of modern family, the OECD countries have formed three aspects of birth policy system, including parental leave, income compensation and early childhood education care services. In order to actively respond to the decline of fertility rate, Chinese government should learn from the experience of OECD countries to reconstruct the family policy system. Based on the establishment of a modern parental leave, extensive ECEC services should be provided through improving economic security by the social insurance reform, and through realizing children tax credit by individual income tax reform, and through pushing the development of preschool education.
In 1919, the International Labor Organization' s advocate of a "12 weeks leave, job protection,paid leave" laid the core criteria of birth policy in OECD nations. Based on the rights of women and children and the concept of modern family, the OECD countries have formed three aspects of birth policy system, including parental leave, income compensation and early childhood education care services. In order to actively respond to the decline of fertility rate, Chinese government should learn from the experience of OECD countries to reconstruct the family policy system. Based on the establishment of a modern parental leave, extensive ECEC services should be provided through improving economic security by the social insurance reform, and through realizing children tax credit by individual income tax reform, and through pushing the development of preschool education.
引文
[1]钟晓华.“全面二孩”政策实施效果的评价与优化策略——基于城市“双非”夫妇再生育意愿的调查[J].中国行政管理,2016(7):127-131.
[2]翟振武,陈佳鞠,李龙.现阶段中国的总和生育率究竟是多少?——来自户籍登记数据的新证据[J].人口研究,2015(6):22-34.
[3]陈友华,苗国.低生育率陷阱:概念、OECD和“金砖四国”经验与相关问题探讨[J].人口与发展,2015(6):7-18.
[4]吴帆.欧洲家庭政策与生育率变化——兼论中国低生育率陷阱的风险[J].社会学研究,2016(1):49-72.
[5]ADEMA W,ALI N,THEVENON O.Changes in family policies and outcomes:is there convergence?[R].OECD Social,Employment and Migration Working Papers,No.157,2014,OECD Publishing.
[6]European Commission.Indicators for monitoring the employment guidelines including indicators for additional employment analysis(2010 compendium)[R].2010,European Commission.
[7]OLIVETTI C,PETRONGOLO B.The economic consequences of family policies:lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,2017,31(1):205–230.
[8]KLINE P,WALTERS C.Evaluating public programs with close substitutes:the case of head start[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2016,131(4):1795-1848.
[9]HAECK C,LEFEBVRE P,MERRIGAN P.Canadian evidence on ten years of universal preschool policies:the good and the bad[J].Labour Economics,2015,36:137–157.
[10]刘骥,德新健.计划生育政策执行探析:兼论计生改革的难点与方向[J].中国行政管理,2015(6):107-112.
[11]NICHOLS A,ROTHSTEIN J.The Earned Income Tax Credit(EITC)[R].2016,NBER working paper 21211.
(1)部分实施带薪陪产假的OECD国家也为男职工提供收入补偿,OECD家庭数据库中也提供了相关数据,限于篇幅,本文并未列出,也未进行分析。
(1)如果忽略10个不提供育儿假收入补偿的国家,则均值上升为45%。
(2)若不计10个无此类税收支持政策的国家(即比例为0),则均值上升为0.4%。
(1)根据现行规定,女职工在怀孕期间所产生的一切医疗费用都被划归为产检费用,且仅能按照定额报销。以北京为例,各项产检费用报销的定额为1 400元,但通常在二甲医院各项产检一次性通过所花费的费用约为5 000元;考虑到生二胎者多为高龄产妇,所花费的平均产检费用则更高。
[2]翟振武,陈佳鞠,李龙.现阶段中国的总和生育率究竟是多少?——来自户籍登记数据的新证据[J].人口研究,2015(6):22-34.
[3]陈友华,苗国.低生育率陷阱:概念、OECD和“金砖四国”经验与相关问题探讨[J].人口与发展,2015(6):7-18.
[4]吴帆.欧洲家庭政策与生育率变化——兼论中国低生育率陷阱的风险[J].社会学研究,2016(1):49-72.
[5]ADEMA W,ALI N,THEVENON O.Changes in family policies and outcomes:is there convergence?[R].OECD Social,Employment and Migration Working Papers,No.157,2014,OECD Publishing.
[6]European Commission.Indicators for monitoring the employment guidelines including indicators for additional employment analysis(2010 compendium)[R].2010,European Commission.
[7]OLIVETTI C,PETRONGOLO B.The economic consequences of family policies:lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,2017,31(1):205–230.
[8]KLINE P,WALTERS C.Evaluating public programs with close substitutes:the case of head start[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2016,131(4):1795-1848.
[9]HAECK C,LEFEBVRE P,MERRIGAN P.Canadian evidence on ten years of universal preschool policies:the good and the bad[J].Labour Economics,2015,36:137–157.
[10]刘骥,德新健.计划生育政策执行探析:兼论计生改革的难点与方向[J].中国行政管理,2015(6):107-112.
[11]NICHOLS A,ROTHSTEIN J.The Earned Income Tax Credit(EITC)[R].2016,NBER working paper 21211.
(1)部分实施带薪陪产假的OECD国家也为男职工提供收入补偿,OECD家庭数据库中也提供了相关数据,限于篇幅,本文并未列出,也未进行分析。
(1)如果忽略10个不提供育儿假收入补偿的国家,则均值上升为45%。
(2)若不计10个无此类税收支持政策的国家(即比例为0),则均值上升为0.4%。
(1)根据现行规定,女职工在怀孕期间所产生的一切医疗费用都被划归为产检费用,且仅能按照定额报销。以北京为例,各项产检费用报销的定额为1 400元,但通常在二甲医院各项产检一次性通过所花费的费用约为5 000元;考虑到生二胎者多为高龄产妇,所花费的平均产检费用则更高。