唐山市2017年采暖期不同污染等级PM_(2.5)化学组分特征对比与来源分析
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摘要
为深入了解唐山市采暖期PM_(2.5)污染成因与来源,采用在线监测设备于2017年12月1日—2018年1月28日连续监测了唐山市PM_(2.5)及其水溶性离子和碳质组分(OC、EC)的质量浓度变化,并结合部分常规气体污染物及气象数据进行对比分析.结果表明:①相对湿度的增加和风速的降低促进了污染的发展.②清洁、轻中度污染和重污染时,SOR (硫氧化率)分别为0. 05、0. 08、0. 20,NOR (氮氧化率)分别为0. 05、0. 12、0. 26,随着污染的加重,SO_2、NOx向PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO3-的二次转化现象更加明显.③清洁时,ρ(OC)、ρ(EC)、ρ(SO_4~(2-))和ρ(Cl-)占PM_(2.5)化学组分(水溶性离子、碳质组分)质量浓度总和的68%,主要污染源为燃煤;清洁、轻中度污染和重污染时,ρ(NO_2)/ρ(SO_2)分别为0. 96、1. 14、1. 44,ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))分别为0. 94、1. 57和1. 75;重污染时,ρ(SO_4~(2-))、ρ(NO3-)、ρ(NH_4~+)三者之和占PM_(2.5)化学组分质量浓度总和的61%,二次污染物成为主要污染源.④观测期,唐山市轻中度污染和重污染时,受经北京市、天津市等唐山市西部地区方向气团影响频率分别为61%、63%,受该方向气团影响时,ρ(NO_2)/ρ(SO_2)、ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))明显增大.研究显示,相较于燃煤排放物在大气污染物中的占比变化,随着污染的加重,工业工艺和机动车尾气排放产生的污染物占比明显增大,区域传输对大气污染影响不可忽略,政府有必要开展区域联防联控、停产限产和限行限号的措施.
For insight into the causes and sources of PM_(2.5) pollution during the heating period in Tangshan City,the on-line monitoring equipment was used to continuously monitor the mass concentration changes of water-soluble ions and the carbon component(OC,EC) in PM_(2.5) from December 1 st,2017 to January 28 th,2018 in Tangshan City. The analysis combined with some conventional gas pollutants and meteorological data. The results showed that:(1) The increase in relative humidity and the reduction of wind speed promoted the development of the pollution.(2) When no air pollution,mild-to-moderate pollution and heavy pollution,SOR(sulfur oxidation rate)values were 0. 05,0. 08,0. 20,and NOR(nitrogen oxidation rate) values were 0. 05,0. 12,0. 26,respectively. With the increase in pollution degree,the quadratic transformation phenomenon of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide to sulfate and nitrate in PM_(2.5) was more obvious.(3) When no pollution,the mass concentration of OC(organic carbon),EC(elemental carbon),SO_4~(2-)and Cl-accounted for68% of the sum of PM_(2.5) chemical compositions(water-soluble ions,carbon component),the coal combustion was the main pollution sources. When no pollution,mild-to-moderate pollution and heavy pollution,the mass concentration ratio of NO_2 and SO_2 was 0. 96,1. 14,1. 44,and the mass concentration ratio of NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)was 0. 94,1. 57 and 1. 75,respectively. When heavy pollution,the mass concentration of SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-and NH4+accounted for 61% of the sum of PM_(2.5) chemical composition and secondary pollutants were the main pollution sources.(4) During the observation period,when mild-to-moderate pollution and heavy pollution occurred,Tangshan City was affected by the transmission air masses in the direction of the western part of Tangshan City such as Beijing and Tianjin City,respectively,with a frequency of 61% and 63%. Influenced by the air mass in this direction,the mass concentration ratio of NO_2 and SO_2,NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)increased significantly. The results shown that compared with coal percentage change in atmospheric pollutants,the pollutants from the industrial process and motor vehicle exhaust emission increased significantly along with aggravating air pollution. The impact of regional transmission on atmospheric pollution should not be neglected. It is necessary for the government to carry out measures for joint prevention and control,production and production limits,and limit restrictions.
For insight into the causes and sources of PM_(2.5) pollution during the heating period in Tangshan City,the on-line monitoring equipment was used to continuously monitor the mass concentration changes of water-soluble ions and the carbon component(OC,EC) in PM_(2.5) from December 1 st,2017 to January 28 th,2018 in Tangshan City. The analysis combined with some conventional gas pollutants and meteorological data. The results showed that:(1) The increase in relative humidity and the reduction of wind speed promoted the development of the pollution.(2) When no air pollution,mild-to-moderate pollution and heavy pollution,SOR(sulfur oxidation rate)values were 0. 05,0. 08,0. 20,and NOR(nitrogen oxidation rate) values were 0. 05,0. 12,0. 26,respectively. With the increase in pollution degree,the quadratic transformation phenomenon of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide to sulfate and nitrate in PM_(2.5) was more obvious.(3) When no pollution,the mass concentration of OC(organic carbon),EC(elemental carbon),SO_4~(2-)and Cl-accounted for68% of the sum of PM_(2.5) chemical compositions(water-soluble ions,carbon component),the coal combustion was the main pollution sources. When no pollution,mild-to-moderate pollution and heavy pollution,the mass concentration ratio of NO_2 and SO_2 was 0. 96,1. 14,1. 44,and the mass concentration ratio of NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)was 0. 94,1. 57 and 1. 75,respectively. When heavy pollution,the mass concentration of SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-and NH4+accounted for 61% of the sum of PM_(2.5) chemical composition and secondary pollutants were the main pollution sources.(4) During the observation period,when mild-to-moderate pollution and heavy pollution occurred,Tangshan City was affected by the transmission air masses in the direction of the western part of Tangshan City such as Beijing and Tianjin City,respectively,with a frequency of 61% and 63%. Influenced by the air mass in this direction,the mass concentration ratio of NO_2 and SO_2,NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)increased significantly. The results shown that compared with coal percentage change in atmospheric pollutants,the pollutants from the industrial process and motor vehicle exhaust emission increased significantly along with aggravating air pollution. The impact of regional transmission on atmospheric pollution should not be neglected. It is necessary for the government to carry out measures for joint prevention and control,production and production limits,and limit restrictions.
引文
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[2] CAO Junji,WANG Qiyuan,CHOW J C,et al. Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:559-566.
[3] WANG Y H,LIU Z R,ZHANG J K,et al.Aerosol physicochemical properties and implications for visibility during an intense haze episode during winter in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14:23375-23413.
[4] SCHWARTZ J,DOCKERY D W,NEAS L M. Is daily mortality associated with specially the particles?[J]. Air&Waste Management,1996,46(10):927-939.
[5] MA Yanjun,CHEN Renjie,PAN Guowei,et al.Fine particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Shenyang,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(13):2473-2477.
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[11]李立伟,戴启立,毕晓辉,等.杭州市冬季环境空气PM2. 5中碳组分污染特征及来源[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(3):340-348.LI Liwei,DAI Qili,BI Xiaohui,et al.Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous species in atmospheric PM2. 5during winter in Hangzhou City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3):340-348.
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[14] YANG Yongjie,ZHOU Rui,WU Jianjun,et al. Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing,2012[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,34(8):197-205.
[15] LIU Baoshuang,YANG Jiamei, YUAN Jie, et al. Source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants based on the online data by using PMF and ME2 models at a megacity,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2017,185:22-31.
[16] JI Dongsheng,CUI Yang,LI Liang,et al. Characterization and source identification of fine particulate matter in urban Beijing during the 2015 Spring Festival[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,628/629:430-440.
[17]乔利平.利用在线高分辨率观测手段研究烟花爆竹燃放的大气污染物理化特征[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(9):2398-2406.QIAO Liping.Chemical and physical characterization of atmospheric pollutants during the firework episodes based on the high timeresolution observation methods[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(9):2398-2406.
[18]李礼,翟崇治,王军,等.重庆市主城区大气水溶性离子在线观测分析[J].中国环境监测,2017,33(5):22-27.LI Li,ZHAI Chongzhi,WANG Jun,et al. Online detection and analysis of atmospheric water-soluble ions in Chongqing urban area[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2017,33(5):22-27.
[19]胡敏,邓志强,王轶,等.膜采样离线分析与在线测定大气粒子中元素碳和有机碳的比较[J].环境科学,2008,29(12):3297-3302.HU Min,DENG Zhiqiang,WANG Yi,et al. Comparison of EC/OC in PM2. 5between filter sampling off-line analysis and in situ online measurement[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(12):3297-3302.
[20] QIU Xionghui,DUAN Lei,GAO Jian,et al. Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10and PM2. 5in different functional areas of Lanzhou,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,40:75-83.
[21]温维,韩力慧,代进,等.唐山夏季PM2. 5污染特征及来源解析[J].北京工业大学学报,2014,40(5):751-758.WEN Wei,HAN Lihui,DAI Jin,et al. Characteristics of PM2. 5pollution and source apportionment in Tangshan during summer[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2014,40(5):751-758.
[22]杨懂艳,刘保献,石爱军,等.PM2. 5在线水溶性离子与滤膜采集-实验室检测的比对分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(10):3730-3736.YANG Dongyan,LIU Baoxian,SHI Aijun,et al. Comparison test between on-line monitoring of water-soluble ions and filter-based manual methods for PM2. 5[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(10):3730-3736.
[23] XU Lili,DUAN Fengkui,HE Kebin,et al. Characteristics of the secondary water-soluble ions in a typical autumn haze in Beijing[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,227:296-305.
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[26] YAO Xiaohong,CHAN C K,FANG Ming,et al. The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2. 5in Shanghai and Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36:4223-4234.
[27]郭育红,辛金元,王跃思,等.唐山市大气颗粒物OC/EC浓度谱分布观测研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2497-2504.GUO Yuhong,XIN Jinyuan,WANG Yuesi,et al.Observation of size distribution of atmospheric OC/EC in Tangshan,China[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2497-2504.
[28] DUAN Fengkui,LIU Xiande,YU Tong,et al. Identification and estimate of biomass burning contribution to the urban aerosol organic carbon concentrations in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(9):1275-1282.
[29] HUANG Rujin,ZHANG Yanlin,BOZZETTI C,et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China[J].Nature,2014,514(7521):218-222.
[30]刘莹,李金凤,聂滕.唐山市大气环境治理措施的效果及分析[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(12):1364-1370.LIU Ying,LI Jinfeng,NIE Teng. Effects of control measures on improvement of air quality in Tangshan City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(12):1364-1370.
[31]李璇,赵晓楠,俞磊,等.石家庄市采暖前后大气颗粒物及其碳组分特征[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(4):679-687.LI Xuan,ZHAO Xiaonan,YU Lei,et al. Characteristics of carbon components in atmospheric particles before and during the heating period in Shijiazhuang City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(4):679-687.
[32] BLANCHARD C L,HIDY G M,TANENBAUM S,et al.Carbon in southeastern U.S. aerosol particles:empirical estimates of secondary organic aerosol formation[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(27):6710-6720.
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