摘要
随着汽车工业的不断发展，我国已经成为世界上的汽车制造大国，但是由于自主研发能力的欠缺，中国还远远不是汽车强国。同时，汽车保有量不断增加，其带来的负面影响也在不断凸显，交通拥堵、交通事故增加、燃料需求紧张以及环境污染等问题越来越受到社会的关注。
菱形车是一款新型汽车，其底盘布置形式与传统汽车的矩形布置形式不同。菱形车四个车轮呈菱形布置，且前后车轮为单轮，承担着联动转向功能，中轮为驱动轮，这样决定了其在总布置以及悬架、转向、制动系统的设计等许多方面会与传统车辆有所不同。菱形车不仅具有完全的自主知识产权，而且在缓解交通、提高碰撞安全、节省燃油以及减少环境污染等方面具有自身的优势。但是，对于菱形车独特的底盘布置形式以及由此带来的一些结构上的创新设计，目前可供直接参考的理论和文献资料相对较少，要实现菱形车将来的产品化和市场化，还有大量的研究工作需要进行。本文在菱形车的平顺性、操纵稳定性、悬架参数设计以及悬架和车轮结构设计等方面进行了较为深入的研究，主要内容包括：
确定了菱形车各悬架系统以及前后轮系统的基本结构。根据菱形底盘布置形式的特殊性，通过对传统悬架形式进行对比分析，确定双纵臂和双横臂独立悬架分别作为菱形车前后悬架和中悬架的基本形式。双纵臂独立悬架不仅适用于转向轮，而且有利于降低整车质心，可以满足菱形车对前后悬架基本要求，悬架和前后轮系统结构的确定有助于后续菱形车的整车性能分析以及优化等工作。
建立了菱形车十五自由度整车平顺性模型，并分别在随机路面和脉冲路面下分析了各设计变量对其平顺性的影响规律。根据菱形车的底盘布置特点，详细推导了菱形车整车平顺性的动力学模型，通过求解，分别得到驾驶员和左后乘员的垂向加权加速度均方根值和最大垂向加速度，从而对整车平顺性进行评价。平顺性模型是菱形车整车性能深入研究的一个理论基础，各设计变量对平顺性的影响规律也为菱形车总布置提供了理论参考。
建立了菱形车二自由度和三自由度操纵模型，并分析了各设计变量对操纵稳定性的影响规律，同时对两个操纵模型进行了对比分析，发现了二者之间的不同。二自由度模型主要考虑侧向和横摆运动，而三自由度模型不仅考虑侧向和横摆运动，而且考虑侧倾运动，通过对菱形车的稳态回转、方向盘角阶跃输入和方向盘角脉冲输入试验的仿真研究，分析了各设计变量对菱形车操纵稳定性的影响规律，为菱形车总布置以及悬架参数选择提供了理论依据，也为菱形车操纵稳定性的深入研究奠定了理论基础。
利用协同优化技术对菱形车的悬架参数进行了优化设计。菱形车悬架参数的变化对平顺性和操纵稳定性的影响存在矛盾性。优化前，通过菱形车样车试验对建立的平顺性模型和三自由度操纵模型进行验证，验证正确后以二者为基础，根据协同优化思想建立了菱形车悬架参数的优化模型，通过优化使得菱形车的整车性能在一定程度上得到了综合提高。优化后的悬架参数能够指导菱形车悬架结构设计，为其提供理论参考。
利用近似建模技术，对菱形车前后轮系统的横梁结构进行了优化设计。根据菱形车的结构特点确定横梁的基本结构，并通过灵敏度分析确定横梁的关键设计尺寸，利用拉丁超立方方法建立横梁样本，再通过对各个样本的分析得到横梁的质量和疲劳寿命，从而利用Kriging近似建模技术建立横梁质量和疲劳寿命的近似模型，在此基础上以横梁疲劳寿命为约束条件，以横梁质量最小化为目标，对其关键设计尺寸进行优化设计。这种设计方法对于菱形车的横梁设计来说，可以大大地缩短设计时间，节约设计成本。
本文的研究对菱形车整车设计参数选择以及前后悬架和前后轮的结构设计提供了理论依据，这不仅对菱形车的样车生产具有实际指导意义，而且为菱形车将来的产品化和市场化奠定了理论基础，具有很好的工程实际意义。
With the development of automobile industry, our country has become a bigcountry of automobile in the world, but China is far from being a power country ofautomobile due to the lack of independent research and development capabilities. Atthe same time, its negative influence has been highlighted following the cars’squantity increasing, and the problems of traffic congestion, traffic accidentsincreasing, fuel shortage and environmental pollution are attentioned more and more.
As a new car, the chassis layout of the rhombic vehicle is different fromtraditional rectangular layout. Its four wheels is rhombic arrangement, and the frontwheel and the rear wheel are a single wheel with linkage steering function, the middlewheels are driving wheels, which determines the rhombic car may be difference fromthe traditional form in the design of the general arrangement, suspensions, steeringand brake system. The rhombic vehicle not only has complete independent intellectualproperty rights, but also has the advantage of oneself in remission, improving trafficsafety, saving fuel and reducing the environmental pollution. However, the directreference theory and literature data are comparatively few due to rhombic vehicleunique chassis layout and some structural innovation design. There are a lot ofresearch work to do for achieving the production and marketization. The ride comfort,handling stability, design of the suspensions’ parameters and design of suspension andwheel’s structure are studied in this paper, and the main contents include:
The basic structure of the rhombic vehicle suspensions and the system of frontand rear wheels are determinded. According to the particularity of the rhombic chassislayout, the double trailing arm independent suspension is selected as the front and rearsuspensions, and the double wishbone independent suspension is selected as middlesuspensions through comparing the traditional suspensions. The double trailing armindependent suspension is not only applicable to the steering wheel, but also is infavor of reducing vehicle centroid. It can meet the basic requirements of the front andrear suspensions, and the structure of the front/rear suspension and wheels aredeterminded to be useful to the performance analysis and optimization work of therhombic vehicle.
The model with fifteen degrees of freedom of the rhombic vehicle ride comfort isestablished, and the influence law to the ride comfort is revealed to analysing the design variables on the random road and pulse road respectively. Based on therhombic chassis layout, the dynamics equations of the ride comfort are deduced indetail and the root-mean-square value of vertical weighted acceleration and maximumvertical acceleration of the driver and left rear passenger through solving theequations are used to evaluate the ride comfort of the rhombic vehicle. The model ofthe ride comfort is a theoretical basis to study the vehicle performance, and theinfluence law of the design variables will provide theory reference to the generalarrangement of the rhombic vehicle.
The model with two DOF and three DOF of the handling are built, and theinfluence law is revealed by analysing the design variables. At the same time, thedifference between the models with two DOF and three DOF is discovered throughcomparement and analysis. The model of two degree of freedom mainly considers thelateral and yaw motion, and the model of three degree of freedom considers not onlythe lateral and yaw motion, but also the roll motion. The influence law is analysedthrough the simulation of steady static circular test procedure, steering wheel anglestep input test and steering wheel angle pulse input test. The law will not only providetheory reference to the general arrangement and selecting the suspension parameter,but also lay the foundation to study the handling stability in deeply.
The parameters of suspension are designed by the collabrative optimizationtechnology. There is the contradictoriness with the influence to the ride comfort andhandling and stability due to the parameter change of the suspensions. Beforeoptimization, the model of ride comfort and handling with three degrees of freedommust be verificated by the test of the real vehicle. The optimization model of thesuspension parameters is built according to the collabrative optimization afterverification, and the vehicle performance is improved synthetically to a certain extentthrough the optimization. The optimized suspension parameters will guide thesuspension structure design, and provide theoretical reference.
The optimization design of the beam is done in structure by using theapproximation modeling. According to the features of the rhombic vehicle, the basicstructure of the beam is determined, and the key design size of the beam is determinedthrough sensitivity analysis. The samples of the beam are built by using the Latinhypercube method. Based on the quality and fatigue life of the samples, theapproximate models of the quality and fatigue life are built by Kriging approximationmodeling method, and the key size is optimization designed with the beam fatigue lifeas constraint condition, the beam quality is minimized as the goal. The design method can greatly shorten the design time and save the design cost for the beam of therhombic vehicle.
The study in this paper will provide a theoretical basis to selecting the designparameter selection and designing the structure of the front/rear suspensions andfront/rear wheels, which not only has practical significance to prototype production ofthe rhombic car, but also lays theoretical foundation to the production andmarketization in the future. The study has the big significance to the project.
引文
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